UCSP First Semester

Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Nature, Goals and Perspectives
in Anthropology, Sociology and
Political Science
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Nature, Goals and Perspectives in Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Armando D. Ison

Editors: Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año
Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V. Mabuting,
Johncent Roy C. Tibordo
Illustrators: Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Armando D. Ison
Layout Artists: Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Maria Cristina F. Lim, Armando D. Ison
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Doris DJ. Estalilla, Daisy Z. Miranda, Laura O. Garcia,
Ma. Criscel R. Negosa, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Maria Heidi Alaine T. Nietes
Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:
Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to as sist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:
Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn,
create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the
relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will
be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know

This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module.
What I Know
This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If
you get all the answers correct (100% ), you may decide to skip this module.
What’s In
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a
poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.
What is It
This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand
new concepts and skills.
What’s More
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the
topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned

This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from
the lesson.
What I Can Do
This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real
life situations or concerns.
Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.
Additional Activities
In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson
learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts.
Answer Key
This contains answers to all activities in the module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.
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Week
What I Need to Know

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This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Understanding Culture Society and Politics. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is about the Nature, Goals and Perspectives in Anthropology, Sociology
and Political Science
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the nature, goals, and perspectives in anthropology, sociology and
political science;
2. Recognize the concepts and the subjects of inquiries of anthropology, sociology
and political science; and
3. Appreciate the importance of the goals of anthropology, sociology and political
science.
What’s In
Before you proceed, go back with some of the important concepts about culture that
is the main focus of the discussion.
Learning Task 1: #Walang Forever –

Change is inevitable because it is the law of nature. Similarly, society does not
remain static. It changes, as the world continues to change, most especially with the
advent of new discoveries in science and technology. It is not new to us how our ways
of life before is no longer the ways of life of today’s generation. People should be open
for changes. It is very important that we understand and accept the challenges these
changes are imposing on us and recognize all the factors that brought these changes.
Since change is already happening at present, let us realize how social change
occurs because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Tell the changes on some
aspects of your life by completing the table below.
Before COVID-19 During COVID-19
Way of life
View of the world
Priorities in life
Relationships with
others
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Answer the following question:
1. Can we consider these changes as examples of social change? Why or why

not?
2. What are the roles of government in protecting us from the harmful effects of
this pandemic?
3. Aside from the government, how do you think other sectors of the community
like schools, churches, and industries, can cope with these changes?
4. What are your fears related to this unexpected event in your life? How do you
deal with your worries during this time of COVID-19 pandemic?
What’s New
Learning Task 2: #PIN-POINT
Using the given illustration above, identify the concepts that you can relate to
culture, society and politics.
Culture Society Politics
After doing the activity, give your own definition of culture, society and politics.
Culture
__________________________________________________________________________________
Society
_________________________________________________________________________________
Politics
__________________________________________________________________________________
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What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to deepen your
understanding about culture.
Please continue reading with comprehension as you discover further
knowledge that will help you out in your quest on the remaining phases of this
lesson.
Since our course is Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, we can deepen our
understanding of ourselves as members of society by studying these three specialized
fields, namely: anthropology for culture, sociology for society and political science for
politics
A lot of us are likely confused with the difference between sociology and
anthropology. Confusion might come from their commonalities as the two are dealing
with society and culture. Both of them study human behavior and the different
factors that affects our social relations. Since these two fields are most likely similar
to each other, let us first draw out its differences
To find out the difference between anthropology and sociology, let us study
the similar and various concepts between each field below:
Anthropology Sociology
Answers the What does it mean to be How do we study society?

question.. human?
What are the things that you
Who are you? think influence your life?
Where do you come from? What is life to people living in

places with different culture and
behavior?
Where did it Anthropology started as a Sociology emerged as an

start? science during the time of academic field right at the height
exploration when European of Industrial Revolution in
countries started to colonize Europe which mobilized the
what they considered as entire population in a way that
primitive societies where people had never been before in human
were believed to be savages and history. These era had brought
barbaric. great changes in the way people
live in a society.
Sociology started as the study of

Let it be clear that anthropology
European society by European
started as the study of non-
people (inward).
European people by European
people (outward).
During that time, emerging

institutions arose and replaced
During their colonial encounter
the old ones such as how science
with these people, Europeans
was taking over religion, when the
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started to make a written reign of kings and queens fell
records about non-Europeans. down, and when the era of
They focus on kinship, feudalism had ended. People saw
language, race, religion, the importance of studying these
cultural perceptions, and emerging institutions and how
others. they started and what impact
they could make to an individual
and the new society in general.
Who started Franz Boas –considered as the Auguste Comte – French

this field? father of modern American philosopher and mathematician.
anthropology. His study led to He coined the term sociology. He
the doctrine of “historical saw the need for a systematic
particularism,” where he stated science of studying society and in
that each society is considered dealing with the solution of its
as having a unique form of basic problems.
culture that cannot be
understood under an overall
definiton of general culture.
Concept Anthroplogy is the study of Sociology is the study of society,

people and their culture. patterns of social interactions,
and culture of everyday life.
It uses a special research
Unlike anthropology, the
method known as ethnography
knowledge created by sociology is
in which antropologists are
used to understand one’s own
required to live with their
society.
subject of study for a long
period of time in order to make Sociologists use qualitative
their writings more reliable and research method in doing their
credible. studies.
Subjects of Biological anthropology refers Anything in a society that

Inquiry to the study of human origins influences people’s lives can be
(genetics, race, evolutions, subjects of inquiry, like different
fossils, primates). social phenomena, issues, and
problems.
Cultural anthropology is the
study of living people (religion,
social system, language,
Sociologists can also look into
clothing, foods, beliefs,
things that influence life like
traditions, etc).
family background, socio-
Linguistics is the study of economic status, ethnicity, social
language, its evolution, its classes, religion, gender, beliefs,
connection to other languages, traditions, norms, among others.
and others.
Some fields are social
Archeology refers to the study organization, social psychology,
of dead culture (religion, social applied sociology, and human
system, language, how they ecology.
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dress, foods, beliefs, traditions,
etc).
Goals The goals of anthropology are The goals of Sociology are the
the following: following:
- See the commonalities -Obtain possible theories and

among people (tradition, principles about society as well
language, kinship, etc). as various aspects of social life.
- Look at what makes us the - Study the nature of humanity
same to understand more to further examine our roles
about human nature. within a society.
- Discover what makes people - Appreciate that all things in
different from each other in society are interdependent.
order to understand and - Expose our minds to different
preserve diversity. perspectives in attaining truth.
- Produce new knowledge and
new theories about mankind
and behavior.
- Look at one’s own culture
more objectively.
After finding out the difference between anthropology and sociology, let us now
proceed with another discipline in social science that plays another important role
in our life.
Politics impacts our lives directly or indirectly, whether we are aware of its
effects or not. If there is a crime that took place, we call a police, and this scheme is
part of government. If there was a fire that occured, we call the fire department, and
that’s also a part of government. Military is government as well, let alone our civil
liberty and our rights which have influences on us daily. In school, you were asked
to read by heart the Constitution. When you are apprehended by an authority, you
asked your violation and insisted on your legal rights. Even inside your house, there
are still set of rules that are being enforced and followed. All these things are related
to a field called Political Science.
Description/Explanation
Origin - The study of political science was started by the ancient

Greeks.
- Aristotle on his book “Politics” stated that Man is a political
animal. It means that it is our nature to live in a society and
to have power over another.
Concepts - Political Science is the systematic study of government,
politics, and political power.
- It is often defined as who gets what, when, where and how.
Subjects of - political theory, philosopy and different political ideologies
Inquiry - public management
- human rights
- international relations and foreign policies
Goals - Make people a better citizens.
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- Keep social order and harmony among different group of
people.
- Protect the rights of an individual.
- Avoid conflict and promote cooperation.
What’s More
Learning Task 3: #MY PERSONAL SOCIAL MAP
Find your own social location by creating your own social map. Fill up every
important feature given on each box to understand yourself better.
Race Religion
Social class Type of community (urban/rural)
Gender
Language/Dialect
Answer the following questions
1. What do you think is the importance of finding your social location in your
own society?
2. How do the following features (race, gender, religion, class, etc.) affect you in
pursuing your present and future plans? Do they provide opportunities or
serve as constraints?
3. How does government respond to the needs of those people who belong to
the same social location where you are located right now?
Learning Task 4:
Archaeology is a branch of anthropology that studies the culture of dead
people. Archaeologists rely on the pieces of evidence that they exhumed from
discovered old cities and civilizations. We learn many things about our past based
on their findings.
Today, people can store information digitally and put it in formats that can
last for a long period. In relation, let us do an activity by describing yourself to the
future generation through clues about you and the present society where you live.
As a student of this generation, you are tasked to make a historical footprint
of your contemporary society so that people of future generations will understand
how people of today lived, and what their personality, values, set of beliefs, and ideas
were. You have to provide them with one written evidence that describes your society
and two objects with explanation that represent your present society.
Description of your society

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Drawing or picture of two objects that represent your society with explanation
What I Have Learned

Learning Task 5: “T-M-L Phrase
Complete the following phrases.
The Topic was about
______________________________________________________________________
It Matters because
______________________________________________________________________
I’ve Learned today that

______________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Learning Task 6: Photo Analysis of Social Issues
Issue/Problem Discipline/s in social science you will

use for the problem/issue
Based on the picture below, identify the major social issue or problem that affects
our society today. Explain how the disciplines of anthropology, sociology, and
political science help us in addressing this issue.
Assessment
Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that corresponds
to your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
For numbers 1-4, identify the branch of science described in each item. Choose your
answer from the given choices below:
a. Anthropology b. Political Science c. Sociology
1. Its goal is to look for the similarities and differences among the culture of
societies around the world. In doing so, we could be able to understand more
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about human nature, and be more tolerant on other people’s behavior and
actions.
2. This is the study of society, patterns of social interactions, and culture of
everyday life.
3. Its main concern is to learn how to use power over others to maintain social
order and harmony among citizens.
4. If we want to know why certain social phenomena happened, such as the
television program Eat Bulaga’s Kalyeserye gaining millions of tweets
worldwide, this field of social science answers these occurrences.
For numbers 5-8, identify the most appropriate discipline to be used in the following
research scenarios and recent development that happened in our country. Choose
your answer from the given choices below:
a. Anthropology c. Political Science

b. Geography d. Sociology
5. Framing legislative policies abolishing or limiting political dynasties all over
the Philippines
6. Preservation of cultural diversity and respect for traditions in this period of
globalization
7. Referendum was held in selected provinces comprising the old Bangsamoro
republic for the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Basic Law. This was
done to promote development, peace, and order in their locality.
8. Exchange of culture and ideas in the macro level and breakdown of families
in the micro level as a result of economic migration by Filipino workers
For numbers 9-15, choose the best answer for each item.
9. Food habits like the way of cooking foods, habits of dressing up, relationship
with family members or with in-laws, and many others are some of the focuses
of this anthropological field.
a. Archaeology c. Linguistics
b. Biological anthropology d. Cultural & social anthropology
10. A researcher chose to write about indigenous people in Mindanao and he

described them using some concepts such as kinship, gender and power. He
tried to compare them to other groups of people. Which of the following fields
of science did the statement above portray?
a. History c. Political science
b. Anthropology d. Sociology
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Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Concepts, Aspects, and Changes
of Culture and Society
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Concepts, Aspects, and Changes in/of Culture and Society
First Edition, 2020
them.

Writers: Melany C. Arcangel

Editors: Alfred James A. Ellar, James Angelo T. Año, Yolanda DC. Lumanog
Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Emily R. Quintos, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V. Mabuting, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo
Illustrators: Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Giselle A. Teaño
Layout Artists: Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Maria Cristina F. Lim, Melany C. Arcangel

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
10
Week
2
1 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the concepts of culture and society. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
The module presents the topics on:

 Society and Culture as A Complex Whole
 Aspects and Changes of Culture and Society

1. Explain concepts of culture and society and relate it to a real-life situation;
2. Show deep appreciation on the collaboration between our culture and society
by means of stating personal pledge;
3. Trace and scrutinize terms that are related to the study of culture and the
society, and give examples of such concepts;
4. Analyze aspects of and changes in culture and society;
5. Appreciate the general characteristics of culture as means of enriching our
own culture; and
6. Write examples of real-life situations that best describe the
characteristics of culture.
What’s In
This self-learning module will help you understand the concepts of culture
and society. Particularly, you will learn culture and society as a complex whole, as
well as other aspects. This module will help you understand culture as that field
which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of
society. In addition, the module will help you understand the features of culture and
society, and the significant changes or transformation happening in the present
society.
Learning Task 1: #LearningStationActivity

Directions: Based on the previous discussion, kindly recall ideas related to
anthropology, sociology, and political science. Write them on the provided learning
stations below.
Station 1 Station 2 Station 3
POLITICAL
ANTRHOPOLOGY SOCIOLOGY SCIENCE
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What’s New
Learning Task 2: #wordhunt101

Look for the words related to the study of culture and society. Write
your answers on your answer sheet.
S A F U R P V G D A D A
Y E W Z D R A S M R V T
M K B R T A Y I O T L T
B P X G H C B K N I O I
O T R A I T S Q A F S T
L X B E L I E F S A O U
S Z B T E C J Y U C L D
K N O W L E D G E T Q E
E G B M I S V A L U E S
S C K L A W S M S V D G
Learning Task 3: #situation-analysis

Analyze each situation. Identify the feature of culture described in each
statement. In addition, the jumbled letters on the right will be your guide in
identifying these characteristics.
Evangelista family was known for

their religiosity. Francis, the youngest
of the family, learned how to pray the Culture is
Holy Rosary and the “Oracion” at the 1.____________________
age of 10. According to him, his
grandparents were the ones who E L E A D R N
taught him the proper way of praying.
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Marco didn’t know how to speak
Tagalog well, not until he met his new Culture is
circle of friends. They were speaking 2.___________________
the said language. His usual
interactions and bonding with them S L O A C I
made him well versed in such
language, making him a good
communicator in Filipino.
The way Filipinos celebrate New

Year is truly different from the way
Chinese conduct the same event. Culture has
Pinoys have it every end of December, 3.____________________
while Chinese hold it by the month of
February. In this manner, the two V Y A T R E I
races are observing different beliefs,
practices, and traditions.
A gay fashion designer,

Roberta, migrated in the U.S.A since Culture is
2001. This year, he visited his former
4.____________________
employer in the Philippines to be the
guest speaker of an event. Roberta
was able to introduce new fashion
S D H E A R
techniques he had learned from the
States.
Karlo and Andrea used to

celebrate birthdays, Valentines,
Culture is
Christmas, and New Year together.
These celebrations had been part of
5.____________________
their life as sweethearts, making
their life satisfied and ideal.
G R A G I N T IF
Y
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Mrs. Isabella owned a famous
restaurant in their hometown. Its
bestsellers were the unique recipes of Culture is
bulalo and kare-kare. According to 6.____________________
her, their family managed to run the
business despite all the challenges. COUSNTIUTO
In fact, she inherited the business
from her great grandmother.
N
Anselmo is a proud
grandfather to his 12 grandchildren. Culture is
He often shared his childhood 7.____________________
experiences with them including
stories during the old times. He also TRNASMIEDTT
demonstrated Filipino values such
as saying “po & opo”, pagmamano,
etc. All these traits were being
transferred to and practiced by his
grandchildren.
What is It
Did you have a hard time looking for words pertaining to culture and society?
Now let’s try to go deeper. Analyze the following questions and write your answers on
a separate sheet.
1. How are the words in your activity connected to the study of culture and
society?
2. Can culture and society be completed without these things? Why?
3. How do you define the terms “culture” and “society”?
4. Can a society function without culture, or can a culture exist without society?
Why?
5. What are the characteristics or aspects of culture? Please enumerate them on
the space provided.
Answer _______________ ________________
_______________ ________________
_______________ ________________
_______________ ________________
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CHARACTERISTICS of CULTURE
1. Culture is social because it is the product of behavior.
 Culture does not exist in isolation. It is a product of society. It
develops through social interaction. No man can acquire culture
without association with others.
2. Culture varies from society to society.

