See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/356422472

Design Engineering Improve the Engine Overheat Alarm System Machine

Design

Article  in  Design Engineering (Toronto) · November 2021

CITATIONS READS

0 60

2 authors:

Intisar Khursan Hussein Younus Razzaq

Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University
5 PUBLICATIONS   0 CITATIONS    5 PUBLICATIONS   0 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Mechanical View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Intisar Khursan on 21 November 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 8 | Pages: 10662 - 10673

Improve the Engine Overheat Alarm System

Machine Design
Hussein Younus Razzaq 1, Hussein Mohammed Hasan 2 , Intisar Rasheed Saleh 3
1,2,3
Karbala Technical Institute, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University,
56001, Karbala, Iraq
1
inkr.hus@atu.edu.iq, hussinmohamad@atu.edu.iq,3 intisarkhursan@atu.edu.iq
2

Abstract
The work consists of a secondary analysis of System Detection and Fire Alarm which is a
technology used in the prevention of fire in a substation. The study starts in a substation due
to the needs to mitigate accidents related to fire. Due to the high cost of property insurance
and the various damage to buildings, property, businesses, houses and substations in relation
to fire safety causing serious social, environmental and economic impacts caused by a
principle that can provide fire risks life and damage immeasurable and valuable. The aim of
this paper is to explain in details about the detection system and fire alarm systems, the
equipment, operation and use of each device as well as its infrastructure and standards used,
aiming thus preventing a principle of fire.
Keyword: Security, Alarm, Fire, Sensors, Intelligent, and Building.

1. Introduction
Protection against fire is vital, for material damage and above all for the human losses it may
cause, so a prevention system against fire must be effective so that it can be prevented,
detected and extinguish the fire in its initial phase. To accomplish this, a fire system involves
several areas of design to be considered: hydraulic, electrical, mechanical, etc. The minimum
requirements that must be included in the design are regulated by the fire brigade of each
country, considering the characteristics of each region, but based on certain regulations
recognized around the world such as the NFPA (National Association for the Protection
against Fire) whose codes and standards are widely adopted because they are generated
through an open and consensual process. All Codes and NFPA standards are developed and
periodically reviewed by more than 5000 members of voluntary committees who have
extensive experience in the professional field, [1].
There is currently a wide range of detection and alarm systems against fires, with various
manufacturers and very complete systems. Depending on the type of system that is required
to install prices also cover a wide margin, from hundreds to thousands of dollars.
Manufacturers are also found specialized in specific devices such as gas sensors, gas sensors
smoke, speakers, sirens, etc. That can be coupled to a general system. What everyone agrees
on is that there must be devices that detect the start of fire or dangerous anomalies and
devices that alert of this done.

[10662]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 8 | Pages: 10662 - 10673

When approaching the theme: Alarm and Fire Detection System; means the same as
involving fire prevention, combat and safety systems, since the occurrence of a fire is
independent of political, geographic or economic conditions and can have proportions
devastating causing irrecoverable damage and loss. In prehistory, to obtain fire or man
depended on chance, needing to wait, "for example," that lightning might strike in a tree or a
volcano to erupt, to be able to use it. These phenomena were associated with the wrath of the
gods, true punishment from heaven. The fire itself was revered in the antique. With the
advance in the discovery of fire allowed a great advance in knowledge and in using it. Man
started to make his food and objects better, and to use them to scare away animals and
darkness, it was the starting point of civilization. With the development worldwide, countries
are going through a process of industrial and urban growth, generating greater agglomeration
of people in the most diverse sectors of human activity, with verticalization of urban
buildings an example of this. Therefore, technological risks arise, which sees a greater
demand for energy, a large concentration of loads, materials fuels, chemicals, machinery and
equipment, significantly increasing the vulnerability to fires in buildings, compromising the
safety of these and their occupants, thus increasingly seeking a safe and secure place.
Currently with the progress of technological advancement in Buildings, Condominiums,
Companies, Hospitals, Offices, shopping centres and buildings increasingly automated and
intelligent with consensus being able to learn skilfully, accurately control conditions
environmental requirements for human activities, enabling greater comfort and quality of life
for people. For the construction of a modern and smart building the cost is, arguably high. In
addition, the costs related to its operation and maintenance extend for the entire period of its
useful life, being necessary the help of an insurance company to to somehow guarantee the
security of the assets, thus neglecting the security of the people. As the cost of a Smart
Building is quite high, you should be concerned about the problems relating to property and
people security in relation to a principle of Fire, for this it is necessary to take some safety
measures, thus reducing the cost of an insurance company and the risk of a fire.
Exercises in fire safety activities are more complex than it can be. seem. In the prevention,
protection and combat phases, procedures are developed related to: studies on fire and fires,
development of norms and laws on buildings and risk areas, inspections of fire protection
systems, techniques and firefighting tactics, among others. This case study aimed to present a
system Fire Detection and Alarm, for an intelligent building whose work emphasis is on
production of cardiac equipment and materials, located in the northwest region of Minas
Gerais. In this study, we intended to demonstrate the role of each equipment, using the
Brazilian and International Standards, thus making it possible to fight the beginning of a fire,
promoting the safety of people and property.

