MCQ

Primary data are similar to

• Grouped data
• Ungrouped data
• Published data
• All of these
Census reports used as a source of data is
• Primary data
• Published data
• Secondary data
• None of these
MCQ

A variable that assumes any value within a range is called

• Discrete variable
• Continuous variable
• Dependent variable
• Independent variable
The data which have already been collected by someone are
called
• Primary data
• Fictious data
• Secondary data
• All of these
MCQ

If you count the number of accidents in your city during 2022 is

• Discrete variable
• Continuous variable
• Dependent variable
• Independent variable
The grouped data is similar to
• Primary data
• Fictious data
• Secondary data
• All of these
MCQ

Which of these statements is true for collecting information from a third

party?
• The indirect oral investigation is used to collect data from the third
parties.
• The mailed questionnaire method is apt for gathering information from
third parties
• Third parties prefer direct personal interviews to provide data to the
researcher
• All of the above
The main feature of the secondary source of data is that _________.
• It provides first-hand information to the researcher
• It is more reliable compared to primary data
• It implies that the data is collected from its original source
• It involves collecting data from existing sources that had gathered
primary data beforehand for their research purpose.
MCQ

Which of the following situations is suitable for an indirect oral investigation?

• This method is suitable when the field of investigation is large
• This method is used when the informants are not capable of providing information
to the investigator
• The indirect oral investigation method is suitable when it is not possible to talk to
the respondents directly
• All of the above.
Which of the following statements is true about the collection of data?
• The problem of doubtful confusion arises in the case of an indirect oral
investigation.
• The problem of doubtful confusion takes place when the information is accessed
through correspondents
• The problem of doubtful confusion occurs when the researcher obtains data
through mailed questionnaires
• The problem of doubtful confusion happens in the case of direct personal
interviews
TYPES OF STATISTICAL METHODS

Statistical methods fall into the following two categories:

(i) Descriptive statistics-consists of procedures used to

summarize and describe the characteristics of a set of data.

• Descriptive statistics include graphic methods and

numeric measures.

• Bar charts, line graphs, and pie charts comprise the

graphic methods, whereas numeric measures include
measures of central tendency, dispersion, skewness, and
kurtosis.
TYPES OF STATISTICAL METHODS

(ii) Inferential statistics- consists of procedures used to make

inferences about population characteristics on the basis of
sample results.

• Inferential statistics may be parametric or non-parametric.

• If the population from which the sample is drawn, is normally

distributed, it’s parametric statistics. (here, data collected
are on an interval or ratio scale.)

• Non-parametric statistics makes no explicit assumption

regarding the normality of distribution in the population and
is used when the data are collected on a nominal or ordinal
scale.
TYPES OF STATISTICAL METHODS

Methods of data collection:

• Interview-direct, indirect
• Survey-By questionnaire. By schedule
• Telephonic
TYPES OF STATISTICAL METHODS

Questionnaire VS Schedule
• Multiple choices. • Descriptive

• Respondents dependent • Respondents independent

• Quantitative • Qualitative

• Large coverage • Small coverage

• Less accurate data • More accurate data

• Low response rate • High response rate

• Identity unknown • Identity known

SCOPE OF STATISTICS

• Scope-The coverage/the spreading.

• Statistical methods are applicable in all diversified

fields such as economics, trade, industry, commerce,
agriculture, bio-sciences, physical sciences,
educations, astronomy, insurance, accountancy and
auditing, sociology, psychology, meteorology, and so on.

• Concepts, data, facts, records, methods, tools, graphs,

diagrams, equations, analysis, inference, tests,
hypothesis
IMPORTANCES OF STATISTICS

Statistics has acquired its importance as a subject of

study in the curricula of many other disciplines.

• According to the statistician, Bowley,

‘A knowledge of statistics is like a knowledge of
foreign language or of algebra, it may prove of use at any
time under any circumstances’
IMPORTANCES OF STATISTICS

STATISTICS AND THE STATE

• A state collects data relating to population dynamics, prices,

production, consumption, income and expenditure,
investments, and profits etc. for policy making.

• Statistical methods such as time-series analysis, index

numbers, forecasting, and demand analysis are extensively
practised in formulating economic policies.

• Some statistical agencies-Central Statistical Organisation

(CSO), National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), and
the Registrar General of India (RGI).
IMPORTANCES OF STATISTICS

STATISTICS IN ECONOMICS

• Time-series analysis is used for studying the behaviour of

prices, production and consumption of commodities, money
in circulation, and bank deposits and clearings.

• Index numbers are useful in economic planning as they

indicate the changes over a specified period of time in
prices of commodities, imports and exports,
industrial/agricultural production, cost of living, and the
like.
IMPORTANCES OF STATISTICS

STATISTICS IN ECONOMICS

• Demand analysis is used to study the relationship

between the price of a commodity and its quantity
produced.