 Every society has a culture of its own that differs from other
societies. The culture of every society is unique by itself. Cultures
are not uniform. Cultural elements like customs, traditions, morals,
values, and beliefs are not constant.
3. Culture is shared.
 Culture is not something that an individual alone can possess.
Culture, in sociological sense, is shared. For example, people of a
society share all customs, traditions, beliefs, ideas, values, morals,
etc.
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4. Culture is learned.
 Culture is not inborn. It is learned. Unlearned behavior then, is not
culture. Shaking hands, saying thanks, etc. are cultural behaviors.
Not all behaviors are learned, but most of these can be. Combing
hair, standing in line, telling jokes, criticizing the president, and
going to movies all constitute behaviors that need to be learned.
5. Culture is transmitted among members of society.

 Cultural ways are learned by people from others. Many of these
ways are handed down from elders, parents, teachers, and others
(most likely individuals of older generation), while other cultural
behaviors are handed up to elders. Transmission of culture is made
possible by language. Language is the main vehicle of culture.
Transmission of culture may take place also through imitation as
well as through instruction.
6. Culture is continuous and cumulative.

 Culture exists as a continuous process. In its historical growth, it
tends to become cumulative. Ralph Linton called culture “the social
heritage” of man. No culture ever remains constant or permanent.
It is subject to slow but constant variation. Likewise, culture is
responsive to the changing conditions of the physical world; hence,
it is dynamic.
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7. Culture is gratifying and idealistic.
 Culture provides proper opportunities for the satisfaction of our
needs and desires. Our needs, both biological and social, are
fulfilled in cultural ways. Culture consists of the intellectual,
artistic, and social ideals, and institutions where members of the
society profess and strive to confirm.
2G.M. Lanuaza and S.S.Raymundo, Understanding

Culture, Society, and Politics Manila: Rex Bookstore, 2016,
7-12.
What’s More
Learning Task 4: #illustrativecollagecrafting
Create your own illustrative collage that depicts the concept of culture
and society. Focus on the theme. After doing the collage, complete the
statement below the box.
Rubrics
Content relevance 6 pts.
Creativity 4 pts.
10 pts.
Theme: Culture and Society as a Complex Whole
Culture and society as a complex whole means it encompasses the

___________________, ___________________, _________________, _______________,
___________________, ___________________, _________________, _______________,
___________________,and ___________________.
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What I Have Learned
Learning Task 6: #Let’sSumUp!

After learning concepts from the previous phases of the module,
answer the “EXIT CARD” and write down your thoughts on a separate sheet.
Exit Card – 3 Thoughts that you have learned today
2 Things that you want to remember
1 Question you still have in mind
What I Can Do
Learning Task 7: #pi-YES-ta!

Situation: You are the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) chairperson in your
barangay. At the same time, you are elected as the president of the
Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Federation in your municipality/city. You are
tasked to be the coordinator in the upcoming “Pista ng Bayan.” Write down
your plans and major directions to the following institutions or committees in
order to make the program organized and well-coordinated. Use the spaces
provided.
Local Government Unit

________________________
________________________
Products/Foods Church
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
Peace and Order Private Individual

________________________ _________________________
________________________ _________________________
Programs/Activities
__________________________
__________________________
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Learning Task 8: #i-cover “Sinulog Festival”
Situation: As a potential journalist, you are assigned
to document one of the most famous festivals in our country, the “Sinulog
Festival.” During the event, you need to take pictures and write down notes of the
important things about the festival that are related to the different
characteristics of culture.
Culture is learned.
Ex. Dancers learn the steps thru
_______
the help of choreographer and
teachers.
Culture is transmitted.
_________________________________
________________
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REFLECTION
#mypledge
Make your own pledge by stating your deep appreciation on the
collaboration between our culture and society as means of developing
harmonious relationship among people in the society.
I,_______________________, do solemnly
pledge___________________________________________.
Assessment
POST-TEST
1. Sinulog Festival is Cebuano’s way of honoring Sto. Nino; Pangasinan’s

Bangus festival signifies their bountiful harvest of fishes particularly
bangus; meanwhile, Bicolano’s “Bicol express” truly marks their
“Uragon” (courageous) style because of the spiciness and hotness of the
said food. The mentioned traditions represent culture as being __.
a. symbolic c. encompassing
b. intergrated d. learned
2. Mang Isko and Aling Perla used to have a family devotion (prayer) every
Saturday. They demonstrate and explain to their children the reason
for having deep faith to God. What aspect of culture is best suitable for
this situation?
a. Culture is shared. c. Culture is transmitted.
b. Culture is social. d. Culture is learned.
3. Maharlika is a young woman of Agta tribe. She is excellent in
performing their ethnic dance. According to her, the elders in their tribe
transferred the steps of the dance to her. What characteristic or aspect
of culture is being referred to by this experience?
a. Culture is learned. c. Culture is continuous.
b. Culture is shared. d. Culture is transmitted.
4. The following are all considered as means of transmitting culture among
members of the society. Which one is the main vehicle of passing
culture from one generation to another generation?
a. Instruction c. Language
b. Imitation d. Symbols
5. Pinoys are fond of singing and listening to music. Before, people used
to do sing-a-long with a jukebox, then it was changed to karaoke, and
20
now, most people sing their favorite songs in videoke. Their ways of
enjoying music has gone through changes but still lives up until today.
Therefore, culture is __.
a. learned c. continuous
b. shared d. transmitted
6. In the United States, once a person reached the age of 18, he/she can
live freely outside the guidance of parents, while here in the Philippines,
we are family-oriented, meaning some are free to live with parents until
they grow old. This statement simply means that culture is __.
a. Culture is continuous. c. Culture is social.
b. Culture is varied. d. Culture is transmitted.
7. Gentriseños are known for celebrating Valenciana festival. In times of
barangay fiestas, people actively participate in the so-called “karakul.”
Carmela has observed this specific way of life of the Gentriseños since
childhood. At present, this custom is still embedded in her heart. This
story tells us that culture is acquired by being bornt into a particular
society. What aspect of culture does it describe?
a. symbolic c. encompassing
b. intergrated d. learned
8. One of the characteristics of culture is being continuous and
cumulative. No culture remains constant or unchanged; it is subject
to slow but constant change. Culture is responsive to the changing
conditions of the physical world; hence, it is dynamic. Which scenario
below best fits as an example of the given statements on culture?
a. The Department of Education conducts learning instruction
through blended learning modalities and not the face-to-face
strategy which people are already used to.
b. The Department of Health pursues and promotes proper self-care
or health care to avoid virus-related illnesses.
c. The Department of Interior and Local Government strictly
implements directives on preventing drug-related activities and
many other correlated events.
d. The Department of Public Works and Highways pursues and
supports the administration’s “Build, Build, Build Program,” in
order to invite foreign and local investors.
9. Which of the following refers to the “way of life” of individuals in a
community?
a. Society c. Manner
b. Culture d. Organization
21
10. __ cannot exist apart from culture. It is an organized group of
individuals who share common/related manner of living.
a. Institution c. Organization
b. Corporation d. Society
11. Which of the following words can best describe culture and society as
a complex whole?
a. interdependent c. interrelated
b. interactive d. All choices are correct
12. Analyze all the given statements. Trace which one is the best statement
about the complexity of culture and society.
a. Society can exist without culture.
b. Culture can exist without society.
c. Society can operate without culture command.
13. People carry and transmit culture, but they are not culture.
Edward B. Tylor described culture as “a complex whole.” Which of the
following choices supports Tylor’s description of culture?
a. Culture as complex whole means it encompasses traits and
values of the society.
b. Culture as complex whole means it includes laws and norms in
the government.
c. Culture as complex whole means it deals with everything that a
person learns and shares as a member of the society.
d. Culture as complex whole means it refers to the beliefs and
traditions of modern Filipinos.
14. Which statement is wrong about the concept of culture?
a. Culture is a way of life transmitted through social interaction.
b. Every society has its own distinctive culture.
c. Culture refers to a group’s ways of behaving and thinking.
d. Culture can evolve into anything.
15. Does culture affect our lives in terms of the way we view society and
interact with other people?
a. Yes c. Uncertain
b. No d. Maybe
#i-can-FILL-it!
Complete the following phrases…
Culture will never be a culture without ______________________________.

Society will not exist without________________________________________.
22
Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Cultural Relativism and
Ethnocentrism
Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism
First Edition, 2020
them.

Writer: Armando D. Ison

Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V. Mabuting,
Illustrators: Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Armando D. Ison
Layout Artists: Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Maria Cristina F. Lim, Armando D. Ison

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
23
Weeks
What I Need to Know 1

3-4
The module is about the importance of cultural relativism in attaining cultural

understanding (MELC Week 3).

1. Describe your own culture and compare it to the culture of others;
2. Determine the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism;
3. Shows the ill effects of ethnocentrism; and
4. Become aware why and how cultural relativism mitigates ethnocentrism.
What’s In
Before we proceed, let us go back with some of the important concepts about
culture, which is the focus of our discussion.
According to E.B. Taylor; culture is a “complex whole,” which encompasses
beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artefacts’, symbols, knowledge, and
everything that a person learns and shares as a member of a society.
Likewise, a society is understood or sometimes judged based on their culture.
What comprises a culture? Let us refresh our mind by answering the matching type
test below.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. From Popular Science Monthly 26 (1884):
145. Public Domain.
Learning Task 1: Match the correct description in Column A to the aspect of

culture in Column B.
Description Aspect of Culture
1. Family is the most important unit a. Arts and literature

of this aspect of culture. Through
family, children learn how they
are expected to act and what to b. Customs and traditions
believe in.
2. It usually answers basic c. Economic systems
questions about the meaning of
life.
d. Forms of government
24
3. This is considered the
cornerstone of culture. It is the e. Language
way of communicating and
understanding each other.
4. These products of human f. Religion
imagination usually help people
to pass on their culture’s basic g. Social organizations
beliefs.
5. It maintains order within a
society and protects it from
outside threats.
6. This refers to how people use
their limited resources to satisfy
their wants and needs.
7. It is the rules of behavior that
enforce ideas as right or wrong.
Check your answers and make sure you are very familiar with the key terms
listed before we start another lesson.
What’s New
Am I Different?
Learning Task 2: Fill in “‘Me’ and My Culture” table by describing how you
behave and practice your own culture under similar circumstances.
“Them” and their culture “Me” and my Culture
Marriage Marriage
A man can have multiple wives. He can

share his wife to his brothers and
visitors as a sign of hospitality.
(Eskimos)
Behavior Behavior
When entering a nearly empty movie

theater or public vehicle, you are rude
when you do not sit beside the only
person in the theater or public vehicle.
(South Africa)
Hand Gestures Hand Gestures
The V- hand gesture is an offensive sign

in United Kingdom, Australia, and
South Africa. In Japan, China, and
South Korea, using this symbol with the
25
palm facing the person means he/she is
looking cute in picture.
Child-rearing Child-rearing
In order to control their population in

difficult environments, Eskimos
sometimes kill their children if they
could not take care of them. They also
kill females more than males.
(Infanticide)
Religion Religion
Individuals practicing Hinduism believe

in millions of gods and goddesses. All
are responsible for governing their lives,
destiny, and fate.
Reading text Reading Text
Hebrew and Arabic books are read from

right to left.
Table Manners Table Manners
Europeans and Americans use spoon

and fork in eating, while Chinese and
Koreans use chopsticks.
And so I am Different
1. What can you say about the culture of these people?

________________________________________________________________________
2. Are their respective cultures the same as your own culture? In what ways
are they similar and in what ways do they differ?
________________________________________________________________________
3. Do you think that the cultures of these groups are bad? Why or why not?
________________________________________________________________________
4. Can we consider some of their cultural practices as right or wrong?

Explain.
________________________________________________________________________
5. Which of the two sets of cultures is the best, their cultures or your own
culture? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
26
6. If one culture behaves in a particular act, does it mean that all cultures
can behave the same way? Discuss further.
What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to deepen your
understanding about culture.
Please continue reading with comprehension as you discover further

knowledge that will help you out in your quest on the remaining phases of this
lesson.
What is Ethnocentrism?
Ethnocentrism is a belief that one’s own culture is better than others. They
tend to compare, evaluate, and even judge other people’s ways based on the values
and standards set in one’s own culture. Their worldview is based on the beliefs,
assumptions, expectations, and values shaped by one’s language, behavior, customs,
values, religions and other aspects.
Due to ethnocentric beliefs, many people are blinded from seeing things in
another perspective. Ethnocentric people tend to dislike or make false judgment on
other cultures. They tend becoming biased and judge another culture as bad and
wrong.
Even though we deny it, most of us are ethnocentric at some point in our lives.
Some do not even realize that they are being ethnocentric at that moment. Below are
some of the examples of ethnocentrism:
a. The American society sees themselves as a world leader. As a result, they
interfere in the political affairs of other countries and try to control them,
leading to misunderstanding and miscommunication amongst nations
which sometimes result to war.
b. During the time of Adolf Hitler, Germans believed that they are a superior
race. This led to the death of 6 million Jews whom they considered as an
inferior race.
c. European countries go beyond their ethnocentric biases and saw non-
European cultures as uncivilized and underdeveloped countries of savages
and barbarians. They used this perspective to justify colonialism and
imperialism.
d. Cases of hate crimes and terrorism violence can usually be traced back to
religious conflicts and misunderstandings.
Cultural Relativism as the Opposite View
Cultural relativism is a belief that cultures are equally complex. There is no

such thing as superior or inferior culture.
Cultural relativism is very important in studying the culture of other people.