2. Types of Systems
Conventional
They are those that are composed of initiating and annunciating devices that meet the
required characteristics without necessarily having with a control panel that specifies the

[10663]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 8 | Pages: 10662 - 10673

place or area where the alarm or the type of alarm, [2]. They can be burglar alarm systems
adapted to firefighting systems.

Smart
They are those systems that allow to identify in a central panel the place where the fire alarm
is triggered, they give the respective alarm to the devices corresponding annunciators and use
programmable devices to activate pumps or fans, [2].

3.Elements of An Intelligent System

Addressable Initiating Devices
They are the ones that detect the initial alarm signal that, thanks to scientific advancement
and technological are very specialized when detecting an outbreak of fire, in addition to finds
in the market a wide variety of brands of these devices, [3]. The basic operation of these
elements operates with two states: normal and alarm. These devices can be of several types,
Figure 1.1 shows several of these options:

Figure 1.1 Initiating devices, taken from [2], [3]

Addressable Annunciator Devices

They give the alert signal in the event of a fire, in addition to functioning as indicators or
guides of evacuation routes. This sign must be visible and audible so signaling, sirens, strobes
are used between others, [3].

Control panel

[10664]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 8 | Pages: 10662 - 10673

In which you can immediately identify the reason for the alarm, the place, and activate the
corresponding annunciator and relay devices programmable. It also allows you to view the
status of each device, [4].

Figure 1.3 Control panel, taken from [4].

Programmable Relays
They are devices that perform some action as a consequence of another device specific or
group of devices to be activated, which could be automation of an alarm response procedure,
as well as can help to control fire in specific areas by activating sprinklers or ventilation
mechanics.

Monitoring modules
As there are various manufacturers specialized in initiating devices with different types of
communication, panels must use certain elements additional devices that allow them to
communicate with initiating devices. The monitoring modules perceive the status of the
initiating element and report it to the central panel, also indicating a particular direction so
that the panel individually identify each connected initiator device, [3].

Control modules
They are used for the control panel to address each annunciator device correctly when an
alarm signal occurs, that is, they receive the signal from the control panel and activate the
annunciator or relay device, [3].

4. Operation of an Intelligent System

Smart systems have two basic modes of operation: programming and mode of operation.

Programming mode
It facilitates the user to detect the devices connected to the communication loop, whether they
are initiators or announcers; then allows you to save the necessary information about the
location and relationship between these devices, is say if they belong to the same monitoring
or alarm zone.

