Calculus

Lecturer Cinny
Lesson Outline:
● Review the related concepts
➢ Rectangular Coordinate System/Cartesian
Plane
➢ Distance Formula
➢ Midpoint Formula
● Introduction to Conic Section
➢ Circle, Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola
➢ Identify Conic Section using;
- using discriminants
- using product of AC
- using its quadratic terms
 Lesson 1:

Review of Related
Concepts
1.1 Rectangular Coordinate System

● A Cartesian Plane (named after French mathematician, Rene

Descartes , who formalized its use in mathematics) is defined by two
perpendicular number lines: the x-axis, which is horizontal, and the
y-axis, which is vertical.
(x,y) (3,2)
● Using these axes, we can describe any point in
the plane using an ORDERED PAIR (a pair of
numbers in a special order).
(3,2)
● The Cartesian Plane extends infinitely in all
directions.

● It is also called RECTANGULAR

COORDINATE SYSTEM because it is like
forming a rectangle.
 1.1 Rectangular Coordinate System

● Abscissa: the horizontal (“x”) value in a pair of

coordinates: how far along the point is.

● Ordinate: the vertical (“y”) value in a pair of

coordinates: how far up or down the point is.

● All positions are measured relative to “central” point (5,2)

called the ORIGIN, whose coordinates are (0,0). For
example, the point is (5,2) is 5 unit to the right of the
origin and 2 units up. Negative coordinate numbers tells
us to go left or down.
 1.1 Rectangular Coordinate System

● Points which lie on an axis (i.e., which have at

least one coordinates equal to 0) are said not
to be in any quadrant). (x,0) or (0,y)

Example:

1. The point “A” (3,2) is 3 units long, and 2 units up.

Both x and y are positive, so that point is in

Quadrant I.

2. The point “C” (-2,-1) is 2 units along in the

negative direction, and 1 unit down.

Both x and y are negative, so that

point is in Quadrant III.
1.2 Distance Formula

● The Distance Formula is a useful tool in finding

the distance between two points which can
be arbitrarily represented as points (x1,y1) and
(x2,y2).

● The very essence of the Distance Formula is Hypotenuse

to calculate the length of the hypotenuse of
the right triangle which is represented by the
letter c.

The Distance Formula

d=√(x2-x1)2+(y2-y1)2
Examples: (USING DISTANCE FORMULA)
x2,y2
x1,y1 (0,0)
1. How far is the point (6,8) from the origin?

d=√(x2-x1)2 + (y2-y1)2

= √( 0 - 6 )2 + ( 0 - 8 )2

=√(-6 )2 + (-8 )2

=√36 + 64

=√ 100

d = 10
Examples: (USING DISTANCE FORMULA)
x2,y2
2. Find the distance between the two points (-3,2)
and (3,5)
x1,y1

d=√(x2-x1)2 + (y2-y1)2

=√(-3 - 3 )2 + ( 2 - 5 )2

=√( -6 )2 + ( -3 )2

=√ 36 + 9

=√ 45

d = 3√5
1.3 Midpoint Formula

● With any two ordered pairs, a midpoint exists that lies exactly
halfway between each ordered pair.

● The Midpoint Formula is used to find exact center point

between two defined points in a line segment.

Midpoint Formula
A

(x1,y1) (x2,y2)
M

B
Example: (USING MIDPOINT FORMULA)

1. Find the midpoint of the line segment joined by the

endpoints (-3,3) and (5,3).
x1,y1 x2,y2

M=

-3 5 3 3

2 6

1 3
 M=
Example: (USING MIDPOINT FORMULA)

2. Find the value of P so that the midpoint is M (-2, 5/2) of A (P, 2)

and B (-1,3).

A M B
.
(P , 2) (-2 , 5/2) (-1,3)
X1, y1 Mx, My
X2, y2

-4 = P -1

P (-1) -4+1 = P
-2
-3 = P
Introduction to
Conic Section
Introduction to Conic Section
● A conic section (or simply conic) is the
intersection of plane and a double-napped cone.
The formation of the four basic conics, the
intersecting plane does not pass through the vertex
of the cone.

If the plane is perpendicular to the axis

of revolution, the conic section is a
CIRCLE.

If the plane intersects one nappe at an

angle to the axis (other than 90 degrees),
then the conic section is ELLIPSE.
Introduction to Conic Section

If the plane is parallel to the generating line, the

conic section is PARABOLA.

If the plane is parallel to the axis of revolution

(y-axis), then the conic section is a HYPERBOLA.
Introduction to Conic Section
How to identify conic section using
discriminants?
The equation of every conic can be written in the following
form:

Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F= 0

This is the algebraic definition of a conic. Conic can be

classified according to the coefficients of this equation.

The discriminants of the equation is B2 - 4AC.

Assuming a conic is not degenerate, the following
conditions hold true:

❏ If B2 - 4AC > 0, the conic is hyperbola.

❏ If B2 - 4AC < 0, the conic is circle or an ellipse.
Circle if ( A = C) and Ellipse if ( A ≠ C)
❏ If B2 - 4AC = 0, the conic is parabola.
Examples: (USING DISCRIMINANTS)
Determine what type of conic section the following
given equation.

1. x2 + y2 = 16 Condition I

A=1 B2 - 4AC
B=0 (0)2 - 4(1)(1)
C=1 0-4
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F= 0
-4 < 0
A=C

★ CIRCLE
How to identify conic section using
product of AC?
Another way to classify conics has to do with the product
of A and C. Assuming a conic is not degenerate, the
following conditions hold true:

❏ If AC > 0, the conic is an ellipse if (A ≠ C) or a circle

if (A = C).
(both x2 and y2 are present)
❏ If AC < 0, the conic is a hyperbola.
(both x2 and y2 are present)
❏ If AC = 0, and A and C are not both zero, the conic is a
parabola.
(either x2 or y2 is present)
Example: (USING PRODUCT OF AC)
Determine what type of conic section the following
given equation.
1. 4x2 + 3y2 + 7x - 2y = 9

A=4 Condition II
B=0 AC
C=3
(4)(3) = 12
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F= 0
12 > 0
A≠C

★ ELLIPSE
How to identify conic section using its
Quadratic Terms?

Another way to classify conics by observing its quadratic

terms. Assuming a conic is not degenerate, the following
conditions hold true:

❏ If both x2 and y2 are present

❖ the conic is a circle if (A = C)
❖ the conic is an ellipse if (A ≠ C)
but A&C should be the SAME SIGN
❖ the conic is a hyperbola if (A ≠ C)
but A&C should be OPPOSITE SIGN
❏ If either x2 or y2 is present,
❖ The conic is a parabola.
Example: (QUADRATIC TERMS)
Determine what type of conic section the following
given equation. Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F= 0
1. 3y2 + x - 6y = 12

A=0
B=0 ★ PARABOLA
C=3
2. 4x2 - 3x = y - 4y2 + 25

A=4 A=C
B=0
★ CIRCLE
C=4