It is a way of viewing the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from its own
27
viewpoint. Another way to say this is that others should understand an individual’s
beliefs and activities in terms of that person’s own culture.
 Cultural relativism promotes greater appreciation of the cultures that an

individual might encounter along the way.
 Cultural relativism is a good way to rehearse the norms and values of a society
–-- a requirement that one must subscribe to, regardless of his/her cultural
origin.
 It means that the function and meaning of a trait are relative to its cultural
setting.
To understand better the main difference between ethnocentrism and cultural
relativism, an illustration was provided below:
Hello, I am Lisa. I am a cultural
relativist. I believe that culture of
Hello, I am Ben. I am an
people must be looked at in terms of
ethnocentric. I always believe that
the world these people inhabit. I try
my culture is superior from others.
to look at their culture based on what
I often use my own culture to judge
their practices bring in to them. If
others. I consider their beliefs and
Eskimos kill their infant sometimes, I
practices as savage or corrupt.
believe that there is a practical
Most of the time I tend to
reason why they do that. That is why
discriminate others, bully them for
for me, culture is relative. There is no
their practices, and get into conflict
right or wrong, and I don’t have the
with them.
right to say if it is good or bad.
What’s More
Learning Task 3:
People tend to be more tolerant of another culture’s customs when they

understand and learn the meaning behind them. In order to understand an
unfamiliar culture, social scientists conduct researches. The best way to do this
study is to experience that culture by living with people practicing it. Additionally,
this experience should be done for a long period.
In this activity, you will be asked to conduct a simple case study examining
the culture of other people that is somehow different from yours. If you are an
Ilocano, the subject of your study could be people who identify themselves as
Tagalog, Bisaya, Bicolano, or other ethnicity. If you know someone who belongs to
an indigenous group of people, it is much better to have them as subjects. Since you
are not allowed to go out at present because of the threat of COVID-19 pandemic,
look for someone who is near to your place or whom you have contact with through
social media.
Be guided with the following questions as you write your case study:
1. Describe the group of people that you chose. Who are they? What
do they do? Where did they come from? What do you know about
them?
28
2. Discuss their way of life in terms of:
a. Social organizations
b. Language
c. Religion
d. Arts and literature
e. Economic systems
f. Values, beliefs and traditions
3. Summarize what you have learned using the 3-2-1 chart below:
3 Things I learned from them
2 Things I found interesting
1 Thing I realize
Learning Task 4:
Give some concrete instances when unity exists even though there are differences
happening among people.
Unity in Diversity:
Pagkakaisa sa kabila ng pagkakaiba-iba
Learning Task 5:
On a separate sheet, create a slogan that promotes respect and tolerance towards
other cultures all over the world.
What I Have Learned

Learning Task 6: “T-M-L Phrase
Complete the following phrases.
The Topic was about

__________________________________________________________________________________
It Matters because
__________________________________________________________________________________
I’ve Learned today that

__________________________________________________________________________________
29
What I Can Do
Learning Task 7: #i-beg to Disagree because
State your reason why you beg to disagree to the given statements below. You have
to remember that you are a CULTURAL RELATIVIST; you have to place yourself in
the shoes of these people in order to understand them better. Culture is not good or
bad, neither it is right or wrong, but instead it is relative.
1. One society can call another society as evil such as those nations where
terrorist live. These places are also called an “axis of evil”.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Western culture is superior and opposite of non-Western culture.
________________________________________________________________________
3. When you don’t say “po” at “opo,” you are impolite.

________________________________________________________________________
4. The Mangyan tribe of Mindoro are backwards people because they are
uneducated.
________________________________________________________________________
5. We have to avoid going to places like Siquijor and Capiz because monsters
called Aswang infest these places.
________________________________________________________________________
6. Eating Dalagang Bukid, Salagubang, Palakang Bukid and other organisms

are not healthy.
________________________________________________________________________
7. Ilocanos are thrifty because they are poor.
________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
1. Ben is an ethnocentric. He considers other people, specifically indigenous

tribes, as backwards people who have no manners at all. Why do you think
Ben come up with this bias?
a. He regards another culture as superior.
b. He regards his own culture as superior.
c. He regards his own culture as normal and uses it to measure foreign
cultures.
d. He regards another culture as superior and uses it to measure his own
culture
30
2. Lisa was a proud cultural relativist. She sees that Ilocanos are thrifty because
of their geographical location. Likewise, she sees nothing wrong about it. What
did Lisa exhibit in that situation?
a. She believes anything goes in one’s own culture.
b. She measures behavior by how the other culture regards this practice.
c. She has no concept of right or wrong.
d. She measures which cultures are related to others.
3. What might be the result of ethnocentrism on a global scale?
a. Other people may be treated as savage or morally corrupt.
b. There is no way to determine which is right or wrong.
c. Native people often wish to colonize superior culture.
d. Believing one’s own culture is superior makes one a morally corrupt
savage.
4. For better opportunities, many Filipinos were forced to work abroad, exposing
themselves to unfamiliar culture. Culture shock is a feeling of disorientation
experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to other’s way of life or
set of attitudes. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of culture shock?
a. Feeling homesick when in a new place
b. Feeling like the new culture is superior to your own
c. Obsessing about the cleanliness of food and water in a new place
d. Feeling the hostility towards natives or locals
5. Which of the following statements is a positive effect of ethnocentrism?
a. Rina posted on her Facebook wall saying that eating fried tarantula is
“yuckie.”
b. Greg posted a statement which says, “Ang galing ng Pinoy, angat sa
iba, kaya’t tayo ay magkaisa.”
c. Shiela posted a picture of Carlos P. Romulo with a caption, “This little
brown monkey that you are referring to does not eat banana peelings.
He is a Filipino not an American.
d. Wendel tweeted, “Nakakatakot na ang panahon ngayon daming taong
gumagala na tadtad ng tattoo ang katawan.”
For numbers 6-10, identify whether the given statement is an example of

ethnocentrism or cultural relativism. Write letter A if it is ethnocentrism and B if it
is cultural relativism.
6. Korean culture is better than our culture because many Filipinos try to
imitate and adopt this culture.
7. The Aetas of Zambales ,the Mangyans of Mindoro and other Filipino tribes
have different religious beliefs. Their Gods are manifested on the different
forms of nature like trees, mountains, rivers, volcano, their dead ancestors,
and many more. I think there is nothing wrong about that. It does not
make them a lesser group of people.
8. Indigenous people should learn to change their old and traditional ways of
life in order to be happy and successful.
9. People in my culture could learn a lot from people in other cultures.
10. Filipinos’ religious traditions like the celebration of fiestas should be
banned because it is just a waste of time, energy, and resources.
31
Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Significance of Cultural, Social,
Political and Economic Symbols
and Practices
Understanding Culture Society and Politics
Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and Economic Symbols and Practices
First Edition, 2020
them.

Writers: Racquel D. Commandante, Mary Grace F. Alano

Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Jesusa L. Partosa, Asher H. Pasco, Alfonso V. Mabuting, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo
Illustrators: Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Jhucel A. Del Rosario, Michael Joseph A. Lapid
Layout Artists: Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Maria Cristina F. Lim, Felipe Ryan S. Duatin
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Doris DJ. Estalilla, Daisy Z. Miranda, Laura O. Garcia, Ma. Criscel R.
Negosa, Yolanda DC. Lumanog, Maria Heidi Alaine T. Nietes

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
32
Weeks
5-6 What I Need to Know

The module is about the significance of cultural, social, political and economic
symbols and practices (MELC 4).

1. Identify the human origins and the capacity for culture
2. Determine the role of culture in human adaptation
3. Explain processes of cultural and sociopolitical evolution
4. Analyze the key features of interrelationships of biological, cultural and
socio-political processes in human evolution that can still be used and
developed
What’s In
Learning Task 1: Analyze the images below and Identify which shows ethnocentrism
or cultural relativism. Write your answers on your paper.
1. In the Philippines, it is said that a person came

from the northern part of Luzon (Ilocano) are stingy.
2. Filipinos are known for being hospitable.
33
3. Some say rich people are snobby.
4. Philippines are known for having variety of

delicacies which used different cooking
techniques but all native food are tasty and
delicious.
5. Some cultures include eating of dog meat.
What’s New
Learning Task 2: The ICEMAN and the ALPS (this activity is adapted from
slideshare.net accessed May 25, 2020)
In 1991, hikers in the Alps found a dead body and notified the authorities.
They thought that person might have died on a recent hike, but extensive scientific
testing revealed the body to be around 5,000 years old! Since the “Iceman” was frozen
for all this time, his body clothing, and tools were all preserved intact, giving us a
rare glimpse of what it must have been like to live in the Neolithic Era.
The discovery of the Iceman has also given us a mystery to solve. The autopsy’
revealed many signs of violent death. When archaeologists inquire about the past,
the examined evidence and put it together to tell their story. What story does it tell?
34
Artifacts
 Copper Axe
 Flint knife
 Unfinished longbows
 Flints (stones used for tools
and fire)
 Mushrooms
 14 bone-tipped arrows
o Two finished
o Twelve unfinished
Autopsy
 Cerebral Trauma to the

head
Your assignment:
 Cuts and bruises on hands
 Arrow wound in shoulder By yourself, use at least 6 pieces of
(arrow probably removed) evidence to tell a story about the events
 Blood from 4 people (DNA) leading to the Iceman’s death. Remember
 57 Carbon Tattoos (dots and that the only wrong answer in history is an
lines on lower spine. Back of answer that lack evidence. Be creative and
knees and right ankle)
have fun with this.
 About 5000years old
1. Based from the activity, what is the significance of human material remains
and artifactual evidence in interpreting culture, social and political processes?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. As compared to our lives today what differences do we have from these men
who lived 5,000 years ago in terms of biological and cultural features? Use the
reconstructed picture of the iceman below.
Present day Human Beings
__________________________________
Biological difference:
__________________________________
_________________________
__________________________________
Cultural Difference: __________________________________
_________________________
3. As you can see, there is a big difference between the biological and socio-
cultural features between that Iceman and you. Why do you think changes
happened in all aspects of your life from time to time?
35
Learning Task 3: The 3-IN-1 Learning Stations
Carefully look at each picture. Give your descriptions pertaining to their:
1. CULTURE or way of living
2. PHYSICAL capacity in doing the task
3. The kind of LEADERSHIP they have
Station 1
1 ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
Station 2
1. _____________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________
36
Station 3
1. __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
3. __________________________________________
Station 4
1. __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
3. __________________________________________
Station 5
1. ____________________________________
2._____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
37
Guide Question:
In two to three sentences, explain how our cultural and sociopolitical ways has
changed over the years?
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to read to deepen your
understanding about the topic.
Please do it with comprehension to discover knowledge that will help you out in
dealing with the next phase of your quest.
Learning Task 4: Think it over:
1. When we try to compare then and now, what are differences in terms of how
people carry out things physically, culturally, and socio-politically?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the different stages in the cultural development of human?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How does human grow culturally, socially, and politically in Paleolithic Period?
Neolithic Period? Age of Metal?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think people need a transformation or evolution to adapt to

his/her environment?
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Do you observe practices that preserve culture in today’s living? Explain by
giving an example.
___________________________________________________________________________
___
6. As a human, how do you progress? List down at least five things that you can’t
do 10 years ago, and the things that you can do at present.
10 years ago, I CANNOT At present, I CAN
HUMAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION
It is a saying that “human has no contentment”. As the environment changes, we

continuously grow and find ways to make maximize our effort as we live. It is very
evident in the different stages of human cultural evolution: Palaeolithic Period,
Neolithic Period, and Age of Metal.
The term “Palaeolithic” was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865. It is

derived the from Greek word, palaios, which means "old"; and, lithos, "stone", In
short, the Palaeolithic Period, which happened 2.5 million years ago, is also known
as "Old Stone Age".
38
In the Palaeolithic period, the Earth was extremely cold and ocean levels were much
lower than they are now. Due to the cold climate, much of the Stone Age is also called
the Ice Age.
During these years, people were nomads and able to use simple tools and weapons
made of unpolished stone. The caves served as their shelter.
Similarly, this was the time when people discovered to use the fire, through the use
of stone, for their protection against cold temperature and to cook their own food.
Human beings in this time were grouped together in small societies such as bands,
and subsisted by gathering plants and fishing, hunting or scavenging wild animals.
Also in this era, according to study of Dr. Jesus T. Peralta of NCCA, respect is given
to age, and individual prowess and ability are recognized. There are no leaders that
could be said to be above everybody else and whose commands are obeyed without
question. In some cases, one who is known for good decisions is consulted when a
problem arises; or well-known hunter will be asked to lead a hunting group.
Likewise, the term “Neolithic” also comes from the same archaeologist and from the
Greek word “neo” which means new and “lithos” meaning stone or in short, the “New
Stone Age” which was happened for about 10,000 B.C. In this period, the Cro Magnon
disappeared and the new people who are considered the modern man appeared.
The Neolithic Revolution is also called as the First Agricultural Revolution. During
this period, there was a wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a
lifestyle of hunting and gathering to of agriculture and settlement kind of society
which eventually led to population increase. People depend on domesticated plants
and animals. They learned to create such crafts as pottery and weaving. They likewise
developed boat as means of transportation and for fishing as well.
From being nomads during the early stage, human began to develop a sedentary type
of society of which they built-up villages and towns.
Furthermore, they were never contented of their accomplishments. They kept on

discovering things for their own convenience. So, they discovered metals, and they
gradually abandoned stone as the basic element for their instrument and tools.
This period was known as Age of Metals (4000 B.C – 1500 B.C). The used of metal
such as bronze, copper, and iron produced a new historical development from the
cradle civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia including the India, and China
which later spread throughout Asia.
There were three stages distinguished within this Age due to the different types of
metals that were used: The Copper Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age; copper was
the first known metal, it is of a low hardness and it was used to make ornaments;
bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it is harder and stronger than copper. Several
eastern Mediterranean peoples discovered this metallurgy and progressed rapidly.
During this age, agricultural tools were developed with bronze, such as plows and
sickles, military weapons like swords, spears and shields, as well as household
utensils like jars, bowls and cups. Likewise, a more developed social, cultural,
political, and economic system were improved. Tribes, empires, and state were
recognized at this point.
39
EARLY CIVILIZATION and RISE of the STATE
Ancient State and Civilization
One of the earliest states and civilizations was found in the Fertile Crescent which is
known as the Mesopotamian civilization. The word Mesopotamia is a Greek word for
“Land between two rivers” which is often referred to as the cradle of civilization. It is
the region of the Western Asia located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It is
known as the Fertile Crescent where the first evidence of agriculture was also found.
Here the first human civilizations were taking the earliest steps from hunter-gatherer
society into settled community.
Moreover, it is in Mesopotamia that the history writing appeared as early as over

5,000 years ago. This invention was so important that it marks the end of the
Prehistory, and the beginning of history. One of the first writing systems, the
Cuneiform, is one of the most important civilizations in the history of Mesopotamian
culture.
Every city in Mesopotamia had its own government, rulers, warriors, patron god, and
functioned like an independent country. Mesopotamian cities were Ur, Uruk, Kish,
Lagesh. There is a temple at the center of each city called a ziggurat (a massive,
tiered, pyramid-shaped structure).
There was also what we called Mesopotamian warrior-gods (2.400-2.500 B.C.) who
govern and protect the people under its government. Military commanders eventually
became monarch creating a new structure of government called a Dynasty. It is a
series of rulers descending from a single-family line. The Akkadian Empire lasted
about 200 years. In the year 2350–2150 B.C, Babylonian Empire overtook Sumerians
around 2000 B.C., and they built capital, the Babylon, on Euphrates River.
Another ancient states and civilizations was the Egyptian civilization. It emerged
more than 5,000 years ago along the River Nile in the north-east of Africa. The
Ancient Egyptians lived near the River Nile because of its fertile land suitable for
growing crops and domestication of animals. Each year, water from the Nile rose and
flooded the area. When the water went back, it left mud that made the fields fertile.
Egyptians called their king a pharaoh. The pharaoh was all- powerful: He passed
laws, He ruled the country, He owned most of the land, and He controlled trade and
led the armies. Egyptians believed that the pharaohs were gods.
40
Modern State and Civilization
In the European continent, several states and civilization grew tremendously over
centuries. In England, around 1500s, most of the people lived in small villages. They
paid tithes to their feudal landlords. Henry VII won the War of the Roses in England,
which led into what is known as the Tudor dynasty, and begun the development of
the English nation-state.
In Spain in the year 1492, Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella took Spain
back from the Muslim. It became the era of Spain as a global power.
In France, Louis XIV of France created an absolute monarchy. France became the
dominant power in Europe. When The French Revolution broke out, it created the
modern French nation-state, which sparked nationalism around Europe.
In 1914, when various nation-states started to claim their power and superiority over
all the nations in the world, the World War I begun until 1918. In 1919, Treaty of
Versailles ended the World War I. It divided several multinational empires that led to
the creation of several new nation-states.
In 1939, the World War II started until 1945. The end of World War II led to the
formation of United Nations in 1945.
The State of the People: Democratic State