[10665]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 8 | Pages: 10662 - 10673

Operating mode
The operation of an intelligent system encompasses three possibilities: operation normal,
trouble or alarm:
Normal Operation: When the system does not show problems or alarms it has an indicator,
usually visual by means of a screen or keyboard, that everything is normal operation and
during this system operation the control panel performs the following functions at regular
intervals:
- Inspects all devices in the control loop (Power Line Circuit Signalling) and verify that
the answer is valid, alarms, problems, etc.
- Monitors AC output voltage and battery capacity.
- Refresh the normal status indicator.
- Scans him or system keyboards.
- Test the detectors.
- Test your memory.
- Update / Read the EIA-485 communication bus.
Trouble Operation: When there are no fire alarms and a problem is detected in the system, a
problem is activating a particular alarm signal to indicate that a disturbance condition exists.
System problem other than a fire alarm. Problems that arise in a system can have different
origins: sensor malfunction, control loop damage, power failure, power supply,
communication failure, lack of maintenance, etc. While the greater the ability of a system to
detect and indicate which are the problems present, the greater its efficiency. Since it allows
the programmer or the user to quickly identify and repair any anomaly that occurs.
Alarm Operation: During the operation of the alarm it is identified where the signal
originated and which zone or zones it affects; the corresponding alarm signals are generated
and the event that has occurred is indicated by a monitor or an indicator panel.

5. Connections of an Intelligent Fire System

Control loop characteristics
Communication between the control panel, the monitoring modules addressable and control
devices is done through a Signalling Line, (SLC). This circuit can be wired to comply with
the provisions of the NFPA Style 4, Style 6, or Style 7 wiring.
NFPA Style 4 SLC, [5]: NFPA Style 4 requirements are met using the diagram shown in
Figure 1.5. For the Style 4 configuration, the T-branch of the SLC wiring.

[10666]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 8 | Pages: 10662 - 10673

Figure 1.5 NFPA Style 4 SLC, taken from [4].

NFPA Style 6 SLC, [5]: NFPA Style 6 requirements are met using the diagram shown in
Figure 1.6. T-branching is not allowed for Style 6 configuration SLC wiring.

NFPA Style 7 SLC, [5]: Style 7 operation requires the use of isolator modules before and
after of each device. Flanking each device with an isolator provides Failure protection to all
other circuit devices. What's more has the following characteristics:

[10667]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 8 | Pages: 10662 - 10673

• T-branches are not allowed.

• When using a detector base or manual station, the 1300 modules they should be
installed on both sides of the device.
• The connections between the isolator modules and the device they isolate must be in
conduit with “straight thread nipple”, a maximum distance of 3 feet (91.44 cm).

Figure 1.7 NFPA Style 7, taken from [4].

Signalling Line Circuit (SLC) Operation

The operation of the SLC depends on the type of circuit: Style 4, Style 6, or Style 7. Style
requirements for each wiring are determined by codes national and local. It is necessary to

[10668]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 8 | Pages: 10662 - 10673

consult the authority with jurisdiction to wire the SLC. In our country, the Firefighters
Regulations do not specify the type of wiring to be used, although a reform is currently being
carried out to said regulation that must be approved in the current days.

6. Monitoring Module
Operation
The Monitoring Module determines the status of the connected device on its terminals, and
sends this information to the fire panel. Devices that connect to a monitoring module must
work with a normally open contact, which is connected to the module in parallel with a
resistance of 5.6KΩ. The commercial fire devices analysed operate in this way, such as:
manual stations, smoke detectors and fires. Thanks to this type of connection it is possible to
detect the states: normal, alarm and trouble.
Normal State
The detection device is connected to the monitoring module with the normally open contact
in its natural position and with an end resistance line in parallel with the contact open.
Alarm Status
The detection device is connected to the monitoring module with the normally open contact
in its unnatural position and with a resistance of end of line in parallel with the contact
closed.
Problem Status
The detection device is connected to the monitoring module with the normally open contact
in its natural position without an end-of-end resistor. line in parallel with the open contact.

7. Control Module
Operation
The Control Module receives the status of the zone to which it is belongs to its respective
annunciator device by placing it in that state (ALARM or NORMAL).
Commercial annunciator devices operate on 12 or 24 Vdc and have a normally open contact,
which is connected to the module in parallel with a 5.6KΩ resistance. (to know that it is
connected to the system). The Analysed commercial fire devices operate in this way, such as:
strobes, sirens, etc. Thanks to this type of connection it is possible to detect the states:
normal, alarm, problem and short circuit.
Normal State
The annunciator device is connected to the control module with the normally open contact in
its natural position and with an end resistance line in parallel with the contact open, the
annunciator device does not feed so it does not emit an alarm.

Alarm Status
The detection device is connected to the monitoring module with the normally open contact
in its natural position and with an end resistance line in parallel with the contact open. The
device is powered by what emits the alarm signal.

[10669]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 8 | Pages: 10662 - 10673

Problem Status
The detection device is connected to the monitoring module with the normally open contact
in its natural position without an end-of-end resistor. line in parallel with the open contact.
The annunciator device is not fed.
Short-circuit status
The detection device is connected to the monitoring module with the normally open contact
in its unnatural position with an end resistor line in parallel with the contact open. No power
to device announcer.

8. Initiating Devices and Announcers

Initiating and annunciating devices are associated with the monitoring and control
respectively to form a detection and fire alarm. There are several types of each of these
devices with different characteristics each, so it must be selected according to the app. Some
of these devices are specialized to operate only with a specific brand of control panels, but
there are also those that They are general for use with various types of panels and even with
other security systems; the latter are the ones that can be used in applications as the present
project and are described below:

Manual Station
A manual station is a device that allows to generate an alarm signal by manually operating its
mechanism, it basically operates as a switch with a normally open contact. The general
characteristics of a manual station are:
- It is made of a resistant material and in an identifiable colour, generally Red.
- It is clearly indicated how it works and its status. Many include graphic callsigns for
any language and even in Braille language.
- Mechanical memory, that is, once it is activated it maintains its state until it is
manually restarted. A wrench is usually required to open it and restart it from inside.

Photoelectronic Sensor
Photoelectronic sensor identifies smoke using a sensing chamber optical that detects the
presence of smoke particles produced by the combustion from various sources, together with
an electronic circuit that reduces the false alarms. For greater efficiency the sensor chamber is
sealed to air flows, dust and insects.
There are several models of photoelectronic sensors, some include contacts auxiliaries that
can be used for other protection systems or even for use them independently of any system.

Thermo-velocimetric Sensor
The thermo-velocimetric sensor is suitable for detecting fire in situations where those where
smoke detectors cannot be used and where there is no greater risk of human lives. There are
several options for its operation, they can detect a source of temperature rise that can be in a
range from 57 to 90° C; or a sudden increase in temperature of approximately 8º C per
minute. They are connected to a simple normally open circuit.

[10670]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 8 | Pages: 10662 - 10673

Carbon Monoxide and Natural Gas Sensor

This sensor protects people and animals from poisoning by inhalation of carbon monoxide
and explosion due to accumulation of natural gas. There are some types of these sensors and
for their total effectiveness special care must be taken in its installation and maintenance.
They also have additional outputs to operate other devices, so They can be associated with a
monitoring module to apply it in a monitoring system. fire protection.

Liquefied Petroleum LPG Gas Sensor

There are also independent liquefied petroleum gas sensors that, like the above can be used in
independent systems by coupling them to monitoring modules.

Siren
It is an auditory means of notification of a fire alarm, thanks to its really loud sound is heard
from a distance and allows action to be taken appropriate as appropriate. Allows various
volume settings, contains a contact to monitor its correct connection.

Strobe Light
It is a visual means of indicating a fire alarm, it is especially useful in cases of smoke, due to
the intensity of the light used (programmable between 15 and 115 candles). There are also
combinations of the device’s annunciators, strobe sirens, or lighted speaker.

Gas Bypass Solenoid Valve

The solenoid valve acts normally open to allow the passage of gas and is closes when the
sensor commands it, generally works with cold coils thus avoiding overheating and
premature aging of the coil, it also has a manual reset so that once the alarm has started it
retains its state.

9. Conclusions
The fire detection and alarm system comply with the scope of the project, using the
technologies provided for each aspect of the design. The rs232 - 485 interface designed for
communication, from the interface of user to the modules, meets the design requirements,
both in the distance required and the number of devices it supports as part of the control loop.
Similarly, the 5-byte protocol used, along with a adequate programming send all the
necessary information for the present application and ensure proper communication for the
system.
The use of a 4-wire communication increased the performance of the control and allowed to
scan all installed devices and wait an individual response in each reiteration. Due to the
characteristics found in commercial detection devices and fire alarm, the modules were
generalized both for monitoring as well as for control, so that they can operate with different
common firefighting devices, the rationale for this generalization of the modules was that:

[10671]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 8 | Pages: 10662 - 10673

- The behaviour of the monitoring devices is similar between the different

manufacturers: feeding with a voltage of 12 VDC, using a normally open contact and
accepting a resistance to its terminals as end of line; so a module could be generalized
as interpreter of the device before the control loop.
- The behaviour of the control devices is also similar between the different brands,
adopting a voltage range from 8 to 24 Vdc approximately, and also allowing an end-
of-end resistor to be used. line.

The user interface designed in labview, complies with the specifications of the project and
operates in a similar way to a commercial fire station with its respective limitations. This
interface monitors the control loop by verifying the status of the connected devices in a
suitable time and responds accordingly. effectively before an alarm signal.
To test the entire system, tests were carried out with few devices so as not to incur very high
costs, and the operation of all the system characteristics with a fast and efficient response.
Regarding the power supply of this detection system, a design in particular, since each case
must consider the load to be installs and size its required power supply, but if a study of load
of a case, as an example, and the required source was sized.
The designed system functioned similarly to commercial systems against fires, with the
respective limitations, with a lower cost and allowing a wide range of configurations for
operation. The technology developed in this project was applied for a system of detection and
fire alarm, but can easily be applied in other systems, for example for centralized home
automation control of a home with communications bus, which includes security, fire, control
of lights, etc. This project can serve as a starting point for a more complex network of control
systems of different applications, as currently exists like Lonworks, EIB, etc.
In cases where there is a risk of accidents, fire safety never should be overestimated as
compliance with international standards and Consideration of facility regulations is the
difference between a fatal outcome or a timely reaction.

10. Recommendations
In case of using other very specific devices it is necessary to study their technical and
operating characteristics to determine if they can interact with the modules designed in this
project. By For example, there are certain devices that require a power supply resettable to
return to normal state, this project does not consider this type of device from its interface but
can use them with a manual power reset.
This system operates in a very similar way to the behaviour of a central commercial
firefighting, within the possibilities, and may be applicable in a case where many devices are
not required and may opt for a particular design not regularized or approved by international
standards.
For the installation, it must be considered that the power supply proposed in This system is
12 Vdc so there is no problem in that it is carry it in the same ductwork as the control loop,
but in case of carrying ac power signal, the pipes must be separated.

[10672]
 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 8 | Pages: 10662 - 10673

An evolution that can be implemented in this project is to change the type of control system,
from centralized to distributed, that is, using the same installation and user interface, consider
that the system must continue to function even when the control panel is disconnected, which
implies that the programming must be stored in each module and communicate directly with
each other
In the same way, the user interface can continue to be debugged and expanding its
applications, a feature that was not considered in the scope of this project and that could be
expanded is the option to load a previous device programming using as reference a text file
indicating the connected devices, zone to which they belong, location, type, etc.

References
[1] National Fire Protection Association, “Information for Visitors international”, 2008.
[2] La Fortaleza, "Fire systems", 2008.
[3] FIRE-LITE ALARMS; " The SLC Manual" . Document # 51309. 2005
[4] FIRE-LITE ALARMS; " Fire Alarm Control Panel MS- 9200 UDLS." Document #
52750. 2005
[5] National Fire Protection Association, NPFA 72 “National Code of Fire Alarms ”, 2007

[10673]

View publication stats