Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III - Central Luzon
Schools Division of Tarlac Province
Marawi National High School
Camiling, Tarlac

DAILY LESSON LOG IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY GRADE 11

4th Quarter* S.Y. 2021-2022

Date: April 28, 2022 (Week 1 - Day 1) Teacher: Jessa May A. Marcos

I. OBJECTIVES

A. Content Standards
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of tests of
hypotheses on the population mean and population proportion.

The learner is able to perform appropriate tests of hypotheses

B. Performance Standards involving the population mean and population proportion to make
inferences in real-life problems in different disciplines.

1. illustrate: (a) null hypothesis; (b) alternative hypothesis; (c)

C. Learning Competencies/ level of significance; (d) rejection region; and (e) types of errors
Objectives in hypothesis testing; and
2. formulate the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a
population mean.

II. CONTENT
Hypothesis Testing

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

 K-to-12 MELCS
A. References  Learning Activity Sheet/Module (Week 8)
 Statistics and Probability by Belecina, et.al. pages

B. Other Learning  Chalk, board, metacards, power point presentation

Resources
 Slideshare.net
 32ogoqmya1dw8.cloudfront.net

IV. PROCEDURES
A. Reviewing previous A DUCKS STORY – introducing the idea of testing
lesson or presenting
new lesson (statistical) hypotheses
(REVIEW)  This is a short story that will introduce the
students to the ideas and vocabulary of
hypothesis testing
 Let the students read the story and questions
carefully

The research question :

ARE FEMALE MALLARDS ATTRACTED TO THE COLOR
GREEN?

A student is taking a biology class that studies animal behaviour and

Marawi National High School

Marawi, Camiling, Tarlac
Contact No.: (045) 800-9003
Email Address: 300972.marawinhs@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III - Central Luzon
Schools Division of Tarlac Province
Marawi National High School
Camiling, Tarlac

is assigned the following research:

In a certain species (mallards), male ducks have green heads and females
are a plain color. Probably the purpose of the green coloring of the male
heads is to attract the females. The question is: are female ducks also
attracted to the green color in food, for example in bread?

Writing statistical hypotheses

We basically want to know if female ducks are indifferent to green

bread versus plain bread or if they prefer green bread. The research
question can be translated into the confrontation of two opposite ideas:

Idea 1: Female ducks are indifferent to plain versus green bread.

Idea 2: Female ducks prefer green bread.

When a female duck of the above mentioned species is confronted

B. Establishing a purpose with two pieces of bread, one plain and one green, the probability of picking
of the lesson the green one will be called p. Write the two previous ideas in terms of p.
(MOTIVATION)
Idea 1: p=
Idea 2: p>

We call these confronting ideas 'statistical hypotheses'. The first

one states that the ducks equally like the green and the plain bread. This
statement is called the 'null hypothesis' because it represents an idea of
no difference and is labeled by the symbol 'H 0'. The second idea says that
the ducks prefer the green bread and states something different than the
first one, so it is called the 'alternative hypothesis'. The symbol used for
the alternative hypothesis is 'Ha'.

Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

A hypothesis is an educated guess or proposition that
attempts to explain a set of facts or natural phenomenon. It is used
mostly in the field of science, where the scientific method is used to
test it.
Examples:
1. By the end of the year, there will be a big increase in the number of
recoveries of COVID19 patients.
2. The change in climate temperature sets everyone in the community to be
more careful in their daily activities.
C. Presenting examples/instances
of the new lesson Hypothesis testing is another area of Inferential Statistics. It is a
(PRE-ACTIVITY) decision - making process for evaluating claims about a population based
on the characteristics of a sample purportedly coming from the population.
The decision is whether the characteristic is acceptable or not.
The process of hypothesis testing involves making a decision
between two opposing hypotheses (null and its alternative). If one is true,
the other hypothesis must be false. It means that if the improbability of
occurrence can be established in one hypothesis, then the other hypothesis
is likely to occur.

Marawi National High School

Marawi, Camiling, Tarlac
Contact No.: (045) 800-9003
Email Address: 300972.marawinhs@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III - Central Luzon
Schools Division of Tarlac Province
Marawi National High School
Camiling, Tarlac

Two Types of Hypotheses

NULL HYPOTHESIS, denoted by 𝐻0, is a statement that there is

NO difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is NO
difference between two parameters.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS, denoted by 𝐻1, is a statement that

there is difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is
a difference between two parameters.

If there is NO DIFFERENCE between the two values,

the relationship is written in symbols as: 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 (for
mean) 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 0 (for proportions)

A. The null hypothesis B. The alternative hypothesis

would be written in symbols would be written in symbols
as: as:

𝑯𝟎:𝜇1= 𝜇2 𝑯𝟏: 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
𝑯𝟎: 𝑝1 = 𝑝2 𝑯𝟏: 𝑝1 ≠ 𝑝2

The null hypothesis is the starting point of the investigation. Thus, it is the
D. Discussing new concepts and
first statement to be made. At the end of the hypothesis exercise, based on
practicing new skills 1
the evaluation of the data at hand, a decision is made about the null
(ACTIVITY PROPER)
hypothesis.

“Should 𝑯𝟎 be rejected or not rejected (accepted)?”

If 𝑯𝟎 is accepted there is no need to consider 𝑯𝟏.

If 𝑯𝟎 is rejected there is a stand by hypothesis to be accepted. That
is the role of alternative hypothesis.
(Show the students the illustration)

Level of Significance

The level of significance, also denoted as alpha or 𝛼, is a measure

of the strength of the evidence that must be present in your sample before
you will reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the effect is statistically
significant. The researcher determines the significance level before
conducting the experiment. To obtain the level of significance use the
formula
𝜶 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍.

Types of Errors
Type I Error: If the null hypothesis is true and rejected, the decision
is incorrect.
Type II Error: If the null hypothesis is false and accepted, the
decision is incorrect

Marawi National High School

Marawi, Camiling, Tarlac
Contact No.: (045) 800-9003
Email Address: 300972.marawinhs@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III - Central Luzon
Four Possible Outcomes in Decision-Making
Schools Division of Tarlac Province
Marawi National High School
Camiling, Tarlac

Illustrative Example:
A person is on trial for a criminal offense and the judge needs to
provide a verdict on his case. Now, there are four possible combinations in
such a case:

*Types of Errors: The Probability with which decisions occur.

Error in Type Probability Correct Decision Type Probability
Decision
Reject a true I 𝛼 Accept a true A 1−𝛼
𝑯𝒐 𝐻𝑜
Accept a false II 𝛽 Reject a false B 1−𝛽
𝑯𝒐 𝐻𝑜

Rejection Region
Under the normal curve, the rejection region refers to the region
where the value of the test statistic lies for which we will reject the null
hypothesis. This region is also known as critical region.

1—α
A. Non- Directional (Two-Tailed Test) – The probability is found on both
tails of the distribution.
α/2 α/2

E. Discussing new concepts and

μ
practicing new skills 2
(DEEPENING) B. Directional (One-Tailed, Left Tail) – The probability is found at the left
tail of the distribution.

1—α
α

μ
C. Directional (One-Tailed, Right Tail) – The probability is found at the
right tail of the distribution.

1—α

μ
Note: The shaded part of each distribution above refers to the rejection
region.

Marawi National High School

Marawi, Camiling, Tarlac
Contact No.: (045) 800-9003
Email Address: 300972.marawinhs@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III - Central Luzon
Schools Division of Tarlac Province
Marawi National High School
Camiling, Tarlac

F. Developing mastery FORMULATING HYPOTHESES

(POST-ACTIVITY)
These are the things to consider in formulating hypotheses:

1. It should be reasonable, stated in definite terms;

2. It should follow the findings of the previous studies;
3. It should be testable, stated in well-defined
operational form (mean or proportion).

These are the steps in formulating null and alternative hypothesis:

1. Check the type of measurement used on the

given. Use “µ” for mean/ average and “p” for
proportion.
2. Assess whether the statement denotes a direction.
Hint: a directional hypothesis contains greater
than, less than, at least, at most, and other similar
terms.
3. Use the following symbol
for null hypothesis: For
non-directional
statement:
H0: µ =_______ H0: p =
For directional statement:
H0: µ ≥ _______ H0: µ ≤ ______
H0: p ≥ _______ H0: p ≤ __

4. Use the following symbol for

alternative hypothesis:
For non-directional statement:
H1: µ ≠________ H1: p ≠ ___
For directional statement:
H1: µ < H1: µ > _
H1: p < H1: p > _

Illustrative Example 1: (Non-Directional Hypothesis)

The mean number of years Filipinos work
before retiring is 34. Null Hypothesis:
H0: The mean number of years Filipinos work
before retiring is 34.
H0: µ = 34
Alternative Hypothesis:
H1: The mean number of years Filipinos work before
retiring is not 34.
H1: µ ≠ 34
*note that we used the “µ” since it’s an average measurement, otherwise we
will be using “p” as symbol for proportion.
**we used ≠ for this given example since the given does not
require certain direction.