In the recent decade after the two World Wars, people are becoming more active in
their government and state affairs, in which people become the source of political
power and government rules. This evolution in the government is known as the
process of democratization, or simply democracy – the rule of the people.
Democratization is the transition to a more democratic political regime, including

substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction. It may be the
transition from an authoritarian regime to a full democracy, a transition from an
authoritarian political system to a semi-democracy or transition from a semi-
authoritarian political system to a democratic political system. What is a democracy?
Moreover, a democracy is a form of government where the citizens of the nation have
the power to vote. There are several different types of democracies; (1) a
representative democracy is a system where citizens choose government
representatives among their citizens, (2) direct democracy is when the citizens form
a governing body and vote directly on issues, (3) constitutional democracy limits the
powers of government through the nation’s constitution.
What’s More
ARTICLE READING 101
Read the article entitled “A Settled Life”. Analyze how the ancient cultural and
socio-political features developed and impact our present period. Then, be able to
answer the succeeding guide questions.
41
A Settled Life
(By: Dr. Senta German)
When people think of the Neolithic era, they often think of Stonehenge, the iconic
image of this early era. Dating to approximately 3000 B.C.E. and set on Salisbury
Plain in England, it is a structure larger and more complex than anything built before
it in Europe. Stonehenge is an example of the cultural advances brought about by
the Neolithic revolution—the most important development in human history. The
way we live today, settled in homes, close to other people in towns and cities,
protected by laws, eating food grown on farms, and with leisure time to learn, explore
and invent is all a result of the Neolithic revolution, which occurred approximately
11,500-5,000 years ago. The revolution which led to our way of life was the
development of the technology needed to plant and harvest crops and to domesticate
animals.
Before the Neolithic revolution, it's likely you would have lived with your extended
family as a nomad, never staying anywhere for more than a few months, always living
in temporary shelters, always searching for food and never owning anything you
couldn’t easily pack in a pocket or a sack. The change to the Neolithic way of life was
huge and led to many of the pleasures (lots of food, friends and a comfortable home)
that we still enjoy today.(Stonehenge, c. 3,000 B.C.E., Salisbury Plain, England)
Neolithic Art. The massive changes in the way people lived also changed the types
of art they made. Neolithic sculpture became bigger, in part, because people didn’t
have to carry it around anymore; pottery became more widespread and was used to
store food harvested from farms. This is when alcohol was first produced and when
architecture, and its vivid interior and exterior decoration, first appears. In short,
people settle down and begin to live in one place, year after year.
It seems very unlikely that Stonehenge could have been made by earlier,
Paleolithic, nomads. It would have been a waste to invest so much time and energy
building a monument in a place to which they might never return or might only
return infrequently. After all, the effort to build it was extraordinary. Stonehenge
is approximately 320 feet in circumference and the stones which compose the outer
ring weigh as much as 50 tons; the small stones, weighing as much as 6 tons, were
quarried from as far away as 450 miles. The use or meaning of Stonehenge is not
clear, but the design, planning and execution could have only been carried out by a
culture in which authority was unquestioned. Here is a culture that was able to rally
hundreds of people to perform very hard work for extended periods of time. This is
another characteristic of the Neolithic era.
Source: Dr. Senta German, A Settled Life :https://www.khanacademy.org 2020

I have analyzed…
Guide Questions: I think that…
42
Example: Example
The Stonehenge tries to showcase that even before
What does the Stonehenge
they had already their cultural advancement, which,
is trying to tell this modern
in this modern age can further develop such as the
era?
technologies.
a. Vividly envision the

Stonehenge. Imagine
how they built it. Could
you say that early
people were physically
fit and prepared as we
are today?
b. How did ancient
humans end their
“being nomads”?
c. Looking at the “lens” of
Stonehenge, how will
you describe the kind
of sociopolitical way?
d. Why Neolithic
Revolution is is
considered as the most
important development
in human history?
What I Have Learned

Learning Task 5: To sum up what you have learned. Complete the following
phrases
3 Thoughts I have learned…
______________________________
2 Things I want to remember…
________________________________
1 Question I have in mind…
________________________________
43
Life as a Symbol…
(Draw a symbol of life): (Briefly explain how the symbol
would influence yourself to live a

better life):
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
________________________
What I Can Do
Learning Task 6: “A Better Me in My Society”
As a millennial and a Filipino youth, how will you respond and adapt to this changing
world where people and society have indeed developed and became more advanced
than before? However, consider some circumstances that are hooked on it.
Your physical attributes

& capacity in the midst Your manner of living
of health crisis where some ways are
now unbecoming
________________________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
_ ________________________
Your commitment to
abide as a citizen where
some authorities are not
performing well
________________________
________________________
________________________
_
Learning Task 7: #I WILL SURVIVE!
Fill in the blank to complete your pledge to continue the legacies of our ancestors.
As a human being, I understand that people need to change to survive. Hence, I will
try to ___________, ___________, and ____________ to continuously grow as a student.
44
I will do my best to ______________ and ________________ all cultural properties which
I believe are part of my country’s legacy. I will also render all possible help to
__________ and ____________ our society and history as well.
Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. During the earliest stage of human cultural evolution, people were nomadic,
so they hunt and gather foods. As they learn to make a sedentary lifestyle in
the Neolithic period. Which statement tells the accomplishment of human in
the Neolithic period?
A. Live in a cave
B. Used unpolished stone tools
C. Used metals to upgrade tools
D. Domesticate plants and animals
2. The Age of Metal produced a new historical development from the cradle
civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia including the India, and China
which later on spread throughout Asia. Which type of metal were the earliest
known by human?
A. Aluminum
B. Bronze
C. Copper
D. Iron
3. There are three notable stages in the human cultural evolution. Which
statement tells the correct timeline of these evolutions?
A. Age of Metal, Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period
B. Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal
C. Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal, Neolithic Period
D. Paleolithic Period, Neolithic Period, Age of Metal
4. From being nomads during the early stage, human began to developed a
sedentary type of society of which they built-up villages and towns. In which
era has these evolutions happens?
A. Age of Bronze
B. Age of Copper
C. Neolithic Period
D. Paleolithic Period
5. The most significant evolution in Paleolithic period is when people discovered
the use of fire. In the Neolithic period is when human learned to domesticate
plants and animals, which is known to be the First Agricultural Revolution.
In the Age of Metal is the discovery of people in using metal as their tools,
thus, the Age of Metal is identified as:
A. Agricultural Revolution
B. Metal Civilization
C. Stone Revolution
D. Rise of Civilization
45
6. How were the first modern humans (Homo sapiens) different from any other
hominid species?
A. They lived outside of Africa
B. They had large brains
C. They used and controlled fire
D. They used symbolic thought
7. In the history of human social evolution, what group of people was skillful at
hunting and butchering animals?
A. Australopithecus
B. Home erectus
C. Homo habilis
D. Homo sapien
8. In the history of human civilization in which people started to develop their
society, where did the world’s first Civilization develop?
A. Mesopotamia
B. Crete
C. Egypt
D. Eastern China
9. From the different kind of government in various societies, what is a form of
government where the citizens of the nation have the power to vote?
A. Aristocracy
B. Bureaucracy
C. Democracy
D. Capitalism
10. In the context of European historical society, which of the following DOES
NOT happened during pre -1500’s?
A. Henry VII wins the War of the Roses in England, begins the Tudor
dynasty, and starts the development of the English nation-state.
B. The era of Spain as a global power begins.
C. The hundred year’s war started.
D. The French Revolution
11. In the history of war, the nations started to claim their power and
supremacy over the nations. Which treaty ends the World War I and breaks
several multi-rational empires?
A. Treaty of Saint-Germain en Laye
B. Treaty of Versailles
C. Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
D. Faisal-Weizmann agreement
12. Democracy is a type of government in which the people elect their leader in
the government position. Direct democracy is the system in which...
A. Citizens choose their representatives in free and fair elections.
B. Citizens are allowed to debate with their representatives in open public
meetings.
C. Citizens represent themselves in the decision-making process.
D. Senior political leaders are known as 'Directors'.
46
13. Which statement most accurately describes how geography affected the
growth of the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia?
A. River valleys provided rich soil to grow plentiful crops.
B. Large deserts provided many mineral deposits.
C. Access to the Atlantic Ocean provided trade routes.
D. Lage Savannah areas provided protection from invaders.
14. Which geographic feature was common to the development of civilizations in
ancient Egypt, China, India, and Mesopotamia?
A. river valleys
B. rain forests
C. deserts
D. mountains
15. In the context of ancient civilization, which factor led to the development of
civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia?
A. political harmony
B. favorable geography
C. religious differences
D. universal education
Medium.com. “The Four Major Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization.’’ Accessed

May 25, 2020. www.Medium.com
Slideshare ‘’The Iceman: A Historical Inquiry.’’ Accessed May 25, 2020
.www.Slideshare.net
Slideshare ‘’Early Civilizations’’Accessed May 25, 2020. www.slideshare.net
Slideshare.’’The Human Society’’ Accessed May 26,
2020.www.slideshare.net
Sparknotes. “The Rise of Nation-state.’’ Accessed May 26,
2020.www.sparknotes.com
World Population View.”Democracy Countries 2020.’’ Accessed May 26,
2020. www.woldpopulationview.com
47
Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Socialization
Socialization
First Edition, 2020
them.

Writers: Mark Antony B. Perello, Enrico Caganda, Marilyn Encarnacion

Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Emily R. Quintos, Jesusa L. Partosa, Asher H. Pasco, Johncent Roy C. Tibordo, Alfonso V. Mabuting
Illustrators: Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Jhucel A. Del Rosario, Michael Joseph A. Lapid, Renato D. Ruz, Jr.
Layout Artists: Maria Cristina F. Lim, Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Felipe Ryan S. Duatin
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Cherrylou D. Repia, Elias A. Alicaya, Jr., Ivan Bryan L. Inductivo,
Elpidia B. Bergado, Noel S. Ortega, Emily R. Quintos

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
48
Week
7
This module is designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Understanding Culture Society and Politics. The scope of
this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary levels of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.
The module is made to explain the Socialization based on the MELC Week 5.

1. Identify the concepts and aspects of socialization.
2. Identify the concepts and aspects of enculturation.
3. Determine the connection between the agents of socialization and
enculturation to the development of an individual.
4. Value the significance of socialization and enculturation to the development
of one’s self.
What’s In
After assessing what you know about our module, let us review what you have
learned from the previous module.
Look at the table below. Check whether the examples are Tangible Cultural Heritage
or Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Remember that tangible cultural Heritage’ refers to physical artifacts produced,

maintained and transmitted from one generation to another in the society while
Intangible Cultural Heritage refers to the practices, representations, expressions,
knowledge, skills that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize
as part of Cultural Heritage.
Tangible Cultural Intangible

Example
Heritage Cultural Heritage
1. T’nalak fabric of the T’boli
2. O, Maliwanag na Buwan sung
by Pilita Corales
3. Dambana ng Kagitingan in
Mount Samat
4. Taal lake and volcano
5. Parada ng Lechon of Balayan
6. Nuno sa punso
7. Pagsasanghiyang
8. The UP Oblation
9. Valenciana Festival of Gen.
Trias
49
10. Taka figurines of Paete,
Laguna
Analyze carefully the examples to have a perfect score.
What’s New
Learning Task 1: TAKE IT A PART
Take a look at the image below. Consider everything that forms the image.
What is represented by each icon?
1. 4.
S C __ __ __ L G __ V __ __ __ M __ __ T
2. 5.
C __ __ R C __ C __ __ M __ U __ __ T ___
3. 6.
F __ M __ L __ F R __ E __ __ __
What word do you form out of the given letters inside the box from numbers 1 – 6?
50
What can you say about the image formed?
The image represents

_____________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________.
What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to read in order to deepen
your understanding about the topic.
Please do it with comprehension to discover knowledge that will help you out in
dealing with the next phase of your quest.
SOCIALIZATION
51
Do you see the picture? What do you have
in mind?
Very good! If you think that socialization

is very important in our lives, you are
absolutely correct. But what is meant by
socialization really?
Socialization simply means the process of

learning one’s society and its culture. It is
moreover the same as interacting,
mingling and being with other people or
groups within/ outside of your society.
How do you feel in a situation when it

seems that you don’t belong and you are
being isolated? Good thinking! Of course
you will feel sad and lonely. That kind of feeling only shows that socialization is
important to you --- and to all of us.
Through socialization, one learns the culture’s language, their roles in life, and what
is expected from them. Without socialization, a person will develop different physical
and mental disabilities. It is sad to know that individuals with no successful
socialization develop mental illness, abnormal or odd behavior and self -isolation. Do
you know that there are different groups of people that influence your orientations
and perspectives to life? These groups are called agents of socialization. These
agents play a crucial role in developing yourself as a person and a member of the
society.
Family is the first agent of socialization.

Most of the habits, manners, beliefs and the way we think are develop in the family.
A huge part of your personality is molded by your family because this is where you
spent your childhood. Your family influences you on the way you behave and act as
a person. This is when socialization process is crucial and intense. Do you still
remember your happy moments in school? Of course you do.
School is another agent of socialization.

Here, you interact or socialize with other people- your classmates, teachers,
administrators and others which are outside your family within a society. Your
socialization with them has made a lot of experiences in you. It is in the school that
your behavior and attitude are shape to become a better member of society. So a part
of your personality is developed by this agent. Do you agree?
Your circle of friends is also an agent of socialization. It is called peer group. Your
peers usually have similar ages, social status and share interests. Your peer group
influences you on the way you can accept yourself. It is with your peer group that
you find yourself belonged.
52
I’m sure you learned a lot from your friends, didn’t you? So, you are right when you
think that they are also important agent in shaping your personality.
Social media as agent of socialization plays a crucial role in shaping your personality
as well. Majority of us, young and old, are connected through social media. Much of
our waking time is spent on using social media.
So, this agent of socialization influences your way of life intensively thus doing large
part in your personal development. There are other socialization agents who are also
important in moulding you as a person: the community, the church and the
government.
You see? What you are now is a product of socialization. You have been socializing
from the time you were born until now. Socialization is a continuing process until we
die. Socialization is really a necessity for it develops you as person.
ENCULTURATION
We are living in a society of many cultures. Culture is the customary beliefs, social
forms, and material traits of a racial, religious or social group (merriam-webster.
com). These cultures make people different from one another. A group has a set of
shared attitudes and practices which are partially or even totally apart from what
others have.
As an individual grows up in a social group, he/she learns to understand his/her

identity. This is where enculturation comes in. Enculturation is the process by
which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire
values and behaviours appropriate or necessary in that culture
(https://www.definitions.net/definition/Enculturation).
According to Stephen A. Grunland and Marvin K. Mayers (1988) (as cited from
Hoebel, 1982), enculturation is both a conscious and an unconscious conditioning
process whereby man, as child and adult, achieves competence in his culture,
internalizes his culture and becomes thoroughly enculturated. Socializing with
people plays a great part in achieving it. He/she deals with. An individual also
learns from observing the surrounding he/she is in.
As a child lives with his family and the community, he/she adapts socially accepted
values (e.g. attending to religious obligations, respecting the elders, etc.) At a very
young age, a child is instilled with values by his/her parents and family. He / She
sees the importance of being together as respected when they eat. Also, he/she
learns the foundations of learning; be it reading the alphabet and counting of
numbers.
In school, he/she learns to be socially educated person as he/she observes and

adapts the behavior of other people (e.g. singing the National Anthem, paying respect
to the flag, showing respect to teachers and valuing friendship among friends and
classmates). A person becomes more civilized as he learns more of culturally
accepted behavior and knowledge in school.
53
In a community, a person may be inspired to practice social duties and obligations
as observed and learned from those who do great contributions for the welfare of
most people. In these practices, one may also become a steward of goodwill.
A teenager learns to clothe himself/herself like his/her friends or in great chances,

adapts how they behave and act. He / She appreciate the value of friendship, learn
to find joy in sharing commonalities and accepts differences in choices and decisions.
His / Her confidence in dealing with people can be rooted from a well-maintained
relationship with friends.
The government upon its imposition of law refines a person’s way of living. Through
which, he/she learns his civil rights and exercises them righteously. Likewise,
he/she learns to respect government policies and abides to them, knowing that every
action has limitation.
In his/her dealing with religious affiliations, a person’s belief in Omnipotent Being

is strengthened. This cultivates the idea that everyone like a brother and a sister.
Thus, respect towards one another is valued. He or she learns to respect differences
in faith.
Parents and other authorities are called the initiators of enculturation. As one is
enculturated by those initiators, the process is manifested in his/her actions,
choices and decisions. If it is not because of enculturation, a person will not become
the way he/she in the society. One will not be able to discern what is right from
wrong or even make actions to handle problems encountered. Because of
enculturation, an individual knows the boundaries of his/her actions, words and
ideals. As a learned individual, one becomes accepted by the group he/she belongs
with. Enculturation teaches a person of his/her roles in the society. True enough,
he/she becomes functional member of the society.
What’s More
At this part of the module you are given different sets of activities to answer. Read
and understand each direction to accomplish the given activities.
Learning Task 2: PUSH FORWARD

The activity below will help you enhance more what you already know about
socialization. Read the paragraph and fill in the blanks with words or phrases
necessary to complete it. The words and phrases are provided inside the box for you
to choose from.
personality family normal socialization
culture physical socialize mental
agents of socialization personal development
54
Revitalized and Socialized
Every individual undergoes the process of (1) __________ during his/her life
time. Socialization is a necessary social process for it is through this that (2)
______________ is taking place. It was found out that people who lacked
socialization developed (3) ___________ and (4) ____________ disabilities. On the
other hand, people with successful socialization experiences become (5)
_____________ in different aspects of life.
It is important to remember that (6) ________________ are influential in
shaping one’s personality. There are several agents of socialization mentioned in
this module. These agents are: family, peer group, school, church, community,
social media and the government. Among these agents, (7) __________ contributes
the most impact on one’s personal development because the crucial and intense
socialization happens with it.
Becoming part of a particular (8) _________ is a product of socialization.
And so, don’t forget to bear in mind that we need to choose the kind of activities
we involve ourselves into. For whenever we (9) ____________, we develop the kind
of (10) _____________ we have.
Learning Task 3: THINK IT OVER

Answer the following questions.
1. What is the importance of the following icons representing the agents of

socialization to your development as a person?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
55
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2. Which among the given factors (referring to icons presented above) has the
most important part in the development of a person? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How can you differentiate socialization from enculturation? Explain and give
your examples.
___________________________________________________________________________
Learning Task 4: Reality Check

Socialization is very important to all of us, do you now agree? Do you believe that
not all the experiences we get out of socialization are right? Do you think you have
an important role of choosing the right from wrong experiences whenever you are
socializing?
If your answer to all of the questions are YES, then CONGRATULATIONS!
You are now ready to create real life situations the learning you had on socialization.
Be proud. For you are steps closer towards success!
TIPS on How to Make your Socialization

Productive and Meaningful:
1. Bullying is not healthy in socialization.

2. Make your group activities productive.
3. Learn to socialize more often with professional people.
4. Be critical on information you encounter from social media.
5. Prioritize more important activities.
Now, think of other ideas on how to improve your socialization?

Make a list on the space provided below:
56
My TIPS on How to Make Socialization
Productive and Meaningful:
1. __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
3. __________________________________________
4. __________________________________________
5. __________________________________________
What I Have Learned

Learning Task 5: Today, I learned that…
Answering this module is enjoyable because…
After reading and completing this module I have learned that…
My learning’s form this module inspires me to…
What I Can Do
Learning Task 6: I CAN FILL IT
Imagine yourself as the image below. On a separate sheet, fill them in with WHO or
WHAT influence you to become the person you are now.
Your Name
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
57
Assessment
Directions: Read the following statement and choose the letter of the correct answer
found in a box.
A. Church
B. Agents of socialization
C. Family
D. Social media
E. Undergoing constant socialization enables an individual to fully develop in
physical, emotional and mental aspects.
F. Playing computer games
G. socializing with others
H. It is the process of learning one’s own culture.
I. Parents
J. Community
K. Peer group
L. We learn our culture’s norms and the roles expected of us.
M. mental illness and sometimes having abnormal behavior
N. As the person learns his/her culture, he/she becomes functional member of
the society.
O. Socialization
1. This is the place where a person is enculturated through immersing himself

or herself in serving others with the help of other individuals. We are all part
of a ________________ that would help us understand our own cultural and
values orientation.
2. As the saying goes, it takes a village to raise a child. Because of these, a child
needs a group of individuals who will shape his or her culture, beliefs and
values. What do you call this group of individual?
3. The first agent of socialization is our family most especially our parents.
Throughout our life we will have our set of chosen family that will also guide
us in socialization and teach us to interact with other people. Who is this
chosen family?
4. At this day and age of modern technology, a new agent of socialization has
influenced people both young and old. The influence of this agent is both good
and bad. This is why our family and friends play an important role in
managing the influence of this agent. What agent of socialization is this?
5. Aside from teaching morality and reverence to our Creator, this institution
also instills cultural appreciation and cultural values that would shape the
personality of a child. What is this institution?
6. Every individual undergoes a social process which enables him/her to become
part of one’s culture throughout his/her life time. Which concept refers to this
process?
7. Through socialization we learn some ways of behaving. Which of the choices is
normally learned during socialization?
58
8. Socialization is an important social activity in the development of a person.
How does socialization affect the development of an individual?
9. The agents of socialization performing role in the development of one’s
personality. However, each of them influences the development of individual
in varying degree. What is the first agent of socialization that influences the
development of a person intensively?
10. Socialization process affects the development of an individual on different
aspects. Which among the choices is an effect to an individual who has not
been successfully socialized?
11. School is one of the different institutions in the society that help in the
foundation and development of a person. Students are learning by example
from their teacher and their fellow students. Which is an example of
enculturation in school?
12. A person projects an image different among others. One is a product of the
culture he/she adapted which brings his/her own individuality and identity.
What then is the importance of enculturation to the development of one’s self?
13. Enculturation shapes an individual through different processes. Knowingly or
unknowingly, one internalizes the practices of the group he or she belongs.
Which among the following one can be best enculturated?
14. Personal identity develops in many ways, depending on preferred choices. In
a society where there are many cultures, one’s identity can be formed through
enculturation. Which of the following highlights enculturation?
15. Enculturation exists as one adapts or obtains behaviors and beliefs from
different initiators of this process. These authorities can bring out a person’s
view of what life is about. Which of the following figures play a vital role in
developing personal identity in children?
REMEMBER AND SHARE. YOU’RE A DOER!
Choose any of the tasks below which you feel easy for you to do.
Use a separate sheet.
a. Write 2 or 3 sentences showing your appreciation on the topic socialization

and enculturation.
b. You can also write a “motto” or tag line about socialization enculturation.
c. You may also draw if you want about socialization enculturation.
d. A poem is very much welcome about socialization enculturation...
59
Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics
Social Organizations
Social Organizations
First Edition, 2020
them.

Writers: Ryan Christopher P. Toledo, Janet Jay N. Amboy

Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo, Leah J. Guillang, Asher H. Pasco, Jesusa L. Partosa, Alfonso V. Mabuting,
Illustrator: Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga, Shiela Mae L. Ortiz, Melvin Jan Guarin, Richmond Causaren
Layout Artist: Maria Cristina F. Lim, Allan Gilbert M. Jain, Joseverino B. Laxamana
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Rosemarie D. Torres, Galileo L. Go
Glenda DS. Catadman, Ivan Honorpette A. Mijares, Leah J. Guillang

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
60
Week

the nature of Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. The scope of this module
The module is about examining the concept, characteristics and forms of social
stratification using sociological perspective. (MELC week 9)

1. Define the concept of social groups
2. Identify the characteristics and forms of social groups.
3. Share examples of primary, secondary, in, out, reference group and networks
based on real life situation.
What’s In
Learning Task 1: Complete the letters of the word based from what the pictures
are implied.
1. F_ _ _ l_
4. N _ _ W _ _ _s
2. F _ _ _n _s
3. C _a_ _m_ _ _ s
5. O _ g _n _ z _ t _ _ n
61
What’s New
Learning Task 2: Directions: Complete the sentence below based on the previous
activity:
1. The words that I formed were __________________________________________________

and ______________________.
2. I can relate to the picture/s above because

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What is It
In this part of your journey, we provided something for you to read to deepen
your understanding about the topic. Please do it with comprehension to discover
knowledge that will help you out in dealing with the next phase of your quest.
CONCEPT OF SOCIAL GROUPS

Everyone belongs to a group; your race, gender, favorite sports team, your
college, even the place where you were born were all examples of groups. Sometimes
groupings are determined by factors related to who we are (sex, age, race/ethnicity)
but in many other cases, they arrive in a somewhat arbitrary fashion. In school, you
would likely associate with classmates who share the same interests as you do like
having a common hobby or sports affiliation or even fashion sense or even love of a
certain type of music.
What is a Group?
A group is composed of two or more persons interacting with each other and
guided by a set of norms. It is also defined as specified number of individuals where
each recognizes members as distinct from non-members.
Basic Classifications of Social Groups
1. Primary Groups
Primary groups are marked by concern for one another, shared activities and
culture, and long periods of time spent together. They are influential in developing
an individual’s personal identity. The goal of primary groups is actually the
relationships themselves rather than achieving some other purpose. The examples
of a primary group but not limited to be your family and childhood and close friends.
The concept of the primary group was introduced by Charles Cooley in his
book, Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. (Contreras, Antonio P. et al.
“Social Groups”. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. 2016)
Sample Groups: Family, Play group, Village/Neighborhood, Work-team
62
2. Secondary Groups
Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little personal
knowledge of one another. In contrast to primary groups, secondary groups don’t
have the goal of maintaining and developing the relationships themselves. These
groups are based on usual or habitual interests or affairs. It includes groups in which
one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for payments,
and such.
Sample Groups: Nation, Church Hierarchy, Professional Association,
Corporation, University classes, Athletic teams, and groups of coworkers.
3. In-group
Belonging to the same group as others who share the same common bond and
interests who are more likely to understand each other refers to an in- group. Sample
Groups: Sports team, Unions and Sororities
4. Out-group
Those who do not belong to the in-group are part of the out-group, which exist
in the perceptions of the in group members and takes on social reality as a result of
behavior by in-group members who use the out group as a negative point of
reference.
5. Reference Groups
A reference group is a collection of people that we use as a standard of
comparison for ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group. We rely on
reference groups to understand social norms, which then shape our values, ideas,
behavior, and appearance. This means that we also use them to evaluate the relative
worth, desirability, or appropriateness of these things.
By looking to reference groups--be they those of race, class, gender, sexuality,

religion, region, ethnicity, age, or localized groups defined by neighborhood or school,
among others-- we see norms and dominant values, and we choose to either embrace
and reproduce them in our own thoughts, behavior, and interactions with others; or,
we reject and refute them by thinking and acting in ways that break from them.
Sample of these groups are parents, siblings, teachers, peers, associates and friends.
6. Network
A network is a collection of people tied together by a specific pattern of
connections. They can be characterized by the number of people involved, as in the
dyad (by twos) and triad (by threes), but also in terms of their structures (who is
connected to whom) and functions (what flows across ties). Networks indeed, are able
to do more things and different things than individuals acting on their own could.
Networks have this effect, regardless of the content of the connections or persons
involved.
Nowadays, the giving of information and establishing of connections and
various relationships can be done through social networking sites. In this manner,
63
it is easier to form connections, relationships and linkages. Example: Family
Members, Friends, Work Colleagues, Classmates
There is another strong example of a network that has boomed since the
beginning of the 21st century. Since 1979, electronic forms of social networking have
boomed, starting with CompuServe and MySpace, and moving to other networking
applications such as Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter, and Instagram.
What’s More
Learning Task 3: Directions: Answer the following questions and write it on your
answer sheet.
1. Pretend that you belong to a particular in-group in your class. You noticed that
one classmate from your class does not belong to any group. What would you do?
Would you invite him to join your in-group? Why? Why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. The Sangguniang Kabataan of your barangay approached your group in school to
help them in the feeding program of the community. They also asked the help of the
other groups from your school. What would you do to help the SK officials? Would
you ask the out-groups to join you? How?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What I Have Learned

Learning Task 4: Directions: Differentiate the following classifications of groups by
citing their characteristics and examples. Do this on your answer sheet.
Primary Group
Characteristics Examples
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Secondary Group
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
64
In-Group
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Out-Group
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
What I Can Do
Learning Task 5: Directions: Answer the following questions comprehensively. Write
your answers on your answer sheet.
Question: Think of a group that you belong to. How does this group influence you as
a student?
Answer: The group that I belong to is my _______________________________.
They influence me as a student by _____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________.
I influence them by ______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________.
They help me fulfill my ambitions in life by _______________________

_________________________________________________________________________________.
65
Assessment
Directions: Read the items carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.
1. In your everyday life in school or in your neighbourhood, your kabarkada is an
example of:
A. In-group
B. Primary Group
C. Secondary Group
D. Out-Group
2. Typically a small social group whose members share close, personal and enduring
relationships.
A. Out-Group
B. Primary group
C. Secondary group
D. Networking group
3. Among different kinds of social groups in our society, this can be small or large,
mostly impersonal and usually short-term.
A. Out-group
B. Social Group
C. Primary Group
D. Secondary Group
4. In various manifestation of characteristics of social group, below are examples of

out-groups EXCEPT:
A. Gays and lesbians
B. Urban and City groups
C. Network and Social Group
D. Classmates sharing the same likes and dislikes
5. Every social group manifests specific sets of characteristics, which of the following
is NOT a characteristic of members in an ingroup?
A. a sense of “we” rather than “I”
B. a feeling of unity
C. similar likes/dislikes
D. knowing out-group’s differences
6. Based on the kind of social relation, which of the following is an example of an in-
group?
A. enemies
B. a biker and a singer
C. members of a dance troupe
D. knowing out-group’s differences
66
7. Nowadays technology-based social group has been already part of everyone’s daily
life. As such, social networking sites is considered as are powerful __________tools
A. Communication
B. Laboratory
C. Man-made
D. Technological
8. These are sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other.
A. In-groups
B. Networks
C. Out-groups
D. Reference groups
9. Network is a highly influenced the lives of the people. Which of the following is
the true reason for forming networks:
A. Personal
B. Economic
C. Socio-Cultural
D. Environmental
10. Network links people among themselves in various ways. Which words below
pertains to an example of networks:
A. Letters
B. Postcards
C. Facebook
D. Instagram
67
68
Assessment Assessment
What's More What's More
Lesson 1 only Lesson 1 only 1. A 8. D
Note: In any order Note: In any order 2. C 9. B
1. Laws 3. A 10. D
1. Beliefs
2. Norms 4. C 11. D
2. Practices
3. Artifacts 5. C 12. C
3. Traits
4. Symbols 6. B 13. C
4. Values
5. Knowledge 7. D 14. D
5. Attitudes
15. A
Lesson 2
What's In Assessment
Assessment
1. G 1. B
1. A 2. F 2. B
2. C 3. E 3. A
3. B
4. C
4. A 4. C
5. C 5. D 5. B
6. A 6. C 6. A
7. C 7. B 7. B
8. D 8. A
9. D
10. B 9. B
10.A
Lesson 1 Lesson 3
Answer Key
Lesson 4
Lesson 5
Lesson 6
69
References
Lesson 1
Anthropology vs Sociology. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23,2020 from

https://www.diffen.com/difference/Anthropology_vs_Sociology.
Cultural Dynamics. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2020 from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/cultural-
dynamics.
Department of Political Science. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2020 from

https://www.polisci.washington.edu/what-political-science.
Ifie, C. (2017, November 21). Anthropology Vs. Sociology. Retrieved May 20,
2020 from https://education.seattlepi.com/anthropology-vs-
sociology-1536.html.
Parena, K. (2017, March 30). Understanding the concepts of anthropology,
sociology. Retrieved May 20, 2020 from
https://www.slideshare.net/kellykhel/ understanding-the-concepts-
of-anthropology-sociology.
Lesson 2
A. Book
Lanuaza, G. M. and S.S. Raymundo. Understanding Culture, Society,
and Politics. Manila: Rex Bookstore, 2016.
Teachers Guide, Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, 1st ed. 2016.
Teachers DepEd Learners Manual, Understanding Culture, Society,
and Politics, 1st ed. 2016.
B. Electronic Materials
Caparas-Abrina, Dennis. “Viva Valenciana!” Cavite Info p.1, accessed
May 25, 2020 http://cavite.info/article/viva-valenciana.html.
Taboclaon, Aleah. “Sinulog Festival in Cebu, Everything You Need to know.”
Accessed May 25, 2020 https://guidetothephilippines.ph
/articles/historyculture/sinulog-festival-cebu-guide.
Lesson 3
Wikimedia Commons. From Popular Science Monthly 26 (1884): 145. Public
Domain.
https://mitocw.ups.edu.ec/courses/anthropology/21a-01-how-culture-
works-fall-2012/readings/MIT21A_01F12_Sir_Edwrd_cul.pdf
https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethnocentrism-vs-cultural-
relativism.html
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-
society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/ethnocentrism-and-cultural-
relativism-in-group-and-out-group
70
https://englishlive.ef.com/blog/english-in-the-real-world/hand-gestures/
Lesson 4
Medium.com. “The Four Major Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization.’’ Accessed
May 25, 2020. www.Medium.com
Slideshare ‘’The Iceman: A Historical Inquiry.’’ Accessed May 25, 2020
.www.Slideshare.net
Slideshare ‘’Early Civilizations’’Accessed May 25, 2020. www.slideshare.net
Slideshare.’’The Human Society’’ Accessed May 26, 2020.www.slideshare.net
Sparknotes. “The Rise of Nation-state.’’ Accessed May 26,
2020.www.sparknotes.com
World Population View.”Democracy Countries 2020.’’ Accessed May 26, 2020.
www.woldpopulationview.com
Lesson 5
Grunlan, Stephen A., and Mayers, Marvin K. 1988. Cultural Anthropology: A
Christian Perspective: Enculturation. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
Zondervan Publishing House, 1988.
https://www.definitions.net/definition/Enculturation (Accessed May 25, 2020)
Merriam-Webster. Com (Accessed May 25, 2020)
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=KbQlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT61&lpg=PT61&dq
(Accessed May 25, 2020)
Lesson 6
Contreras, Antonio P. et al. “Social Groups”. Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 2016
Lanuza, G M., and Raymundo, S S., 2016. Understanding Culture, Society, and
Politics. First edition. Manila. Rex Book Store Inc. (RBSI)
https://courses.lumenlearning.com
www.yourarticle library.com
71
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex
Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph
72
Understanding Culture
Society and Politics
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
State and Non-State
Institutions
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 1: State and Non-State Institutions
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Writer: Alfredo Q. Jaso Jr.
Jaylar R. Borda
Editors: Alfred James A. Ellar
James Angelo T. Año
Reviewers: Leonardo C. Cargullo
Ricardo P. Makabenta
Asher H. Pasco
Jesusa L. Partosa
Alfonso V. Mabuting
Illustrator: Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga
Shiela Mae L. Ortiz
Elleden Grace Denosta
Layout Artist: Maria Cristina F. Lim
Allan Gilbert M. Jain
Joseverino B. Laxamana
Management Team: Regional Director: Wilfredo E. Cabral
CLMD Chief: Job S. Zape Jr.
Regional ADM Coordinator: Elaine T. Balaogan
School Division Superintendent: Lourdes T. Bermudez
Asst. School Division Superintendent: Bernadette T. Luna
CID Chief: Violeta L. Francisco
Division EPS In Charge of LRMS: Marissa O. Aguirre
Name of Division ADM Coordinator: Ednel A. Almoradie
Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
State and Non-State
Institution
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS for Grade 11

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on State and Non-State Institutions (MELC
7)
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
ii
For the learner:
Welcome to the Understanding Culture Society and Politics Alternative Delivery Mode
(ADM) Module on State and Non-State Institution.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
iii
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
iv
What I Need to Know
the nature of understanding culture society and politics. The scope of this module
The module is about the forms and functions of state and non-state institutions.

1. describe the different forms of state and non-state institutions.
2. differentiate the functions of state and non-state institutions.
3. appraise the state and non-state institutions in relation to personal
development and societal progress.
1
What I Know
Use separate sheet for your answers.
A. Instruction: Read the following questions carefully. Choose the letter of the
correct answer.
1. The state works like a family; it creates agencies to provide for the welfare of its
members. Meanwhile, non-state institutions work as _________________ to lessen the
burden of the state.
A. parents
B. brothers and sisters
C. tito and tita
D. lolo and lola
2. Backed up by the government itself, this institution has less tendency to be

bankrupt. In relation, this non-state institution can also be a state institution. Which
one is it?
A. Banks
B. Cooperatives
C. Corporations
D. Trade unions
3. Helen is maltreated by her employer in Saudi Arabia where she works as a

domestic helper. Which Philippine government agency must she seek help?
A. Department of Health
B. Department of Interior and Local Government
C. Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
D. Department of Education
4. Non-state agencies like JICA, CIDA, and USAID provide financial assistance to
particular projects of a country like building bridges or roads that are essential for
development. Which non-state institution provides this kind of aid?
A. Banks
B. Corporation
C. Civil organization
D. Development agencies
5. Former United States of America vice president Al Gore went to the country last
2017 to speak about the impacts of climate change. This kind of advocacy is the duty
provided by a non-state agency known as ____________________________.
A. Bank
B. Corporation
6. There are various kinds of institutions in any society. Some are state-owned while
some are not. Which of the following can be an example of a non-state institution?
2
A. Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)
B. Banks
C. Local government
D. Philippine executive government
7. Non-state institutions are not directly connected to the government, but still play
a significant role in performing state functions. Which of the following is LEAST likely
to be a classification of non-state institutions?
A. Civil
B. Market
C. Political
D. Transnational
8. Non-state institutions from other countries can also have a big impact to the
Philippines. What is the MOST expected function of these non-state institutions?
A. Development
B. Investigations
C. Investments, finances
D. Reforms on economic and political practices
9. Non-state institutions function just like the government. In relation to government

functions, what term BEST describes the function of non-state institutions?
A. Band-aid
B. Gap-filling
C. Long term
D. Replacement
10. Non-state institutions are often seen as doing what the government also does. To
set it apart from the government, which of the following terms BEST describes non-
state institutions?
A. Involuntary
B. Locally-based
C. Non-governmental
D. Publicly and privately owned
11. Non-state institutions play a very important role in people’s daily lives. Which
non-state institution helps people acquire money or property in order to start a
business?
A. Banks
B. Cooperatives
C. Corporations
D. Trade unions
12. Which non-state institution raises awareness on certain issues, such as Amnesty
International for human rights violations?
A. Advocacy groups
B. Civil organizations, e.g. religion
C. Civil organizations, e.g. research
D. Transnational development agencies
13. If workers want to convince the government to end contractualization but the
government is not listening, which non-state institution will be able to gather workers
and force dialogue with the government?
A. Cooperative
3
B. Labor unions
C. Rural and farmers’ banks
D. Workers who are members of corporations
14. Civil organizations come in many form. Which one is MOST expected to show the
realities of the daily living of ordinary members of society?
A. Law firms
B. Mass media
C. Overseas research team
D. People’s organizations in communities
15. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about non-state institutions?

A. Some are for profit while some are not.
B. Some are foreign while some are local.
C. They contribute a lot to the economy.
D. They do not influence what the government does.
4
What’s In
Any state in the world formulates its own government agency to achieve the
needs of its people. However, in most democratic society, the state government allows
business individuals, corporations, and non-profit organizations to deliver goods and
services for the citizens (De Leon 2008).
A country can be associated with how a family functions; there are
authoritarian parents who determine the future of their children. Meanwhile, there
are lenient parents who allow their children to grow with minimum restrictions. In
general, parents must do necessary actions to feed the family, provide proper
clothing, send children to school, give a decent shelter, give medicine in times of
sickness, and save some budget or resources in case of emergency. Yet, no matter
how parents work to make both ends meet, there are always some issues left undone
(“The Philippines”).
On the contrary, family remains as a family no matter how imperfect they are.
They must help one another as a unit or an entity to avoid problems as much as
possible. They must utilize all resources to make possibilities to happen. Meanwhile,
children play a vital role in the family by being responsible and sensitive individuals
who do their own share, like turning off the lights or other appliances when not in
use, do some households chores, or apply for scholarship, for an instance, to ease
the burden of tuition fees, and the likes (Halili-Jao 2018).
The government is at its best in providing the necessity of its people by
allocating all its resources to meet the demands of its citizenry. However, like an
ordinary family, no matter how the government work to make both ends meet, there
is always some issues that needs to be worked upon (Panopio 1995).
On the other hand, non-state institutions are created to back up the
government in filling in the gap between the state and its people. In order to achieve
their mission, non-state institutions produce results that uplift the condition of the
people in general. Banks, corporations, trade unions, cooperatives, development
agencies, civil organizations and transnational advocacy group are created to lift the
condition of all sectors of the society (Baleña 2016).
5
What’s New
MACHING TYPE
Direction: Match Column A with Column B, Write the letter of the correct answer
before the number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
_____`1. An agency of the government that protects its A. Department of

territories and boundaries Education (DepEd)
_____2. A state agency that looks after municipalities B. Department of Labor

and barangays and Employment (DOLE)
_____3. An agency of the government that ensures C. Overseas Workers

quality education Welfare Administration
(OWWA)
_____4. A state agency that creates public
infrastructure like school buildings, roads, and D. Armed Forces of the
bridges Philippines (AFP)
_____5. An agency of the government that looks after E. Department of Health

the welfare of Filipinos working overseas (DOH)
F. Department of Interior
and Local Government
(DILG)
G. Department of Public
Works and Highways
(DPWH)
6
MAGIC LETTERS, MAGIC PICTURES
Directions: Look at the images below. Pay attention to the boxes with magic letters
attached to them. Then, follow instructions on the next parts of the activity.
Write all eight magic letters here (in any order):
___________________________________________________________
7
Arrange the magic letters below to form a word that describes the institutions inside
the bubbles where your magic letters are attached. Four letters of the word are
already given:
MAGIC WORD N N T T
Example 1. 1 0 1 0 1 0
Example 2. 1 3 1 1 1 0
Example 3. 2 1 1 1 1 1
Example 4. 0 2 1 1 1 1
Example 5. 2 1 1 1 1 5
Example 6. 2 2 1 1 2 0
Example 7. 2 2 2 3 5 1
Found the magic word? If yes, then use the numbers below each magic letter to
complete the puzzle on the next page. The numbers tell the number of times the
magic letter will be used to form each example of a non-state institution. Some letters
are already given below. Note: Red boxes correspond to spaces.
8
Based on the words formed in the previous puzzle, name the pictures seen earlier in
this activity. Meanwhile, make sure to examine and connect the pictures below by
writing the answers on the spaces provided.
1.____________________ 2.___________________ 3.___________________
4.___________________ 5.__________________
7.___________________
9
What is It
(BACKGROUND) INSTITUTIONS
There are different models of social institutions used in different countries
nowadays, most of which are inspired by the long history of their country while others
are influenced by other nations. There are two major types of state or social
institutions: the communist, based on command economy; and the democracy,
based on capitalist economy (Panopio 1995).
Most communist countries, like the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republic
(USSR), and North Korea, are governed by their respective governments alone. They
do not allow private companies or individuals to do business in their land; thus, the
people have no opportunity to choose because the government decide what is best
for their own citizens (Panopio 1995).
However, democracy is a kind of government based on capitalism where the

government provides the major industries but allows private entities or individuals
to produce goods and services for the people; thus, citizens are given much freedom
to choose for themselves (Panopio 1995).
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, STATE INSTITUTIONS

Certain organizations help keep these basic institutions in place. Politically,
the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) helps the government maintain peace and
order throughout its territory. The Local Government Units (LGU) is created to cater
the needs of the local barangays or communities. The Department of Education
(DepEd) ensures the quality of education based on the needs and norms the society.
The different branches of the government create, implement, and interpret the laws
we use as guide for our conduct. These organized, political bodies are called state
institutions. Government-controlled state institutions fulfil the wishes of the
Philippine State: public service and public control. For example, the government may
declare martial law in a troubled area, and the AFP makes sure that this is strictly
followed, whether the people like it or not (De Leon 2008).
NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
Ideally, in a democratic country, major industries must be under the control
of the state, like banks, petroleum, transportation, and communication because they
are vital in the economy of the country. However, in the recent years, the said
industries are being sold to private entities to carry away the burden from its
operation and maintenance. Today, private corporations headed by executives
controls the major industries in the country with very minimum government
supervision, most of these are petroleum (Shell, Caltex and Petron),
telecommunication (Smart, Globe and PLDT), transportation (Cebu Pacific and
Philippine Air Lines), etc. These entities significantly affect the lives of the people
either directly or indirectly (Baleña 2016).
10
Meanwhile, corporations based on profit (ABS-CBN, GMA 7 and PTV 5)
manage most television networks in the country. They are duty bound to serve the
public by giving current news and information but more so entertainment to attract
viewers. The more viewers a station has, the more product advertisements coming
in, and thus the profit comes along. This is why television networks in the country
are becoming antagonistic as shown in their publicity ratings.
Moreover, if you wish to have a car but do not have the enough money to buy,
one can find a bank that offers car loan arrangements. If one wishes to own a
business but hesitant to fail, he or she may consider the stock market and be a
shareholder in a corporation. If a worker wants a better compensation, he or she may
join and be part of a trade union. These are just some examples of non-state
institutions: non-governmental organizations operating to satisfy many of our
short-term and long-term, small-scale and large-scale, and tangible and intangible
demands (De Leon 2008).
Non-state institutions include the following: banks, corporations, trade

unions, cooperatives, development agencies, civil organizations, and transnational
advocacy groups.
1. Banks help us keep our money, avail different kinds of loan, and exchange
currencies. The accumulated money of the bank is invested to some projects
to gain profit; this is how banks pay their workers and depositors’ interest
depending on the agreed terms.
Moreover, banks help the country by providing financial assistance to those

entrepreneurs who wanted to create or expand their business. By doing so,
they also provide job opportunities among local citizens.
Although there are state and non-state banks in the country, both types serve
their respective purposes. Yet, most depositors choose state banks because
the government itself backs it up, thus the possibility of bankruptcy is very
small. On the other hand, corporations or group of individuals manages non-
state banks. Although ensured by the government through the Bangko Sentral
ng Pilipinas, it is but only to a minimum extent. Like in the case of certain
banks, when a bank declares bankruptcy, each depositor could only receive
only a portion of their deposit (Contreras et al. 2016). Examples of banks
include the Bank of the Philippine Islands, Metrobank, and Rizal Commercial
Banking Corporation (RCBC).
2. A corporation is owned by a group of people, but has a separate legal identity

(the owners of a corporation are not responsible for its own debts).
Corporations offer stocks (determines level of ownership), as well as bonds
(allows one to earn interest). These generate large amounts of capital, which
is needed for growth (Contreras et al. 2016). Some well-known corporations
are San Miguel Corporation, Accenture, and Shell.
Since a corporation is associated with various industries, it needs a huge work

force to run and operate. This provides job opportunities to number of workers
in the country and thus lessen the problem of poverty.
3. Trade unions. There are some entrepreneurs who are only after for profit,
and they tend to maximize working hours and minimize wages as much as
possible. This is where the trade union steps in. They look after the well-being
11
of the workers. Collectively, they raise issues such as low salary, lack of
compensation, etc. to the management that sometimes ends up with work
“stoppage” or strike until the demands of both sides are met. (Contreras et al.
2016).
Trade unions are created to protect the labor force of the country. Workers are
essential to the creation of goods and services for the citizenry. In the
Philippines, the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines has the largest
membership.
4. Cooperatives are made up of people with common interest who agreed to work
together for easy, safe, and affordable access to commodities, loans, and other
services. They are created to help and empower one another with a minimum
help from the government (Contreras et al. 2016). Farmers’ cooperatives and
teachers’ cooperatives are common examples.
5. Development agencies promote progress by engaging in projects, policy-

making, and dialogue (Contreras et al. 2016). Some countries with active
agencies in the Philippines are Japan (JICA), Canada (CIDA), and U.S.A.
(USAID). Those providing financial assistance include the Asian Development
Bank (ADB).
Development agencies works as a bank that provides financial assistance to

important projects. The creation of bridge that connects one province to
another, or road construction that helps ordinary farmers transport their
products may be put into reality through the help of these agencies.
6. Civil organizations include academic institutions, research teams, mass

media, religious organizations, and people’s organizations. They provide facts
about the life’s various realities to influence policy-making (Contreras et al.
2016).
These organizations are created to expose the conditions of the marginalized

sector of the society by using mass media as its platform as they raise critical
issues to the government.
7. Transnational advocacy groups influence the government to take action on

matters commonly neglected. A group maybe a national or an international
organization that promotes and advocates progress and development related
to particular issues of the society. (Contreras, et al., 2016). Greenpeace and
Human Rights Watch are some examples.
12
What’s More
Directions: Based on the previous activity, answer the following questions.
1. Examine the pictures on the previous page. What is the importance of each non-
state institution to our country? Answer this question by completing the unfinished
statements below.
a. Banks allow us to _____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
b. Corporations give us the chance to ___________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
c. Trade unions help workers to _________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
d. Cooperatives can make cheaper goods and services for us to __________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
e. Development agencies transform our _________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
f. Civil Organizations can be useful in __________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
g. Transnational advocacy groups raise awareness about ______________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Are these non-state institutions connected to the government? If yes, how? If no,
why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the functions of the government in relation to its people?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. How do non-state institutions help the government in performing its functions?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. What do you think will happen if we do not have non-state institutions?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13
What I Have Learned
Directions: After learning about non-state institutions and their contributions to an

individual’s development and the community in general, write something about
yourself and your community by completing the phrases below.
What are the duties and responsibilities of the state to its people?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Because of non-state institutions, I am able to

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Because of non-state institutions, my community is now

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
14
What I Can Do
Directions: Read and analyze the quotation together with its hashtags. Afterwards,
explain what you understand about the statement by completing the phrase below.
Based on the quotation, I learned that ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
15
Assessment
Direction: Read the following items carefully. Shade the circle that corresponds to
the letter of your answer.
1. Backed up by the government itself, this institution has less tendency to be

bankrupt. In relation, this non-state institution can also be a state institution. Which
one is it?
A. Banks
B. Cooperatives
C. Corporations
D. Trade unions
2. Non-state agencies like JICA, CIDA, and USAID provide financial assistance to
particular projects of a country like building bridges or roads that are essential for
development. Which non-state institution provides this kind of aid?
A. Banks
B. Corporation
3. There are various kinds of institutions in any society. Some are state-owned while
some are not. Which of the following can be an example of a non-state institution?
A. Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)
B. Banks
C. Local government
D. Philippine executive government
4. Non-state institutions from other countries can also have a big impact to the
Philippines. What is the MOST expected function of these non-state institutions?
A. Development
B. Investigations
C. Investments, finances
D. Reforms on economic and political practices
5. Non-state institutions are often seen as doing what the government also does. To
set it apart from the government, which of the following terms BEST describes non-
state institutions?
A. Involuntary
B. Locally-based
C. Non-governmental
D. Publicly and privately owned
16
6. Which non-state institution raises awareness on certain issues, such as Amnesty
International for human rights violations?
A. Advocacy groups
B. Civil organizations, e.g. religion
C. Civil organizations, e.g. research
D. Transnational development agencies
7. Civil organizations come in many form. Which one is MOST expected to show the
realities of the daily living of ordinary members of society?
A. Law firms
B. Mass media
C. Overseas research team
D. People’s organizations in communities
8. The state works as a family, it creates agencies to provide for the welfare of its
members. Meanwhile, non-state institutions work as _______________ to lessen the
burden of the state-government.
A. parents
B. brothers and sisters
C. tito and tita
D. lolo and lola
9. Helen is maltreated by her employer in Saudi Arabia where she works as a

domestic helper. What government agency must she seek help?
A. Department of Health
B. Department of Interior and Local Government
C. Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
D. Department of Education
10. Former United States of America vice president Al Gore went to the country last
2017 to speak about the impacts of climate change. This kind of advocacy is the duty
provided by a non-state agency known as ____.
A. Bank
B. Corporation
11. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about non-state institutions?

A. Some are for profit while some are not.
B. Some are foreign while some are local.
C. They contribute a lot to the economy.
D. They do not influence what the government does.
12. Non-state institutions are not directly connected to the government, but still play
a significant role in performing state functions. Which of the following is LEAST likely
to be a classification of non-state institutions?
A. Civil
B. Market
C. Political
D. Transnational
17
13. Non-state institutions function just like the government. In relation to
government functions, what term BEST describes the function of non-state
institutions?
A. Band-aid
B. Gap-filling
C. Long-term
D. Replacement
14. Non-state institutions play a very important role in people’s daily lives. Which
non-state institution helps people acquire money or property in order to start a
business?
A. Banks
B. Cooperatives
C. Corporations
D. Trade unions
15. If workers want to convince the government to end contractualization but the
government is not listening, which non-state institution will be able to gather workers
and force dialogue with the government?
A. Cooperative
B. Labor unions
C. Rural and farmers’ banks
D. Workers who are members of corporations
18
Direction: Match each problem with the non-state institution that could solve the
issue. Write the letters of your choice on the blanks.
_____A. Medicines are very expensive in your local drugstores.

_____B. The sea is running out of fish because of dynamite fishing.
_____C. You want to buy a house but will never have enough money for it.
_____D. You work for 18 hours a day and you cannot take it any longer.
_____E. Your community is always flooded and building a dam is needed. .
F G H I J
Advocacy Bank Cooperative Development Trade
Group Agency Union
19
20
WHAT I KNOW ASSESMENT WHAT’S NEW
1. B 1. A MATCHING TYPE
2. A. 2. D 1. D
3. C. 3. B 2. F
4. D. 4. A 3. A
5. C 5. C 4. G
6. B 6. A 5. C
7. C 7. D
8. A 8. B (word) NON-STATE
9. B 9. C 1. Banks
10. C 10. C 2. Corporations
11. A 11. D 3. Trade Unions
12. A 12. C 4. Cooperatives
13. B 13. B 5. Development agencies
14. D 14. A 6. Civil organization
15. D 15. B 7. Transnational advocates
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY
A. H
B. F
C. G
D. J
E. I
Answer Key
References
“The Philippines”. Accessed June 9, 2020. www.family.jrank.org/ pages/1277/

philippines.html.
Baleña Edrlina D., Dolores M. Lucero and Arnel M. Peralta. 2016. Understanding Culture
Society and Politics. Quezon City: Educational Resource Corporation.
Contreras, Antonio P., Areleigh Ross D. Dela Cruz, Dennis S. Erasaga and Cecile C. Fadrigon.
2016. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing
House Inc.
De Leon, Hector S. 2008. Philippine Constitution. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Halili-Jao, Nina . 2018 “The evolving Filipino family value system”. Philstar.com. Accessed
June 9, 2020. www.philstar.com/lifestyle/allure/2018/07/29/1837596/evolving-
filipino-family-value-sytem.
Panopio, Isabel S., Felicidad V. Cordero-MacDonald and Adelisa A. Raymundo. 1995.
Sociology Focus on the Philippines. Quezon City, Rex Publishing House Inc.
21

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Functions and Importance
of Education
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Functions and Importance of Education
First Edition, 2020
over them.


Writer: Mary Grace Feleo-Alano
Lily Beth V. Galang
Emily R. Quintos
Asher H. Pasco
Jesusa L. Partosa
Alfonso V. Mabuting
Illustrators: Shiela Mae L. Ortiz
Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga
Layout Artists: Allan Gilbert M. Jain
Maria Cristina F. Lim
Ellenden Grace Denosta
Schools Division Superintendent: Cherrylou D. Repia
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Elias A. Alicaya, Jr. & Ivan
Bryan L. Inductivo
CID Chief: Elpidia B. Bergado
Division EPS In Charge of LRMS: Noel S. Ortega
Learning Area EPS: Emily R. Quintos

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
Functions and Importance
of Education
Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics (Subject with Grade
Level) Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Functions and Importance of
Education
the module:

ii
For the learner:
(ADM) Module on Functions and Importance of Education
module.

module.







competency.
iii
learned concepts.

module.

this module.
not alone.
iv
What I Need to Know
The module is about the functions and importance of education in the society. (MELC
8)
Examine the functions and importance of education in the society (MELC 8)

1. define the meaning of education and its functions in the society
2. explain the types of system of education in the Philippine context
3. determine the similarities and differences of formal and nonformal education;
4. value the functions and significance of education in providing productive
citizens based on the existing provisions of law.
1
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Circle the letter that corresponds your
answer.
1. Alvin Toffler, an American writer and futurist, popularly quoted for

having said “The illiterate of the twenty-first century will not be those
who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn and
relearn”. What is his point of view in saying those?
A. Illiteracy is being knowledgeable.
B. It is the concept of being a good learner.
C. It is the manner of pursuing your dreams.
D. The long journey that has taken place in the field of education.
2. Social institution is a group of people who have come together for a

common goal. Which a social institution taught basic academic
knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms?
A. Education
B. Formal education
C. Informal education
D. Nonformal education
3. This type of education is usually based in the classroom and the learners
are provided by trained and professional teaching and nonteaching
personnel. What type of education is this?
A. Homeschooling
B. Formal education
4. Nonformal education focuses on skills. Which of the following is an

example of a nonformal education?
A. Martheena attends her class every day at school.
B. Grace passed the National Certificate on driving.
C. Maggie stays at home and her lesson is conducted by an online
teacher.
D. Allan attends night classes at the nearby university because he
is working during daytime.
5. Livie is already 45 years old but she just completed grade nine level of
basic education. She wanted to go back to school to learn dressmaking.
Which type of education is suited for her?
2
A. Homeschooling
B. Formal education
6. Which of the following bests define education?

A. It is a social institution that improve social status
B. It is a social institution that helps people think, feel, and
behave in a way that contributes to their success.
C. It is a social institution through which a society’s children are
taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural
norms.
D. All the above
7. There are two types of education in the Philippines. Which of these bests
describes a nonformal education?
A. An educational activity about work skills.
B. An educational program for out of school children.
C. An educational movement for social development.
D. All of the above
8. Formal and nonformal education has differences. Which of the following

statements determine the difference between the two?
A. The formal education allows the transmission of culture while
the nonformal education does not.
B. The formal education is a classroom based while nonformal
education is a community based.
C. The nonformal education is progressive while the formal
education is regressive.
D. The nonformal education is hierarchically structure while the
formal education does not require any structure.
9. Which among the following statement is a function of education?

A. Education is for all
B. Education is reinforced by state or religion.
C. Provides new experiences, offers alternatives.
D. Education transmits culture and provides socialization.
10. One way to appreciate education is to look at its goals. Which of the
following are the two most important goals of education for an individual
and for the society?
A. Communication and patriotism
B. Social and cultural innovations
C. Self-actualization and productive citizenry
D. Upgrading social standing and becoming famous
3
11. Education has immense and complex social institution which prepares
citizens for various needs of society, what does this statement imply?
A. Education is the primary institution in the society.
B. The main goal of the society is to educate the citizen.
C. Education is a primary need for economic development.
D. Education performs several functions for people and the
community they belong.
12. Education has a formal and nonformal form. Which of the following does
not belong to a formal education?
A. Computer Literacy Program
B. Primary Education
C. Secondary Education
D. Tertiary Education
13. Which of the following is an example of a compulsory formal education?

A. Welding
B. College Education
C. Elementary Education
D. Alternative Learning System
14. Which of the following does not describe the importance of the right to
education?
A. It stimulates independence.
B. It provides productive citizens.
C. It divests work related opportunities.
D. It produces important development benefits.
15. To which function of education does this statement implies: “Education

prepares us for the later station of our lives, and, to buy the necessities
of life.”
A. Socialization
B. Social Integration
C. Social Needs
D. Social Placement
4
What’s In
Education may have a different connotation depending on how individuals

look at it. For example, a teacher and a student may have a different view on
education. In the flower chart below, write your own ideas or concepts about
education.
5
What’s New
What’s the Difference?

