CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Deliver oxygen and nutrients
- Carries waste products
- Circulates electrolytes (Na, K, Ca) and
hormones
HEART
- Hollow muscular organ located in the
center of the thorax, where it occupies the
space between the large (mediastinum) and
the rests on the diaphragm.
Composed of 3 layers:
 Endocardium
- inner layer; consist of endothelial
tissue
 Endocarditis
- inflammation of the
endocardium
 Myocardium
- middle layer; made up of muscle
fibers responsible for pumping
action of the heart
 Myocarditis
- inflammation of the
myocardium
 Epicardium
- exterior layer
 Epicarditis
- inflammation of the
epicardium
Parts of the Heart:
 Visceral Pericardium
- exterior layer; thin transparent
layer that is actually part of the
heart.
 Parietal Pericardium
- fibrous layers helps protect the
heart and anchors it to the
diaphragm and sternum.
 Pericardial Cavity
- contains a 50 ml pericardial fluid
that reduces friction and erosion of
tissue between these membrane as
the heart expands and contracts
during a cardiac cycle.
The Heart Valves:
 Atrioventricular Valve
- composed of 3 cusps
- separates right atrium from right
ventricle.
 Tricuspid and Mitral/bicuspid
valve
- composed of 2 cusps
- separates left atrium from
ventricle.
 Pulmonic Valve
- composed of 3 half-moons like
leaflets Between the right ventricle
and pulmonary artery.
 Aortic Valve
- composed of 3 half-moons like
leaflets Between the left ventricle
and aorta.
PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART
A. Systemic Circulation
- flow of blood from the heart to the
body organs and back to the heart.
B. Pulmonic Circulation
- flow of blood from the heart to the
lungs and back to the heart.
- unoxygenated blood
C. Coronary Circulation
- flow of blood that nourishes the cells
in the heart.
- within the heart
D. Fetal Circulation
- path of blood between the mother
and child in the womb.
- happens in fetal stage
CARDIAC CYCLE
 Pulmonary Circulation
- smaller functions as low pressure
system
MAP= 12mmHg
 Systemic Circulation
- functions as high pressure system
MAP= 90- 100mmHg
Formula:  Cardiac volume
- amount of blood the heart pumps with
Diastolic Pressure x 2 + Systemic Pressure
MAP =
each minute
3 CO = SV x HR
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
MAP – Mean Arterial Pressure
 Mean Arterial Pressure
Flow of Blood (Systemic Circulation) - represents the average pressure in the
IF – SV RA TV RV PA Lungs atrial system during ventricular and
Artery LA LV Aorta relaxation
Tetralogy of Falot
- 4 abnormalities in the heart Oxygenated HEART RATE
and non-oxygenated blood is mixed. - normal- 60-100 beat per minute
- blue baby presence of cyanosis  BRADYCARDIA – slow heart beat
Coronary Arteries  TACHYCARDIA – fast heart beat
- the heart is nourished not by the blood HEART SOUNDS
passing through its chambers but by a  S1 – First Associated with tricuspid and
specialized network of blood vessels. mitral closure
- known as coronary arteries. These blood  S2 – Associated with aortic and pulmonic
vessels encircle the heart like a crown. valve closure
ELECTRICAL CELLS HAVE 3 CHARACTERISTICS  The first heart sound is generally
 Automaticity longer than second producing heart
- Ability to initiate electrical impulse beat that sounds like lub-dup, lub-
 Excitability Ability dup, lub-dup
rd
- to respond an electric stimuli  S3 – 3 heart sound; Ventricular gallop
 Conductivity Ability  S4 – 4th heart sound; Atrial gallop
- to transmit electrical impulse from ECG – Electrocardiograph
one cell to another
CONDUCTION SYSTEM FETAL CIRCULATION
- continuous functioning  2 arteries – carry carbon dioxide to placenta
Sinoatrial Node Atrioventricular node AV from fetus
bundle of his right and left bundle branch  1 vein – carry oxygen to fetus from placenta
purkinje fiber
BLOOD VESSELS
TERMS: - any of the veins, arteries and capillaries that
 Preload transport blood through the body
- amount of blood that a heart must pump - keep up waste between 2 blood vessels
with each beat  Artery
 After load - tubular vessels that conveys blood
- pressure that the heart must generate to from the heart to the tissues of the
move blood into the aorta body.