Marawi National High School

Marawi, Camiling, Tarlac
Contact No.: (045) 800-9003
Email Address: 300972.marawinhs@deped.gov.ph

G. Finding practical applications
of concepts and skills in daily living
(APPLICATION)
H. Making generalizations and
abstractions about the lesson
(GENERALIZATION)
I. Evaluating learning
(ASSESSMENT)
Marawi National High School
Marawi, Camiling, Tarlac
Contact No.: (045) 800-9003
Email Address: 300972.marawinhs@deped.gov.ph
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III - Central Luzon
Schools Division of Tarlac Province
Marawi National High School
Camiling, Tarlac
Illustrative Example 2: (Directional Alternative Hypothesis)
Private universities' mean tuition cost is more than ₱110,000 per year.
Null Hypothesis:
H0: The mean tuition for private universities cost less than or equal to
₱110,000 per year.
H0: µ ≤ ₱110,000
Alternative Hypothesis:
H1: The mean tuition for private universities cost more than ₱110,000
per year.
H1: µ > ₱110,000
*note that we used the “≤” for the null hypothesis, to negate the given
statement which is already the alternative hypothesis;
**always pay attention to the given, often it is in the form of null
hypothesis, but it can also be in alternative hypothesis form.
Illustrative Example 3: (Directional Alternative Hypothesis)
The average TV viewing time of all five-year old children is less than 3
hours daily.
Null Hypothesis:
H0: The average TV viewing time of all five-year old children is greater
than or
equal to 3 hours daily.
H0: µ ≥ 3
Alternative Hypothesis:
H1: The average TV viewing time of all five-year old children is less
than 3 hours daily.
H1: µ < 3
Hypothesis testing is another area of Inferential Statistics. It is a decision -
making process for evaluating claims about a population based on the
characteristics of a sample purportedly coming from the population. The
decision is whether the characteristic is acceptable or not.
The process of hypothesis testing involves making a decision
between two opposing hypotheses (null and its alternative). If one is true,
the other hypothesis must be false. It means that if the improbability of
occurrence can be established in one hypothesis, then the other hypothesis
is likely to occur.
A. Determine whether the test is two-tailed or one-tailed. If it is one-
tailed, identify if left-tailed or right tailed. Write your answer on the
space provided.
_____________1. A virologist claims that the developed vaccine is enriched
with amino acid supplements.
_____________ 2. An online seller thinks that time of day influences the
sale of products.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III - Central Luzon
Schools Division of Tarlac Province
Marawi National High School
Camiling, Tarlac

_____________ 3. A librarian wants to prove that reading books to students

improves their thinking process.
__________ 4. A psychologist believes that listening to music decreases the
patients’ level of stress.
__________ 5. The study habits of students affect their performance in
class.

B. Identify the term that is being described in the given statement.

_____________ 1. Accepting a false null hypothesis.

_____________ 2. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.
_____________ 3. The region where the value of the test statistic lies for
which we will reject the null hypothesis.
_____________ 4. It is a measure of the strength of the evidence that must
be present in your sample before you will reject the null hypothesis and
conclude that the effect is statistically significant.
_____________ 5. It refers to the probability of committing a type I error.

C. Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If the

statement is false, change the underlined word to make it correct. (2
points each)

Use the following statements as reference:

A. Teenagers spent more than 7.25 hours of sleeping on an

average daily.
B. According to the latest survey, the average time that
Filipinos spent in social media is 4.12 hours daily.
C. Statistics instructor believes that fewer than the average of
20 learners participated in the “Palarong Pinoy”

__________1. Statement A is an alternative hypothesis.

___________2. Statement B requires directional alternative hypothesis.
___________3. Statement C is the only null hypothesis among the 3 given.

___________4. The correct form of null hypothesis for statement B

is H0: µ = 4.12.
___________5. The correct form of null hypothesis for statement A
is H0: µ ≠ 7.25

J. Remedial Give another set of activity with different levels of difficulty.

V. REMARKS
VI. REFLECTION
A. No. of learners who earned
80% in the evaluation
B. No. of learners who require
additional activities for
remediation who scored
below 80%
C. Did the remedial lesson
work? No. of learners who
caught up with the lesson
D. No. of learners who

Marawi National High School

Marawi, Camiling, Tarlac
Contact No.: (045) 800-9003
Email Address: 300972.marawinhs@deped.gov.ph
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III - Central Luzon
Schools Division of Tarlac Province
Marawi National High School
Camiling, Tarlac

continue to require
remediation
E. Which of my teaching
strategies worked well?
Why did these work?
F. What difficulties did I
encounter which my
principal or supervisor can
help me solve?

Prepared by NOTED:

JESSA MAY A. MARCOS FERDINAND J. GREGORIO, PhD

Teacher II Principal I

Marawi National High School

Marawi, Camiling, Tarlac
Contact No.: (045) 800-9003
Email Address: 300972.marawinhs@deped.gov.ph