• Forecasting techniques are used for curve fitting by

the principle of least squares and exponential
smoothing to predict inflation rate, unemployment rate,
or manufacturing capacity utilization.
IMPORTANCES OF STATISTICS

STATISTICS IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

• Marketing -The market research through a pilot survey, use

of statistical tool and data on population, purchasing power,
habits of the consumers, competitors, pricing, and a hoard
of other aspects -before launching a product in the market.

• Production - Statistical methods are used to carry out R&D

programmes for improvement in the quality of the existing
and new products.
IMPORTANCES OF STATISTICS

STATISTICS IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

• Finance - Statistics applied to analysis of data on

assets and liabilities and income and expenditure, help
to ascertain the financial results of various operations.

• Manpower planning - Statistical studies of wage rates,

incentive plans, cost of living, labour turnover rates,
employment trends, accident rates, performance
appraisal, and training and development programmes.
IMPORTANCES OF STATISTICS

STATISTICS IN PHYSICAL SCIENCES

• Statistical methods such as sampling, estimation, and

design of experiments are very effectively used in
physical sciences such as astronomy, engineering,
geology, meteorology, and certain branches of physics.
IMPORTANCES OF STATISTICS

STATISTICS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

• Regression and correlation analysis techniques are used

with each social phenomenon which bring out the changes
in data with respect to time, place, and object.

• Sampling techniques and estimation theory are used for

social survey pertaining to any strata of society, and
drawing valid inferences.

• Statistical methods are used to study mortality (death)

rates, fertility (birth rates) trends, population growth, and
other aspects of vital statistics in sociology.
IMPORTANCES OF STATISTICS

STATISTICS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES

• Statistical techniques used in all natural sciences—zoology,

botany, and medicine. For example, for proper diagnosis of
a disease, the doctor needs and relies heavily on factual
data relating to pulse rate, body temperature, blood
pressure, heart beats, and body weight.

• For testing the efficacy of a particular drug or injection

meant to cure a specific disease.
IMPORTANCES OF STATISTICS

STATISTICS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES

• Comparative studies for effectiveness of a particular

drug/injection manufactured by different companies
can also be made by using statistical techniques such
as the t-test and F-test.

• To study plant life, a botanist has to rely on data about

the effect of temperature, type of environment, and
rainfall, and so on.
IMPORTANCES OF STATISTICS

STATISTICS AND COMPUTERS

• Computer tools viz., spreadsheets or common statistical

packages are readily available to any business decision-maker.

• Computers help in processing and maintaining past records of

operations involving payroll calculations, inventory management,
railway/airline reservations, and the like.

• Use of computer softwares, however, presupposes that the user

is able to interpret the computer outputs that are generated.
Classification of data

Classification and
Tabulation of data
MCQ

Data that are collected or sourced from the internet is called –

• Documentary sources of data
• Internal secondary sources of data
• External secondary sources of data.
• All of the above
Which statement is incorrect from the following -
• The identity is known of the respondent in the case of the
questionnaire.
• The scheduling method is expensive and complicated in
comparison to the questionnaire method
• The informants or respondents generally fill up the
schedule
• All of the above
MCQ

The primary data is gathered through –

• Survey
• Experiment
• Both options a and b.
• None of the options a and b

The method of collecting first-hand data includes-

• Mailed questionnaire
• Personal interview
• Telephonic interview
• All of the above.
MCQ

Data mining is defined as?

A. A subject-oriented integrated time-variant non-volatile
collection of data in support of management
B. The stage of selecting the right data for a KDD process
C. The real discovery stage of a knowledge discovery
process.
D. None of these
Which is considered before investing in Data Mining?
A. Functionality
B. Vendor consideration
C. Compatibility
D. All of these.
MCQ

How to define Classification accuracy?

A. A subdivision of a set of examples into a number of
classes
B. The task of assigning a classification to a set of
examples
C. Measure of the accuracy of the classification of a
concept that is given by a certain theory.
D. None of these
 Tabulation

• The classification of data leads to the problem of

presentation o data.

• Three forms of presentation:

• Textual Presentation,
• Tabular Presentation,
• Diagrammatic Presentation.
 What is a Table?

• A table is a symmetric arrangement of

statistical data in rows and columns.
DEFINITION
S
“Table involves the orderly and systematic
presentation of numerical data in a form designed
to elucidate the problem under consideration.”
---According Prof. L.R.Connor,”

“Table in its broadest sense is an orderly

arrangement of data in column and rows. “
---According to Prof. M.M. Blaire
 Features of a good Table
• Title as compatible with the objective of the
study
• To facilitate comparison.
• Ideal Size
• Stubs
• Heading
cont…
• Abbreviation
• Footnote
• Total
• Source of data
• Size of Columns
• Simple, Economical and Attractive
 Objectives of Tabulation
• To carry out investigation
• To do comparison
• To locate omissions and errors in the data.
• To use space economically
• To simplify data
• To use it as future reference
Parts of a
Table
• Table number
• Title of the table
• Caption and stubs
• Body
• Prefatory or head note
• Footnotes
 Parts of a Table
Table Number and Title [Head or Prefatory Note (if any)]

Subheading Caption Total(Rows)

Subhead Subhead

Column-head Column-head Column-head

Sub Entries

Total (column)

Footnote :

Source Note :
Types of Tables

There are three basis of classifying

tables.
❑ Purpose of a table
❑ Originality of a table
❑ Construction of a table.
 Kinds of Tables

According to According to
According to
Purpose Construction
Originality

General Special Simple or

Original Derived Complex
Purpose Purpose One-Way
Table Table Table
Table Table Table

Double or
Manifold
Two-Way Treble Table Table
Table
I. According to Purpose
• General Purpose Table: General purpose table
is that table which is of general use. It is does
not serve any specific purpose or specific
problem under consideration.

• Special Purpose Table: Special Purpose table is

that table which is prepared with some specific
purpose in mind.
II. According to
Originality

• Original Table: An original table is that in which data

are presented in the same form and manner in which
they are collected.

• Derived Table: A derived table is that in which data are

not presented in the form or manner in which these
are collected. Instead the data are first converted into
ratios or percentage and then presented.
III. According to Construction

• Simple Table

• Complex Tables

a. Double or Two-Way Table

b. Three-Way Table
c. Manifold (or Higher Order) Table
Simple Table
In a simple table (also known as one-
way table), data are presented based on only one
characteristic. Table 1.1 illustrates the concept.
Table 1.1 Faculty-wise Library Users

Faculties Number of Users

Science 50

Commerce 70

Arts 90

Total 210
 Complex Tables
• In a complex table (also known as a manifold
table) data are presented according to two or
more characteristics simultaneously. The
complex tables are two-way or three-way
tables according to whether two or three
characteristics are presented simultaneously.

a. Double or Two-Way Table

b. Three-Way Table
c. Manifold (or Higher Order) Table
Double or Two-
Way Table

In such a table, the variable under study is

further subdivided into two groups according to
two inter-related characteristics. The two-way
table is shown in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 Faculty-
wise Library Users

Numbers of User
Faculties
Girls Boys Total
Science 20 30 50
Commerce 30 40 70
Arts 35 55 90
Total 85 125 210
Three-Way
Table
In such a table, the variable under study is
divided according to three interrelated
characteristics. The Three-Way Table is shown
in Table 1.3.
 Table 1.3 Faculty-
wise Library Users
Numbers of User
Total
Faculties Girls Boys
(1)+(2)

I Sem II Sem Total (1) I Sem II Sem Total (2)

Science
15 20 35 20 30 50 85

Commerce
35 30 65 45 40 85 150

Arts
25 35 60 35 55 90 150

Total
75 85 160 100 125 225 385
Manifold (or Higher Order) Table

Such tables provide information about a

large no of interrelated characteristics in the
data set. Manifold (or Higher Order) Table is
shown in Table 1.4.
 Table 1.4 Faculty-
wise Library Users
Numbers of User
B.A Ist B.A IInd
Total
Faculties Boys Girls Boys Girls
(1)+(2)
II I II II II
I I I
Sem Sem Sem Total (1) Sem Sem Total (2)
Sem Sem Sem

Science 15 34 20 54 123 20 45 30 27 122 245

Commerc 35 23 30 34 122 45 37 40 29 151 273

Arts 25 56 35 22 138 35 34 55 36 160 298

Diagrammatic representation of data

Diagrammatic
representation of data
MCQ

• When an attribute has more than three levels it is

called:
(a) Manifold-division.
(b) Dichotomy.
(c) One-way.
(d) Bivariate.
• The frequency distribution according to individual
variate values is called:
(a) Discrete frequency distribution
(b) Cumulative frequency distribution
(c) Percentage frequency distribution
(d) Continuous frequency distribution
MCQ

• The largest and the smallest values of any given class of a

frequency distribution are called:
(a) Class Intervals
(b) Class marks
(c) Class boundaries
(d) Class limits.
• If in a frequency table, either the lower limit of first class or
the upper limit of last class is not a fixed
number, then classes are called:
(a) One-way classes
(b) Two-way classes
(c) Discrete classes
(d) Open-end classes
Example

Household
Heads expenses
Food 87
Clothing 24
Entertainment 11
Education 13
Rent 25
Miscllaneous 20
 HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES
Miscllaneous
11%

Rent
14%

Food
49%
Education
7%

Entertainment
6%

Clothing
13%