Studying the Chemical

composition of a Neutron Star

BY USING THE RADIATION THEORY

D Y Brooks | MIT | June 27, 2010

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PAGE 1
The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the set of
rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to
plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "traditionally treated as algae,
fungi, or plants".[1]: Preamble, para. 8  It was formerly called the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature (ICBN); the name was changed at the International Botanical Congress in
Melbourne in July 2011 as part of the Melbourne Code[2] which replaced the Vienna
Code of 2005.

The current version of the code is the Shenzhen Code adopted by the International
Botanical Congress held in Shenzhen, China, in July 2017. As with previous codes, it
took effect as soon as it was ratified by the congress (on 29 July 2017), but the
documentation of the code in its final form was not published until 26 June 2018.

The name of the Code is partly capitalized and partly not. The lower-case for "algae,
fungi, and plants" indicates that these terms are not formal names of clades, but indicate
groups of organisms that were historically known by these names and traditionally
studied by phycologists, mycologists, and botanists. This includes blue-green algae
(Cyanobacteria); fungi, including chytrids, oomycetes, and slime moulds; photosynthetic
protists and taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups. There are special
provisions in the ICN for some of these groups, as there are for fossils.

The ICN can only be changed by an International Botanical Congress (IBC), with the
International Association for Plant Taxonomy providing the supporting infrastructure.
Each new edition supersedes the earlier editions and is retroactive back to 1753, except
where different starting dates are specified.[1]: Principle VI 

For the naming of cultivated plants there is a separate code, the International Code of
Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, which gives rules and recommendations that
supplement the ICN.

The rules governing botanical nomenclature have a long and tumultuous history, dating
back to dissatisfaction with rules that were established in 1843 to govern zoological
nomenclature.[3] The first set of international rules was the Lois de la nomenclature
botanique ("Laws of botanical nomenclature") that was adopted as the "best guide to
follow for botanical nomenclature"[3] at an "International Botanical Congress" convened
in Paris in 1867.[4][5] Unlike modern Codes, it contained recommendations for naming to
serve as the basis for discussions on the controversial points of nomenclature, rather than
obligatory rules for validly published and legitimate names within the Code.[6] It was
organized as six sections with 68 articles in total.

Multiple attempts to bring more "expedient" or more equitable practice to botanical

nomenclature resulted in several competing codes, which finally reached a compromise
with the 1930 congress.[3] In the meantime, the second edition of the international rules

PAGE 2
followed the Vienna congress in 1905. These rules were published as the Règles
internationales de la Nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès International de
Botanique de Vienne 1905 (or in English, International rules of Botanical Nomenclature
adopted by the International Botanical Conference of Vienna 1905). Informally they are
referred to as the Vienna Rules (not to be confused with the Vienna Code of 2006).

Some but not all subsequent meetings of the International Botanical Congress have
produced revised versions of these Rules, later called the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature, and then International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

The Nomenclature Section of the 18th International Botanical Congress in Melbourne,

Australia (2011) made major changes:[2][7][8][9]

 The Code now permits electronic-only publication of names of new taxa; no

longer will it be a requirement to deposit some paper copies in libraries.
 The requirement for a Latin validating diagnosis or description was changed to
allow either English or Latin for these essential components of the publication of
a new name (Article 39).
 "One fungus, one name" and "one fossil, one name" are important changes; the
concepts of anamorph and teleomorph (for fungi) and morphotaxa (for fossils)
have been eliminated.
 As an experiment with "registration of names", new fungal descriptions require
the use of an identifier from "a recognized repository"; there are two recognized
repositories so far, Index Fungorum[10] and MycoBank.

PAGE 3