ACTIVITY 4: EPITHELIAL TISSUE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ➔ Filtration - i.e. in the kidney tubules

● Identify microscopically an epithelium responsible for filtering the waste from
● Classify various epithelial tissue in the human blood plasma. simple
body ➔ Secretion - responsible of perspiration
● Explain the functions of epithelial tissue production, production of oil, digestive
● Locate and differentiate apical from basal enzymes, and production of mucus
surface.
EPITHELIAL CHARACTERISTICS
CELLS TO TISSUE
➔ Cells fit closely together, no space in b/w
● As the human body develops from single to ➔ Tissue layer always has one free surface
multicellular, cells specialize - comprise the called lumen. All epithelial cells have a top
tissue . surface that borders an open space and a
● Body is an interdependent system, free surface that is termed LUMEN.
malfunction of one group of cells is ➔ The lower surface is bound by a basement
catastrophic, it can lead to loss of function membrane. There is always an underside of
and the worst case it can lead to death. epithelial cells to anchor them to our
● Cells specialize into types of tissues, then connective tissue
interspersed into organs ➔ Avascular (have no blood supply)
➔ Regenerate easily if well nourished.
TYPES OF TISSUE
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM
● EPITHELIUM
- Coverings ● Number of cell layers
- Lining surfaces ➔ Simple: one layer
- Has a basement membrane ➔ Stratified: more than one layer
● CONNECTIVE
- Support
- Bone, ligaments, fat
● MUSCLE
- Movement
● NERVOUS
- Control
- Brain, nerves, spinal cord

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
● Shape of the cell
➔ Squamous: flattened
● Found in different areas:
➔ Cuboidal: cube-shaped
➔ Body coverings
➔ Columnar: column-like/elongated
➔ Body linings
➔ Glandular tissue
● Functions:
➔ Protection - protects us from the sunlight
and the entry of bacteria and for physical
damage
➔ Absorption - i.e., epithelium on small
intestine it absorbs nutrients into the blood
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 - Functions: secretion and
transportation. It can also function as
filtration.

3 MAJOR GROUP

● SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
➔ SIMPLE COLUMNAR
➔ SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
- Single layer of tall cells/elongated w/ nuclei
- Single layer of flat cells
at same level
- Functions: absorption and filtration
- Often includes microvilli - a bumpy
- Usually forms membranes
extensions of apical surface and it is
➢ Lines body cavities
responsible to increase the absorption
➢ Lines lungs and capillaries
rate of tissue and goblet cells - single
celled glands that is responsible for the
production of mucus as a form of
protection
- Found in the Lines digestive tract
- Functions: mainly for absorption,
protection, and secretion.

★ When we talk about protective layer it must

composed more than one layer in order to
ensure a better covering on specific organ
➔ SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
- Single layer of cube like cells
- Common in glands and their ducts (i.e.,
salivary glands and pancreas)
- Forms walls of kidney tubules
- Covers the ovaries

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 ➔ PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
- Single layer, but some cells are shorter
than others, irregularly shaped cells
w/ nuclei at different levels.
- Often looks like a double cell layer
- Sometimes ciliated, such as in the
respiratory tract, reproductive tract
- May function is adsorption or
secretion
- Consist of the goblet cells for the
production of mucus. Cilia appears
larger than microvilli, functions to
sweep the mucus that was produce
on the tissue

➔ STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
- Two layer of cuboidal cells
- Found in excretory ducts; (i.e.,
salivary glands and sweat glands)
➔ STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
- Surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary size and shape
- Found in the conjunctiva and
pharynx, anus, and male urethra.
★ Stratified cuboidal and columnar
- Rare in human body
- Found mainly in ducts of large
glands (gastric glands, intestinal
ends, and uterine glands)
➔ TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
● STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
- Shape of the cell depends upon the
➔ STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
amount of stretching, cells at the base
- Cells at the free edge are flattened, cells
are type of cuboidal or columnar
near or attached to the basement can be
cells. At the surface it will vary
cuboidal or columnar. Need to check in
depending on the location of the tissue.
the apical surface to check and have the
- Has the capacity to change type of
correct naming.
cells, it can change b/w stratified, and
- Found as protective covering where
when this tissue will stretch it can
friction is common
transition to simple.
- Can be keratinized or nonkeratinized
- Lines organ of the urinary system
- Locations:
(i.e., bladder, ureters, and the urethra)
➢ Skin (keratinized)
➢ Mouth
➢ Esophagus

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 - Has the cilia at the apical surface
and lines the inner surface of
trachea

● Endothelium
● GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM - Lines the inner surface of the blood
- Gland: one or more cells that secretes vessels
a particular product. (the product is in ● Ependymal cells
a form of protein in aqueous solution) - Present in the nervous system
- Can produce hormones, acids, oils
TWO MAJOR GLAND TYPES: SUMMARY:
➔ ENDOCRINE GLAND
- Ductless
- Secretions are hormones
- Located: thyroid, adrenal, and
pituitary glands
➔ EXOCRINE GLAND
- Empty through ducts to the epithelial
surface PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR -
- Include sweat and oil glands interconnected cell at the basement membrane
- Also salivary glands and mammary - Found in the respiratory linings and
glands. reproductive tract.

SPECIALIZED EPITHELIAL TISSUE

● Keratinized stratified squamous

epithelium
- Composed of Keratin - found on the
epidermis layer of the skin
● Nonkeratenized stratified squamous
epithelium
- Found in regions that are subject to
ABRASIONS. (i.e., oral mucusa and
viganial lining)
● Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium