FIRST TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES

JS 3 (BASIC 9)

SUBJECT: SOCIAL STUDIES

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC

1. Revision of last term’s examination questions.

2. Social Value – Trafficking in Children and Women: (a) Meaning of
human trafficking. (b) Factors responsible for children and women
trafficking.
3. Trafficking in Children and Women: (c) Consequences of human
trafficking – Physical, Psychological and Social. (d) Preventive Measures –
Public enlightenment, Education, Advocacy and Legislation, etc.
4. Harmful Traditional Practices: (a) Meaning of human traditional
practices. (b) Examples of harmful traditional practices. (c)
Consequences – Social Economic 1, Psychological. (d) Measure of
harmful traditional practices- Public.
5. Population: (a) Meaning of population. (b) Basic unit of population –
Family, Community. (c) Factors in securing population growth. (d)
Population control.
6. Family Life Education: (a) Meaning of family life education. (b)
Population and resources available, customs, value, beliefs and
traditional gender issues and core messages (family size & family
welfare). (c) Family size and consequences. (c) Census problems in
Nigeria.
7. Peace: (a) Meaning of peace. (b) Types: positive peace, Negative /uneasy
peace. (b) Importance of peace. (d) Ways of promoting peace – tolerance,
social justice, human rights, etc.
8. Conflicts: (a) Meaning of conflict. (b) Types of conflict- non violent,
violent. (c) Examples of conflict- (i) interpersonal misunderstanding,
(ii)intra-national/inter-ethnic conflicts e.g. Urhobo/ Itsekiri/Izon, Kataf/
Hausa, Yoruba/Hausa,etc. conflicts. (iii) Communal /intra-ethnic
conflicts e.g. Ife/Modakeke, Aguleri/Umuleri.
9. Conflicts: (d) Causes and consequences of Conflicts. (e) Conflict
management and Resolution e.g. dialogue, compromise, etc.
10. Revision.
 11. Examination

WEEK 1

TOPIC: Revision of Last Term’s Work

CONTENT: This week should be used to have a brief revision of all the works
done in J.S.S 2.

WEEK 2

TOPIC: SOCIAL VALUES

SUB-TOPIC: Trafficking in Children and Women:

CONTENT: (a) Meaning of human trafficking.

(b) Factors responsible for children and women trafficking.

Sub-Topic 1: MEANING OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Human trafficking is the illegal trade in human beings, especially children and
women for the purpose of commercial, sexual exploitation or forced labour, a
modern day form of slavery. The traffickers take away the basic human rights
of the victim.
Children trafficking

People are mostly trafficked through the seas, on boats and ships
Sub-Topic 2: FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHILDREN AND WOMEN TRAFFICKING .

Some of the reasons for children and women trafficking are:

1. LACK OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES: The economic downturn in some poor

countries which have left thousands of people jobless is one of the
factors responsible for trafficking in persons.

2. ORGANIZED CRIME: The traffickers for the purpose of engaging in crime lured their victims
and use them for illegal and violent crimes on fees.
3. REGIONAL IMBALANCES: When the borders of some countries are very porous, it is easy to
transport and harbour victims of trafficking.
4. ECONOMIC DISPARITIES: The economic situation of some countries like the less developed
countries where there is high level of poverty and unemployment encourages trafficking.
5. DESIRE FOR MATERIAL BENEFITS: On the part of the parents and the women who are trafficked,
desire for material benefits, money and not being contented with their position in life are other
reasons.
6. CORRUPTION IN GOVERNMENT: The corruption of government officials which affect the
economy of the country may encourage this kind of trade.
7. POLITICAL INSTABILITY: Political instability encourages anarchy which brings about social vices.
8. ARMED CONFLICT: During wars and international conflicts, this vice is
always rampant as women and children are often abused.

9. PROFITABILITY: The profits realized by the traffickers from their victims also encourage it.
10 INSUFFICIENT PENALTIES AGAINST TRAFFICKERS: If the law recommends weak
penalties for offenders, it can be encouraged.
11 INFLUENCE OF PEER-GROUP: Some people are easily influenced by their age
groups who appear successful in using their bodies to make money-
particularly from outside the country.

EVALUATION

1. What is trafficking in children and women?

2. Mention and explain 5 factors that are responsible for women and
children trafficking.

READING ASSIGNMENT: Read chapter 1 of Macmillan JSS Social studies

Book 3 by M. A Orebanjo etal pages 1-4.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:

Objective Test:

1. Victims of human trafficking are subject to ___________ (a) Prostitution

(b) Trafficking of illegal drugs (c) Smuggling of illegal goods (d) All of the
above.
2. All these are factors responsible for children and women trafficking
except. (a) Unemployment (b) Employment (c) Poverty (d) Low level of
education.
3. All but one is a reason for child and women trafficking: (a) Affluence (b)
Weak law enforcement (c) Illiteracy (d) Peer influence.
4. Which is not the best solution to ending trafficking in children and
women? (a) Kill all those who trade in it (b) Legislate against the practice
with stiff laws (b) Cooperate with other countries to arrest traffickers.
5. _________ is the state of being poor. (a) Poverty (b) Unemployment (c)
Ignorance (d) Greed.

Essay Test:

1. Define human trafficking.

2. Identify 4 types of these practices and write short note on the four point
mentioned.

WEEK 3

TOPIC: SOCIAL VALUE: TRAFFICKING IN CHILDREN AND WOMEN:

CONTENT: (c) Consequences of human trafficking – Physical, Psychological .

. and Social.

(d) Preventive Measures – Public enlightenment, Education,

Advocacy and Legislation, etc.

Sub-Topic 1: CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

The following are the consequences of human trafficking

1. PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES
(a) Children and women who are trafficked suffer many physical
damages. For example, some travel long distances, sometime in
difficult terrain like desert. Many die as a result of being physically
exhausted on such journeys.
 (b) Children especially are subjected to physical hardship as they are
used as house helpers, hawkers of goods on the roads and in
market.
(c) Physical and sexual abuse of trafficking persons leads to
psychological trauma and fear.
(d) Victims stand the risk of having: HIV/AIDS/STI.

2. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
(a) The psychological effect lead to retardation in the victims lives.
(b) When children and women who are trafficked later realized the
injustice and deprivation suffered as a result of being victims of
human trafficking, they become depressed and ashamed of
themselves and their resent past.
(c) Since the trade is carried out in the secret, those involved are
afraid of to make it public. They are afraid of law enforcement
agencies.
(d) The victim may end up becoming a deviant and constitute danger
to the society.

3. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES
(a)No matter the money made, especially by the women involved, they
are usually not respected in the society.

The women may never get someone to come and ask for her hand in
marriage.

(a) The children involved may never have the opportunity to go school.
(b) These activities bring shame to the families of those involved.

EVALUATION

1. Mention 2 physical consequences of human trafficking.

2. State 1 social consequence of human trafficking.
3. Highlight 2 psychological consequences of human trafficking.

Sub-Topic 2: PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING

The following are the preventive measures to human trafficking

1. PUBLIC ENLIGHTENMENT: The people should be sensitized on the

effects of trafficking and the need not to be deceived by the empty
promises of the traffickers.
 2. EDUCATION: Quality education should be made available and
affordable in our communities. This can be achieved by building more
schools, employing qualified teachers and provision of adequate
instructional materials.
3. LEGAL SOLUTION: Government should ensure that there is legal
framework that will recommend stiff measures and punishment for
those who indulge in this social problem.
4. LEGISLATION: Bills against human trafficking should be sponsored
and passed into law in upper and lower legislative chambers.
5. POVERTY REDUCTION: When the government ensures that the
people are gainfully employed, poverty will reduce and issues of
trafficking will no more be in our society.
6. EQUIPPING LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES TO DO THEIR WORK
WELL: Government should equip and strengthen the National Agency
for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP) with the
responsibilities of dealing with human traffickers.
7. EMPOWERMENT: The people should be empowered to be self-reliant
by giving loans and other tools to establish themselves in their areas
of specialization.
8. COOPERATION WITH OTHER COUNTRIES ON HUMAN
TRAFFICKING: Nigeria should seek cooperation with the rest of the
world not to allow their territories to be used for human trafficking as
it hurts our pride.
9. RESOLUTION BY PARENTS AND WOMEN: Parents and women
should, themselves, resolve to reject further trafficking in children
and women.

EVALUATION

1. List 5 preventive measures to human trafficking.

2. Explain the following (i) Empowerment (ii) Public enlightenment.
3. What is the full meaning of NAPTIP?

READING ASSIGNMENT: - Read chapter 1 of Macmillan JSS Social studies

Book 3 by M. A Orebanjo etal pages 12-15.
WEEKEND ASIGNMENT

Objective Test:

1. All these are preventive measures of children and women trafficking

except_________ (a) Public enlightenment (b) Education (c) None of the
above (d) Legislation.
2. That those involved in child trafficking are afraid to make it public is
_________ (a) A social consequence (b) A physical consequence (c) A
pretense consequence (d) A psychological consequence.
3. Human trafficking is ___________ (a) Selling items in traffic (b) Buying
and selling human beings (c) Allowing humans to drive in traffic for long
periods (d) Working as a traffic warden.
4. _________ is a factor responsible for human trafficking. (a) Illiteracy (b)
Literacy (c) Decency (d) Literature.

Essay Test:

1. Mention 4 ways the society can curb the practice of human trafficking.
2. What is harmful traditional practice?

WEEK 4

TOPIC: HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES

CONTENT: 1. Meaning of human traditional practices.

- Examples of harmful traditional practices.

2. Consequences – Social, Economic, Psychological.

3. Measures of preventing harmful traditional practices- Public.

SUB-TOPIC 1: MEANING OF HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES.

Harmful traditional practices are the customs, beliefs and ways of life which
are capable of causing death, fear, stigma, diseases, and other psychological
and physical pain or damage to the citizens. In other words, they are practices
that could have negative effects to the health and social well being of the
people. Many of these practices are passed down from generation to generation.

EXAMPLES OF HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES.

There are many practices in our various cultures which are harmful to our well
being. The following are examples of some of these harmful traditional
practices.

1. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)/ Female Circumcision

2. Child Marriage
3. Female Spouse Sharing
4. Son Preference
5. Polygamy
6. Violence against Women
7. Scarification
8. Tribal Marks
9. Circumcision of Young Boys.
10. Maltreatment of widows
11. Superstition

1. FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM): Female genital mutilation

(FGM), or female circumcision, involves surgical removal of parts or all of
the most sensitive female genital organs. FGM is performed on infants as
young as a few days old, on children from 7-10 years old and on
adolescents.
2. CHILD MARRIAGE: Early marriage is another serious problem which
some girls face in some African communities. The practice of given away
girls to marriage at the age of 11, 12, or 13 after which they must start
producing children. The principal reasons for this practice are the girls’
virginity and the bride price.
 A very young girl being given in marriage to an elderly man

3. FEMALE SPOUSE SHARING: This is a common practice in some parts of

Africa. The cultural function of this practice is to ensure that when the
husband is away for a long time the woman is satisfied sexually to
maximize fertility performance by a man from the same linage.
4. SON PREFERENCE: Preference for male child is a powerful tradition
rooted in inheritance practice and patriarchy. Male child is figuratively
described as the “seat” of a woman in the matrimonial home among the
Yoruba. This means that until a woman bears a male child she is still a
visitor to the matrimonial home because the husband can marry another
woman.
5. POLYGAMY: This is a situation whereby a man marries more than one
wife and it is widely practice in Africa. Due to value of children, especially
male, competition may ensue among co-wives.
6. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: Violence against women is a technical
term used to collectively refer to violent acts that are primarily or
exclusively committed against women.
7. SCARIFICATION: This is permanent or semi-permanent deliberate
altering of human body for non-medical reasons, such as: sexual
enhancement, a rite of passage, aesthetic reasons, denoting affiliation,
trust and loyalty, religious reasons, mystical affiliation and self
expression.
8. TRIBAL MARKS: Many tribes in Nigeria identify themselves by certain
forms of tribal marks made on the face using sharp objects such as
knives. It was meant to assist the various tribes to identify their kinsmen
in period of war.
9. CIRCUMCISION OF YOUNG BOYS: Circumcision of boys between the
age of six to ten years is practiced among some tribes. These boys are
made to bear untold pain before they heal-up.
10. MALTREATMENT OF WIDOWS: A widow is a woman whose
husband has died. In some cultures, the woman’s head is shaved clean
immediately the husband dies. Sometimes, the woman is not allowed to
have her bath until seven days after the husband burial. In some culture
the water that is used in bathing the dead husband’s corpse is given to
the widow to drink. These practices bring negative value to the society.
11. SUPERSTITION: This is the belief in luck, ill-luck, magic,
witchcraft, reincarnation, appeasing of gods, sorcery and divination.
 EVALUATION
1. What is harmful traditional practice?
2. Mention and explain 4 types of harmful traditional practices.

Sub-Topic 2: CONSEQUENCES OF HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES.

1. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES: Apart from the fact that facial tribal marks
unnecessary marked out those who have them, many children find it
difficult to associate with their peers because it might disfigure the
individual if not properly handled since he or she could no longer carry
the natural look.
2. WICKED WIDOWHOOD PRACTICE can cause conflict between families.
The family of the widow may go against the practices of the deceased and
this will create conflict between the two families.
3. ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES: Harmful traditional practices such as
child abuse may cause loss of man power in the society. Children who
were not given the right type of education would later turn to liabilities to
themselves and other people in the society.
4. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES: This practice cause both physical
and emotional pain. For example, when a woman is given out to a man
she did not love; she suffers physical trauma and psychological
problems.
5. PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES: Physical consequences are part of harmful
traditional practice. When you ask a young girl of between the age of 11
and 18 to get married, she does not yet have the body that can carry
pregnancy or mature passage for safe and easy delivery.

EVALUATION

In your own words explain the following: (i) Economic consequences and
(ii) Physical consequences of harmful traditional practice.

Sub-Topic 3: MEASURES OF PREVENTING HARMFUL TRADITIONAL

PRACTICES

There are measures which can be adopted in order to prevent harmful

traditional practices. Among these are:

1. PUBLIC ENLIGHTENMENT: The media such as the radio, television and

newspaper could be used also organizing seminars, workshops and
 conferences could be used to create public awareness on the effects of
these traditional practices.
2. EDUCATION: Government on its part should make education available
and affordable most especially at village levels. An educated populace will
avoid such harmful and outdated customs and belief that do not add
value to the society.
3. ADVOCACY: The non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the
government officials, community leaders and various groups should help
to support the eradication of such practice.
4. LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES: The law enforcement agencies should
be empowered to enforce the law on defaulter.
5. LEGISLATION: Government should enact laws prohibiting harmful
traditional practice.

EVALUATION

1. Mention 3 measures of preventing harmful traditional practice.

2. State 2 ways by which the NGOs can assist to curb these practices.

READING ASSIGNMENT: - Read chapter 1 of Macmillan JSS Social studies

Book 3 by M. A Orebanjo et al pages 22-30.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:

Objective Test:

1. Harmful traditional practices are those cultural practices which are

________ (a) Harmless to the victims and the society. (b) Harmful to the
victims and the society.(c) Gainful to the government and the society (d)
Harmless to the government and the society.
2. The following are harmful traditional practices except (a) Childhood
marriage (b) Genital mutilation (c) Marriage ceremonies (d) Wife
inheritance
3. Which pair is most harmful to young girls? (a) Widows maltreatment and
taboo (b) Inheritance and forced marriage (c) Superstition and witchcraft
(d) Genital mutilation and force marriage.
4. One is not a consequence of harmful traditional practices. (a) Economic
consequence (b) Political consequence (c) Physical consequence (d)
Psychological consequence
5. The customs, beliefs and way of life of the people which are capable of
causing physical or psychological pain to people is called _________ (a)
 Civilization (b) Socialization (c) Harmful traditional practice (d) Social
problems

Essay Test:

1. List 5 possible solutions to harmful traditional practice.

2. What is population?

WEEK 5

TOPIC: POPULATION

CONTENT: (1) Meaning of population. Basic unit of population – Family,

Community.

(2) Factors in securing population growth.

(3) Population control.

Sub-Topic 1: MEANING OF POPULATION and BASIC UNIT OF POPULATION

Population can be defined as the total number of people living in a particular

territory. This territory could be a village, town, city, local government area,
state, country, region or the world at large.

BASIC UNIT OF POPULATION

The basic units of population are the family and community.

THE FAMILY: A family is define as a group of people closely related by blood,
marriage, adoption or other form of relationship people agree upon. It is
the smallest unit of the society. Through the family, children are added to the
society and thereby the increase in the society’s population. There are two
basic types of families namely:

i. The nuclear family and

ii. The extended family.
i. THE NUCLEAR FAMILY: A nuclear family is made up of a man, his
wife/wives and their children. It is also known as a simple or
immediate family.

ii. THE EXTENDED FAMILY: The extended family is made up of the

nuclear family and the members of the families of the father and the
mother. This type of family is very common in Africa.
 1. COMMUNITY: A community can be described as a group of people (or
many group of people) living together in an area. They share common
environment, resources, values and aspiration. Community can exist as
a village, town, hamlet, city, country or continent.

EVALUATION

1. What is population?
2. Mention the 2 basic unit of population.
3. Define the following: (i) Family (ii) Community.

Sub-Topic 2: FACTORS IN SECURING POPULATION GROWTH

Typically, the natural growth of a population depends on the number of

birth and death. Other factors can also contribute to securing population
growth of a territory. We shall consider six of these factors namely:

1.Advance technology
2.Economic factors
3.Presence of social amenities and infrastructure
4. Favourable climate and physical condition
5.Security.
1.ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY: On the one hand, when there is
technological advancement, better working materials are produced for
farmers and artisans. This will make people to migrate to such places.
2. ECONOMIC FACTORS: Economics factors such as employment
opportunities, fertile soil and presence of solid mineral naturally
 increases population growth as people in quest of greener pasture find
their ways to such economic potent area leaving the unproductive areas
deserted.
3. FAVOURABLE CLIMATE AND PHYSICAL CONDITION: There will be
population growth in places where the environment and the climatic
condition is conducive and habitable for people.
4. SECURITY: A place where people cannot sleep with their two eyes
closed will hardly be populated but where there is security of life and
property, people tend to increase in such areas.
5. PRESENCE OF SOCIAL AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE: Good
medical care facilities, pipe borne water, schools, electricity, good roads
and other social amenities are inviting factors to an area.

EVALUATION

Mention 5 factors in securing population growth and explain any 2 of the

five mentioned.

Sub-Topic 3: POPULATION CONTROL

When the factors that influence population size are not checked, the
population will grow beyond the society’s available resources. Therefore, to
control it however, these measures should be taken.

1. FAMILY PLANNING/ BIRTH CONTROL: There are many family

planning measures that are designed to control population growth.
Examples, child spacing, abstaining from sexual intercourse, the use of
contraceptives to prevent pregnancy, using condom when having sexual
relationship etc.
2. EDUCATION: Education brings enlightenment. People are able to
understand the consequences of overpopulation when they are
educated.
3. GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION: Government should make laws
preventing people from having more than a particular number of
children.
4. Discouraging early marriage and encouraging monogamy.
5. Provision of basic amenities in rural areas.
6. LATE MARRIAGE: There should be fixed law that will make people to
marry at the age when there will be less chance of giving birth to many
children.
EVALUATION

Mention 5 measures of controlling population rate of a country, and explain

briefly 2 of the measures you have mentioned.

READING ASSIGNMENT: - Read chapter 4 of Macmillan JSS Social studies

Book 3 by M. A Orebanjo etal pages 17-19.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:

Objective Test:

1. __________ is the total number of human beings in a given area over a

particular time. (a) Population (b) Over population (c) Census (d) Family
2. A group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption is called
___________ (a) Community (b) Country (c) Family (d) Group
3. ________ are the two basic types of family. (a) Nuclear and Extended
Family (b) Exotic and Nuclear Family (c) Biological and Geographical
Family (d) Compound and Village Family
4. The two basic units of population are _________ and __________ (a) Life
and Death (b) Parents and Children (c) Over population and Optimum
population (d) Family and Community.
5. In a country where family planning is taken seriously, (a) The
population will explode (b) The population will be manageable (c) The
population will be sparse (d) The population will be mixed.

Essay Test:

1. What is family life education?

2. Mention 3 factors that cause population change in a place.

WEEK 6

DATE:……………………………........

TOPIC: FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION (FLE)

CONTENT

1. Meaning of family life education

2. Population and resources available, customs, values and beliefs and traditional
gender issues and core messages (family size and family welfare)
3. Family size and consequences
 4. Census problems in Nigeria

Sub-Topic 1: MEANING FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION: Family life education is the

education that is given to prepare individuals for their adult life. The purpose is to
prepare individuals for choosing the right partner, living together peacefully in
marriage and being good parents.

Family life education could also be defined as the education system which provides for
a study of the population situation in a family, the community, the nation and the
world with the purpose of developing in the citizen a more rational attitude and
reasonable behavior towards improving the quality of their live, now and in the future
(NERDC 1983)

CORE MESSAGES IN POPULATION/FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION

1. POPULATION: The Nigerian population is increasing geometrically (i.e. at

alarming rate), while the available resources and social amenities are growing
arithmetically (at a very slow rate). Therefore, Nigerians need to be sensitized
about this issue. A time would come in the future when the available natural
resources such as water, land, forest and even man-made resources like house,
social infrastructure might not be adequate. Hence, the youth should know that
they are in a better position to control the population explosion by having small
family size when they get married.
2. RESOURCES AVAILABLE: The resources available could be man-made e.g.
buildings, roads, dams, etc, or natural resources like crude oil, limestone, coal,
tin, etc should be well managed to improve the standard of living of people
resident in a country and the family in particular. But if these resources are not
properly managed and maintained, then it would have negative effects on the
people and nation at large.
3. CUSTOMS, VALUES AND BELIEFS: Nigeria is made up of diverse ethnic groups
and there is need for us to understand the customs and beliefs of other ethnic
groups. This will make us live in unity.
4. GENDER ISSUES: Children, regardless of their sex should be given equal
treatment; son preference should not be allowed in the family. The female
children should be given quality education and should be allowed to excel in
their preferred career.
5. FAMILY SIZE: The size of a family determines to a large extent, the kind of
standard of living. A small family usually maintains a good and quality
standard of living because they can afford good shelter, clothing, quality
education and good food. But when there are more mouth to feed, then their
standard of living is reduced.
6. FAMILY WELFARE: For the family to have maximum comfort and enjoy all the
basic necessities of life, the family size is should be small. Small family size
guarantees good family welfare.
Evaluation:

1. What is family life education

2. Mention the six core messages of family life education

Sub-Topic 2: FAMILY SIZE AND CONSEQUENCES

1. The size of a family determines the kind of life they would live. A large family
might not be able to provide the basic needs. But a small family is able to
provide good and quality standard of living.
2. Child spacing, if encouraged, reduces family size and this also affects growth
rate of population
3. The size of a family determines the growth rate of the family. If families are
growing anyhow, the population of the country will explode and when there is
over population, the available resources may not go round or may soon be
exhausted if they are natural resources

Example of a large family size an example of a small family size

CENSUS PROBEMS IN NIGERIA

1. HIGH COST: A credible population census requires a lot of money (particularly

in dense country like Nigeria) to employ personnel to go into every part of the
country. Due to the financial involvement, census exercise is carried out every
ten years in Nigeria to enable government meet the financial involvement
2. LEVEL OF LITERACY: As a result of low level of literacy and high level of
illiteracy, many people do not co-operate with the census officials, most people
give false information and data which eventually will lead to inaccurate and
unreliable census figures. Most of these illiterate do this because of the fear of
being heavily taxed by the government after the exercise.
3. INFLATION OF FIGURE: Due to the awareness that government uses the
census figure for planning and allocation or distribution of amenities, people in
some communities give false information by inflating the census figure.
 4. INACCESSIBILITY OF SOME AREAS IN NIGERIA: Hilly and riverside areas are
usually not accessible by census officials, thereby making it impossible for
people living in such areas to be counted.
5. SHORTAGE OF TRAINED CENSUS PERSONNEL: Inadequate skilled and
professional demographers and vital statistics officials to handle census
exercise, most time leads to inaccurate figures, as the government most times
hurriedly train corps members and teachers, who cannot be as efficient as
professionals. Most times these staffs give incorrect census figures because they
are unskilled.
6. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS: Many rural dwellers believe that counting their children
will bring some calamities in the form of death, infertility etc. on them. Hence
the disallowed or do everything possible to stop the enumerators from counting
them.
7. TRANSPORTATION: In Nigeria there are some communities that are not motor
able, therefore enumerators may not be able to reach such places to count
them.
8. COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS: Most times, people are posted to places outside
their ethnic group; as a result of this the person may not be able to
communicate with the people who can only speak their language.

Evaluation:

1. Explain two family size and consequences

2. List and discuss five problems of census

Reading Assignment:

Students should read their textbooks on the meaning of family life education (FLE),
core messages, family size and consequences, census problems in Nigeria etc.

Weekend Assignment:

Objective Test:

1. All children regardless of their sex should be given equal right to education best
describe………..
(a) Family welfare (b) gender issues (c) family size
2. One of the consequences of family size is that-----
(a) Child spacing affects population growth (b) the size of a family does not
determine the standard of living (c) population growth is equal to available
resources
3. One of the following is not a census problem in Nigeria
(a) Population (b) transportation (c) religious beliefs
Essay Test:

1. Define family life education

2. Discuss four census problems in Nigeria

WEEK 7

DATE:……………………….

TOPIC: PEACE

CONTENT:

1. Meaning of peace and Types of peace

2. Importance of peace
3. Ways of promoting peace

Sub-Topic 1: MEANING AND TYPES OF PEACE

MEANING OF PEACE:

Peace is a state of friendliness that is devoid of anger, absence of war or violence. It is

a state of calm or quietness, living in friendship. Peace is also a quality of living
together in friendship and harmony with people without argument or violence.

Peace is a value that promotes social interaction, co-operation progress and unity
among members of the same society.

TYPES OF PEACE

Basically there are two types of peace; they are:

1. Positive peace and

2. Negative/uneasy peace
1. POSITIVE PEACE: This is when all conflicts have been resolve through dialogue,
the two parties are made to meet each others’ quiet and peaceful resolution; the
two parties are then satisfied. There is no feeling of anger any more, no distrust
and everyone is peacefully interacting with each other. Positive peace can also
be referred to as social peace.
2. NEGATIVE/UNEASY PEACE: This is when peace is achieved by using force on
both parties involved in a conflict. This is usually not a permanent peace, as
there will still be grudges and distrust, but all acts of violence have stopped.
That is to say that, there will still be uneasiness despite the assumed peace. A
typical example is the EZILLO and EZZA conflict in Ebonyi states
Evaluation:

1. What is peace?
2. Describe negative/uneasy peace

Sub-Topic 2: IMPORTANCE OF PEACE

Peace is a very vital virtue any person, group or society should embrace for progress to
be made in all areas of life. Hence, the following are importance of peace;

1. Peace ensures growth, meaningful living and advancement in any society

2. Peace helps to promote harmony and progress
3. Peace enhances population growth
4. Peace helps to promote tolerance and happiness. Working together help people
to develop the spirit of oneness
5. Peace ensures group solidarity and security
6. Peace frees the individual and society at large from anxiety and insecurity
7. Peace inculcates the spirit of hard work. For instance, when people work
together without grudge, they develop a team spirit. Team spirit and hard work
leads to harmony and national development
8. When there is no peace, educational, political, economical and social activities
are disrupted
9. Peace create a good and an enabling environment for people to be creative and
productive
10.Peace promotes unity and understanding among members of the society

Evaluation:

1. Mention five importance of peace

Sub-Topic 3: WAYS OF PROMOTING PEACE

The following are the ways peace can be promoted in our society

1. Tolerance, 2. Social justice, 3. Human right

1. TOLERANCE: People must learn to bear with others in their shortcomings. This
is to say that they must learn to understand their behaviours, needs or customs
and try to keep calm when they are provoked or annoyed; refused to be drawn
into any fight, disorder or conflict, just to ensure peace.
2. SOCIAL JUSTICE: Irrespective of one’s ethnic group, social or economic
background; in meting out justice, there must be equity. Treat people the way
you would like to be treated. When there is justice and fair play in a society,
peace can be achieved and sustained.
3. HUMAN RIGHT: Everybody have equal right to justice, equity and fair play,
therefore every ones right must be respected notwithstanding the social status,
ethnic origin or tribe.
Evaluation:

1. Mention three ways of promoting peace

2. Explain two ways of promoting peace

Reading Assignment:

Students should read their textbooks on peace, types of peace, importance of peace
and ways of promoting peace.

Weekend Assignment:

Objective Test:

1. All conflicts are resolved through dialogue…. This is an example of

-------------------------
(a) Abstract peace (b) Negative peace (c) Positive peace
2. How can one tolerate others?
(a) By retaliation (b) By overlooking their short comings (c) By reporting them to
an educator
3. One of the following is not a way of promoting peace
(a) Human right (b) Anti-social justice (c) tolerance

Essay Test:

1. What makes peace important in any given society

2. Describe two ways of promoting peace

WEEK 8

DATE…………………………………………….

TOPIC: CONFLICT

CONTENT:

1. Meaning of conflict
2. Examples of conflict:- (i) inter-personal misunderstanding (ii)
intra-national/inter-ethnic conflict (iii) communal/intra-ethnic conflict

Sub-Topic 1: MEANING OF CONFLICT

Conflict is the breakdown of harmonious relationship, arising from clash of interest.

Conflict can also be defined as a misunderstanding or disagreement between two or
more people. Conflict therefore could be seen as the absence of peace.
Conflicts arise as people interact in their families, workplace, offices, social clubs,
communities and countries.

As a nation Nigeria has witnessed a lot of conflicts. For instance, the war between
1967 and 1970 seriously threatened the existence of Nigeria as a Nation. Other past
conflicts in Nigeria includes; students riots, inter-tribal wars, religious riot particularly
in the north, workers strike and protest, electoral protest leading to burning of
valuable properties and destruction of lives

TYPES OF CONFLICT

There are two types of conflicts; which are;

1. Non-violent or peaceful conflict and

2. Violent conflict

NON-VIOLENT OR PEACEFUL CONFLICT: This is disagreement or conflict that does

not involve the use of force; but sometimes, it is based on certain rules and
regulations; for instance, when a group of workers and their employers disagrees over
salaries, a trade dispute is said to exist between the workers and management; also
during sports competitions. This type of conflict also exists in the form of
competitions, e.g. school debate, peaceful demonstration by students of higher
institutions of learning etc.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a typical example of a non violent conflict

VIOLENT CONFLICT: A conflict is said to be violent when it is not settled peacefully,

but with force and usually it leads to war, e.g. the 1967 civil war in Nigeria.

In violent conflict, properties are destroyed and people are displaced, injured or killed
in certain instances.
Examples of violent conflict

Evaluation:

1. Define the term conflict

2. Differentiate between violent and non-violent conflicts
3. Give an example each of violent and non-violent conflicts

Sub-Topic 2: EXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS

1. Inter-personal misunderstanding
2. Intra-national/inter-ethnic conflicts
3. Communal/intra-ethnic conflicts

INTER-PERSONAL MISUNDERSTANDING: This conflict involves two persons or

individuals. It usually occurs as a result of misunderstanding between two persons. If
this conflict is within an individual, it is then called intra-personal conflict; and this
happen when an individual takes a wrong decision or make a wrong choice.

INTRA-NATIONAL/INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICT: This is a type of conflict that takes

place within a nation, between two different ethnic groups. Typical examples Nigeria
includes; Urhobo/Itsekiri and Izon conflicts, Kataf and Hausa conflict, Yoruba and
Hausa conflict, Hausa and Igbo conflict, Yoruba and Itsekiri conflict etc.

COMMUNAL/INTRA-ETHNIC CONFLICT: This is when two communities of the same

ethnic group have conflict. Examples in Nigeria are; Ife and madakeke conflict, Aguleri
and Umuleri or Ezza and Ezzillo conflicts.

Evaluation:

1. Mention and explain the three examples of conflicts, sitting some instances in
each example.
Reading Assignment:

1. Macmillan Jss social studies book 3.By: Orebanjo, Osokoya, Acholonu,

Ayodele, Taiwo, Ibrahim, and Fumilayo; pages 23,24

Weekend assignment:

Objective Test:

1. -------------- is a situation in which people are involve in a serious disagreement

(a) Fighting (b) Riot (c) Conflict
2. The type of conflict where physical force is being used with the intention to kill
and destroy properties is known as-------------- conflict
(a) Peaceful (b) Riot (c) violent
3. Which type of conflict is characterized by anger but does not involve the use of
force
(a) Violent conflict (b) Peaceful conflict (c) traditional conflict
4. When conflict exist within an individual, it is known as ----------------
(a) Personal conflict (b) Intra-personal conflict (c) Intra-personal conflict

Essay Test:

1. Explain briefly violent and non-violent conflict

2. Discuss the differences that exist between; i. inter-personal misunderstanding,
ii. Intra-national/inter-ethnic conflict and iii. Communal/intra-ethnic conflict

WEEK 9

DATE……………………………..

TOPIC: CONFLICT: cont.

Content

1. Causes and consequences of conflict

2. Conflict management and resolution

SUB-TOPIC 1: CAUSES OF CONFLICT

Conflict could be caused in the following ways:

1. SELFISHNESS: Selfishness often goes with cheating. This will normally

generate conflict because the person cheated will negatively react to claim what
belongs to him.
 2. RESOURCES: when individuals or group compete for resources such as
money, materials etc. usually, it result to conflict.

3. LACK OF CO-OPERATION: when people fail to work together as a team, it

eventually leads to disagreement, misunderstanding and division

4. TERRITORY: when people or groups of people are competing over a particular

boundary to their land, it brings about conflict.

5. LACK OF RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE: conflict arises where religious groups

cannot tolerate one another. Argue and fight over which religion is the best
with the tendency to impose a particular religion on everybody, this has created
so much conflict in Nigeria.

6. VALUE BASED CONFLICT: This in other word could be seen as conflict

involving values; it is based on what a person believes in. individuals may be
involve in conflict over values, defending their position strongly. Such values
includes; transparency, honesty, fairness, equity etc.

7. COMMUNICATION GAP: When needed information is not supplied at the

right time or received through wrong channels, conflict may arise.

8. BAD LEADERSHIP: when leaders are greedy, selfish and insensitive to

people’s plight and suffering. The people eventually will revolt through violent
protest to show their displeasure. As a matter of fact, it has been the reason for
many students’ riot in Nigeria particularly during the military regime.

9. LAZINESS AND INEFFICIENCY: If laziness and inefficiency are noticed in

some people in a group, the deli gent and hardworking once will begins to
protest, especially when they receive the same pay package and also when the
lazy ones receives promotion or recognition than the hardworking once.

10. CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES: Criminal acts such as fraud, kidnapping, rape,

immorality, murder etc. will definitely cause serious conflict in the society.

11. Conflicts also can arise in groups, association and between groups as a
result of difference in opinion

12. The absence of mutual trust and understanding among people brings about

conflict

13. Conflict also arise when someone or people neglect their roles or duties.

Evaluation:

1. List 9 causes of conflict

 2. Discuss on 7 causes of conflict

SUB-TOPIC: 2 CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICT

The following are consequences of conflict

1. Conflict leads to war and anarchy

2. Conflict result in breakdown of law and order, thereby encourages chaos in

the society

3. Conflict leads to decrease in productivity and economic depression

4. Conflict also leads to inefficiency and laziness

5. Conflict leads to division and separation

6. It also leads to emotional and mental disturbance

7. It brings about unhealthy political rivalry

8. It result in disunity

9. Conflict retard development and progress

10. It can lead to riot and loss of lives and property

11. Conflict often leads to confusion, insecurity, anxiety and unhappiness

12. Conflict brings about lack of peace and harmony

13. Conflict makes it difficult for people to achieve a common objective

14. Conflict brings about disaffection and hatred among members of the same

group or association.

SUB-TOPIC 3: CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION

Conflict can be managed and resolves in the following ways:

1. DIALOGUE/NEGOTIATION: This has to do with the two parties involve in the

conflict coming together, using dialogue to facilitate the settlement. This
negotiation could be made through the representatives of both parties. At the
end, a consensus is reached.

2. COMPROMISE: Here both parties give on the matter that brings about
conflict, strike a balance, hence the matter will end up with “no victory, no
vanquish” i.e no winner or loser.
 3. MEDITION: Here a third party act as a peacemaker between the two opposite
to bring about peace. For instance conflicts between two countries are usually
mediated by the United Nation Organization (UNO). Besides, African Union
(AU) mediates in conflict between members. The mediator will talk to the
parties and appeal to their conscience for resolution

The U.N Army on mediation

3. LITIGATIO /THROUGH THE LAW COURT: This method is usually used as the
final resort, when all other method of resolution had fail; then the two parties
will resort to settle their differences in the law court.
4. Here both parties will employ lawyers who will present their case in the court;
thereafter the final judgment will be given by the judge

5. THROUGH FAMILIES OR VILLAGE HEADS: Conflicts or misunderstanding

within family is usually settled by the family head. Where it involves two or more
families, the village head eventually will be the one to resolve the conflict

6. AVOIDANCE: When a party recognizes that conflict exist it may react by

withdrawing or suppressing the conflict.

Evaluation:
 1. Mention 10 consequences of conflict

2. Explain 4 ways conflict can be managed and resolve

Weekend Assignment:

Objective Test:

1. _______ will normally generate conflict because the person cheated will react
negatively to claim what belongs to him (a) cheating (b) selfishness (c)
intolerance

2. Which one of the following is not a consequence of conflict? (a) Lawlessness

(b) satisfaction (c) loss of lives and properties

3. Greed, selfishness and insensitive to people’s plight and suffering is an

example of a_________

(a) Criminal activities (b) bad leadership (c) lack of religious tolerance

4. Which of this organization mediate on conflict between members?

(a) U.N.O (b) A.U (c) E.U

Essay Test:

1. List and explain three methods of conflict management and resolution

2. Write a short note on how you can manage and resolve conflict between two or
more students in your school.

Week 10. Revision

Week 11. Examination