 Stroke volume
- amount of blood ejected from each
ventricle beat

Two arteries have connection with the heart:
1. Aorta
- which with its branches, conveys
oxygenated blood from the left ventricle
to every part of the body.
2. Pulmonary Artery
- blood from the right ventricle to the
lungs.
3 Layers of Artery:
a. Tunica Media
- smooth muscle
b. Tunica Externa
- white fibrous connective tissue
c. Tunica Intima
- direct connection to the blood
- endothelial cells
 Vein
- conducts the deoxygenated blood
from the capillaries back to the heart
- pour the blood through superior and
inferior vena cava into right atrium of
the heart. Their coats are similar to
those of the arteries, but thinner and
often transparent.
 Capillary
- one of the minute blood vessels that
form the connection between the
arteries and the veins
- they are surrounded by lymph
- facilitate the processes of nutrition and
elimination and enables the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide to take
place. Lymph capillaries assist the blood
capillaries in this process.
Arteriosclerosis – narrowing of artery; fats
surrounded the blood vessels
CIRCLE OF WILLIS
- blood circulation in the nervous system
 Myocardial Infraction
- narrowing of the passage way of
the blood
- difficulty to pass through and to be
circulated
- very fatal
- heart attack
- obstruction
 Angina
- type of temporary chest pain,
pressure or discomfort
narrowed artery
 Ischemia
- death of the tissues of the heart
- can cause malfunctioning of the
specific part of the heart
- not receiving enough oxygen due
to a narrowed common artery
HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM
- blood is the only liquid connective tissue
found in the body
Function of the Blood:
a. Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients, heat, wastes and hormones
b. It helps regulate pH level, body temp,
and water content of cells
c. It prevents blood loss through clotting
and combats toxins and microbes
through certain phagocytic white blood
cells
 Blood
- average total volume:
 Men: 75.5 ml/kg
 Female: 66.5 ml/kg
- 7-8% of person’s total weight
 Blood cells – 45%
 Blood Plasma – 55%
 Arterial blood pH – 7.25-7.45
COMPONENTS:
a. Plasma
- complex aqueous liquid containing
several organic & inorganic elements
Functions of Plasma:
- maintain the intravascular volume
- contribute to blood viscosity
 PLASMA PROTEINS - contain enzymes and
1.) Serum Albumin other antibacterial
- main component of plasma substances
protein - life span of 10 hours
- maintaining blood pressure and  Eosinophils
blood volume - 1 – 3% of WBC
- serves as a carrier molecule - contain a protein that
2.) Serum Globulin is highly toxic to large
- Alpha Fraction parasitic worms
- Beta Fraction  Basophils
- Gamma Fraction - 3 - .5% of WBC
3.) Fibrinogen - contain histamine and
b. Cellular Components other bioactive
 Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cell) mediators of
- normal concentration: 4.2 – inflammation
6.2 millions/mm3  Agranulocytes
- 4.8% of blood in men  Monocytes
- 4.2 % of blood in women (Macrophage)
- A small unique disk with 2 - 3 – 8% of WBC
unique properties: - Largest of the
 BICONCAVITY circulating WBC
 REVERSIBLE - 2nd to arrive at the site
DEFORMABILITY - Engulf large
2 Main Function of RBC: microorganisms
1.) Transporting oxygen to - Life span: 3 – 4x
tissues longer than neutrophil
2.) Removing carbon dioxide  Platelets
from tissues - normal value: 150,000 –
o LIFESPAN: 120 days 400,000/mm3
o MAIN COMPONENT: - function to form a platelet
hemoglobin plug to control bleeding after
 Leukocytes injury to a vessel wall
- normal value: 5,000 – ERYTHROPOIETIN
10,000/mm3 - Also called as erythropoietic factor
- FUNCTION: protect from - Regulates RBC production in bone marrow
infection - RBC production takes place in the:
- white blood cells involved in  Bone of the vertebrae
inflammation  Sternum
 Granulocytes  Ribs
 Neutrophils  Pelvis
- 60 – 70% of WBC
- Primary phagocytes;
1st to arrive;
- 6 – 12 hours after
initial injury