Write down the distinction between the formal and nonformal education.
Process Question:
1. How formal and nonformal education differ?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Which type of education are you in, the formal or the nonformal? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Give example/s of formal and nonformal education.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think they are important in the society?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6
What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to read to deepen
your understanding about the topic.
Please do it with comprehension to discover knowledge that will help you out
in dealing with the next phase of your quest.
The Meaning of Education, Types, Functions

and its Importance
The Meaning of Education
Education {ej-oo-key-shuhn], the act or process of imparting or acquiring

general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally
of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life
(https://www.dictionary.com/browse/education). However, education, as a social
institution has a different meaning. Dr. William Little (2014) held that education is
a social institution through which a society’s children are taught basic academic
knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms.
Furthermore, the word education is derived from the Latin word “educare”
which means “to train”, “to rear or bring-up (a child)”. Hence, it plays a significant
role in transferring culture and social norms among members of society, in the
process of training and various modalities of educating. It enables individual to
flourish their personality to withstand the culture and social systems. It will always
remain as an essential support pillar in our society.
Hence, Alvin Toffler, an American writer and futurist, is popularly quoted for
having said “The illiterate of the twenty-first century will not be those who cannot
read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn and relearn.” This marks the
highlights of the extensive journey that occurs in the field of education.
The System of Education in the Philippines
There are two types of education in the Philippines: the formal and the
nonformal. Formal education refers to the standardized method of hierarchically
structured and progressive schooling that corresponds to the general notion of
elementary and secondary and tertiary level of education. Yet, only the primary and
secondary level is compulsory to the students.
In the educational system of the Philippines, the elementary and secondary

level is administered and supervised by the Department of Education. Elementary
level is composed of kindergarten and six (6) years of primary education. Whereas,
the secondary contains four (4) years of junior high school and two (2) years of senior
7
high school. Furthermore, the tertiary level is administered and supervised by the
Commission on Higher Education. The actual years spent in this level depends on
the curriculum of each course.
Nonetheless, the nonformal education refers to an educational activity carried

outside the structure of a formal education. According to UNESCO, non-formal
education can cover programmes contributing to adult and youth literacy and
education for out-of-school children, as well as programmes on life skills, work skills,
and social or cultural development. Thus, this type of education is basically flexible,
learner-centered, contextualized and requires learners to participate in every activity.
Also, the age of learners in this category is not a necessity. One example is the
Alternative Learning System or ALS overseen by the Department of Education. ALS
Non-formal Education happens outside the classroom, community-based, usually
conducted at community learning centers, barangay multi-purpose hall, libraries or
at home, managed by ALS learning facilitators, such as mobile teachers, district ALS
Coordinators, instructional managers at an agreed schedule and venue between the
learners and facilitators. (https://www.deped.gov.ph/k-to-12/inclusive-education/about-
alternative-learning-system/)
The Functions of Education and its Importance
Whether formal or nonformal, education addresses various needs of this

society. Education also provides a “productive citizenry”, and makes the “self-
actualization” possible. Productive citizens are necessary for the improvement of the
community. However, self-actualization refers to the desire for self-fulfilment or the
tendency of human to become actualized in what he is potentially. Again, education
takes a vital part to achieve the self-actualization.
Education has different functions. This consists of socialization, transmission

of culture, social integration social placement, and social and cultural innovation
and/or preservation.
a) Socialization. Socialization is an essential ingredient in creating a society.

Since school is an agent of socialization, thus, education helps transform human in
becoming literate and recognize its function in the society. Through education as a
means of socialization, we also learn social norms, values and culture that are
fortified by our teachers, our textbooks, and our classmates as well.
b) Transmission of Culture. Through socialization in school (teachers to
learners, and learner to learner), the transmission of culture is at the highest
possible. Through education, human learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of
their culture.
c) Social Integration. As the saying goes “nations are built because of
education”, this is because education portrays an important role to unify individuals
by teaching the common values and social norms.
d) Social Placement. It could be a cliché that “all other professions rooted
from teachers” though, it is indeed the reality. Education provides a social placement
for everyone. It prepares us for the later station of our lives, and, to buy the
necessities of life. Now, this makes sense to “productive citizenry” and “self-
actualization”
8
Nonetheless, it is not a secret that education can change one’s life. “Having
education in an area helps people think, feel, and behave in a way that contributes
to their success, and improves not only their personal satisfaction but also their
community” (cited from Al-Shuaibi, Abdulghani, The Importance of Education, 2014).
Legal Provisions of Education: Education as a Human Right
It is stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the UN website:

Article 26:
(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be
compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally
available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of
merit.
(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality
and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations,
racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations
for the maintenance of peace.
(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given
to their children.
In the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article 14:
Section 1: The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality
education at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such education
accessible to all.
Section 2, Paragraph 2: The state shall establish and maintain a system of

free public education in the elementary and high school levels. Without limiting
the natural right of parents to rear their children, elementary education is
compulsory for all children of school age;
The right to education is fundamental. It is non-discriminatory. Everyone has
the right to education regardless of race, ethnicity, social origin, gender, political
preferences or disability. It is also a vital human right in exercising all the other
human rights.
Furthermore, it stimulates independence and concession to produce
significant development benefits for the country. It is a powerful instrument for
economically and socially marginalized individuals away from poverty to become
productive citizen of the country. Since education is a human right, every individual
has an equal opportunity to participate in an education system.
9
What’s More
Activity 1: Concept Mapping

Direction: Through concept mapping, give the functions of education. Create your
concept map on the space provided.
Activity 2: Word Journal

Directions: On your journal below, write a single word which express the importance
of education in the society. Then, use a paragraph to explain your word choice.
10
What I Have Learned
Harvesting:
Directions: Try to reflect on “what” you have learned, “so what” (why is it important
and what are the implications), and “now what” (how to apply it or do things
differently). Write your answers on the space provided.
_______________ _______________ _______________

WHAT
SO WHAT
NOW WHAT
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________ _______________
Venn Diagram:
Directions: Study the Venn diagram below. Indicate the similarities and differences
of formal and nonformal education. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
11
What I Can Do
Write your pledge of commitment on how you can become a productive

citizen.
PLEDGE OF COMMITMENT
I, ________________________ (your name),

commit myself to ______________________
_________________________________________
________________________________________,
so that,_________________________________
_________________________________________
________________________________________.
12
Assessment
Directions: Read the following items carefully. Circle the letter that
corresponds to the letter of your answer.
1. Education is a social institution that has its own definition. Which of the
following bests define education?
A. It is a social institution that improve social status
B. It is a social institution that helps people think, feel, and behave in
a way that contributes to their success.
C. It is a social institution through which a society’s children are taught
basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms.
D. All the above
2. The educational system in the Philippines has two forms: the formal and
the nonformal. Which of the following belongs to a nonformal education?
A. An educational activity about work skills.
B. An educational program for out of school children.
C. An educational movement for social development.
D. All of the above
3. Both formal and nonformal education has its own distinct characteristics.
Which of the following statements determine the distinctions of the two?
A. The formal education allows the transmission of culture while the
nonformal education does not.
B. The formal education is a classroom based while nonformal
education is a community based.
C. The nonformal education is progressive while the formal education
is regressive.
D. The nonformal education is hierarchically structure while the formal
education does not require any structure.
4. Education has several functions to people and society. Which of these

statements tells the function of education?
A. Education is for all
B. Education is reinforced by state or religion.
C. Provides new experiences, offers alternatives.
D. Education transmits culture and provides socialization.
5. Education will be more appreciated through its goals. Which of these are
the two most important goals of education?
A. Communication and patriotism
B. Social and cultural innovations
C. Self-actualization and productive citizenry
13
D. Upgrading social standing and becoming famous
6. The education has a huge and multifaceted social institution that prepares
citizens for innumerable needs of society. What does this statement infer?
A. Education is the primary institution in the society.
B. The main goal of the society is to educate the citizen.
C. Education is a primary need for economic development.
D. Education performs several functions for people and the
community they belong.
7. The following is a nonformal education except for?

A. Computer Literacy Program
B. Primary Education
C. Secondary Education
D. Tertiary Education
8. Which among the following belongs to a compulsory formal education?

A. Welding
B. College education
C. Elementary education
D. Alternative Learning System
9. Whether formal or nonformal education, both exerts significance in the

society. Hence, everyone is entitled to a free education of at least a primary
education. Which of the following does not show the significance of the right
to education?
A. It stimulates independence.
B. It provides productive citizens.
C. It divests work related opportunities.
D. It produces important development benefits.
10. “Education prepares us for the later station of our lives, and to buy the
necessities of life.” Which statement does it implies?
A. Socialization
B. Social Integration
C. Social Needs
D. Social Placement
11. “The illiterate of the twenty-first century will not be those who cannot read
and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn and relearn”. This
statement was from the American writer and futurist Alvin Toffler. What is
does he wants to high lights in saying this?
A. Illiteracy is being knowledgeable.
B. It is the concept of being a good learner.
C. It is the manner of pursuing your dreams.
D. The long journey that has taken place in the field of education.
14
12. Which is a social institution that taught basic academic knowledge,
learning skills, and cultural norms?
A. Education
B. Formal education
13. Which type of education is usually based in the classroom and the learners
are provided by trained and professional teaching and nonteaching
personnel?
A. Homeschooling
B. Formal education
14. The education that focuses more on skills, more of participatory approach
and is out of a formal structure is nonformal. Which shows scenario of a
nonformal education??
A. Martheena attends her class every day at school.
B. Grace passed the National Certificate on driving.
C. Maggie stays at home and her lesson is conducted by an online
teacher.
D. Allan attends night classes at the nearby university because he is
working during daytime.
15. Livie is already 45 years old but she just completed grade nine level of basic
education. She wanted to go back to school to learn dressmaking. Which
type of education is best for her?
A. Homeschooling
B. Formal education
15
Today’s Top Story:

Directions: Study the headline written on the newspaper. Create a news
story about it.
16
17
Assessment What I Know
1. C 1. D
2. D 2. A
3. B 3. B
4. D 4. B
5. C 5. D
6. D 6. C
7. A 7. D
8. C 8. B
9. C 9. D
10.D 10.C
11.D 11.D
12.A 12.A
13.B 13.C
14.B 14.C
15.D 15.D
Answer Key
References
Al-Shuaibi, Abdulghani. (2014). The Importance of Education. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260075970_The_Importance_of_
Education
Article 14, 1987 Philippine Constitution
Department of Education. Inclusive education. Retrieved from

https://www.deped.gov.ph/k-to-12/inclusive-education/about-alternative-
learning-system/
Education. Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/education.
Little, W., & McGivern R. (2014). Introduction to Sociology -1st Canadian Edition.
Canada: BC Campus. Retrieved from
https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/
Pianfetti E.S., Reese G.C. (2011). Transforming Education. In: Barak M., Hacker M.
(eds) Fostering Human Development Through Engineering and Technology
Education. International Technology Education Studies, vol 6. Sense
Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-549-9_15
18

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Gvornment Programs and
Suggestions in addressing Social
Inequalities
Quarter 1 – Module 10: Government Programs and Suggestions in addressing Social
Inequalities (MELC 10&11).
First Edition, 2020
over them.

Writer: Rich Dela Rosa Baltazar
Ricardo P. Makabenta
Asher H. Pasco
Jesusa L. Partosa
Alfonso V. Mabuting
Illustrator: Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga
Shiela Mae L. Ortiz
Melvin Jan Guarin
Richmond Causaren
Layout Artist: Maria Cristina F. Lim
Allan Gilbert M. Jain
Joseverino B. Laxamana
School Division Superintendent: Lourdes T. Bermudez
Asst. School Division Superintendent: Bernadette T. Luna
CID Chief: Violeta L. Francisco
Division EPS In Charge of LRMS: Marissa O. Aguirre
Name of Division ADM Coordinator: Ednel A. Almoradie

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
Gvornment Programs and
Suggestions in addressing Social
Inequalities
Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Grade 11 Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Government Programs and Suggestions in
addressing Social Inequalities (MELC 10&11).
the module:

1
For the learner:
Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Grade 11 Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Government Programs and Suggestions in
addressing Social Inequalities (MELC 10 & 11).
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
module.

module.





2

competency.

learned concepts.

module.

this module.
not alone.
3
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
discover yourself better through the lens of the people who contribute so much in
your well-being. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
The module is about the Government Programs and Suggestions in addressing
Social Inequalities.
1. explain government programs and initiative in addressing social

inequalities;
2. discuss social inequality, problems it may create and things that we can
do to lessen the impact of social inequality.
3. suggest ways that could address social inequalities that you can
identify within your group or community by creating your own social
class autobiography.
4
What I Know
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1 It is any small group in society that is different from the rest because of their race,
religion, or political beliefs, or a person who belongs to such a group.
A. Minority
B. majority
C. community
D. mob
2. It is the process of improving the terms for individuals and groups to take part in
society” and “the process of improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of people,
disadvantaged on the basis of their identity, to take part in society.
A. social justice
B. social inclusion
C. social exclusion
D. social sciences
3. It is the apparent disparity of the distribution of wealth and an uneven

dissemination of opportunity in the realm of politics, job opportunities, and in other
areas of life.
A. equity
B. equality
C. inequality
D. inclusion
4. It is a human development measure of the national government that provides

conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor, to improve the health, nutrition,
and the education of children aged 0-18.
A. Education for All (EFA)

B. The Philippines’ Conditional Cash Transfer Program: Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4Ps)
C. Service Delivery Network (SDN)
D. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
5. The developmental program provides for the disposal of public alienable and
disposable (A&D) lands with the intent to open up frontier lands while the
redistributive program involves the redistribution of property or rights on private
agricultural lands and the abolition of agricultural (or share) tenancy.

5
6. Under this set-up, every family in a local health system is designated to a health
service provider or health facility within the network to ensure sustained access to
quality healthcare across political, geographical and administrative boundaries.

7. Its thrusts included Early Childhood Development, Universalization of Quality

Primary Education, and Alternative Learning Systems.

8. It is the agency which headed the The Philippines’ Conditional Cash Transfer
Program: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps).
A. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

B. Department of Education (DEPED)
C. Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)
D. Department of Health (DOH)
9. It is the agency which headed the Service Delivery Network (SDN).

B. Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)
C. Department of Health (DOH)
D. Department of Education (DEPED)
10. It is the agency which headed the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
(CARP).
11. It is the agency which headed the Education for All (EFA).
6
12. Social inequality is present in almost all kind of society.
A. true
B. false
C. perhaps
D. most of the time
13. The government does not have any capacity to address social inequality.
A. true
B. false
C. perhaps
D. most of the time
14. According to former President Obama, social inequality is the “defining challenge
of our time”.
A. true
B. false
C. perhaps
D. most of the time
15. Pervasive inequalities might be; it could still be addressed.

A. true
B. false
C. perhaps
D. most of the time
7
What’s In
In the previous lessons, we have learned that inequality, in the context of social
sciences, is the apparent disparity of the distribution of wealth and an uneven
areas of life. This division among resources bring about issues among the classes
which may lead to bigger problems. Some groups in our society enjoy greater status,
power, and wealth than other group which resulted from social stratification
This module is designed to facilitate learners’ insights into one’s journey throughout
the course of understanding culture, society, and politics. At the end of the module,
learners will be able to identify and explain government’s efforts to addressing
pressing social inequality issues.
Since inequalities in the society are critical and sensitive topics,

make sure that you guide the learners in understanding the
general accounts that would be presented in this module.
8
What’s New
Listen to the song “The World Isn’t Fair” by Randy Newman, a singer songwriter
behind the scores for some of Hollywood’s most memorable movies at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FV9dXEFP-Hk. Answer the questions that
follow.
The World Isn’t Fair

by Randy Newman
When Karl Marx was a boy If Marx were living today queens
He took a hard look around He'd be rolling around in his And they'd come there with
He saw people were grave men much like me
starving all over the place And if I had him here in my Froggish men, unpleasant to
While others were painting mansion on the hill see
the town. The public I'd tell him a story t'would Were you to kiss one, Karl
give his old heart a chill Nary a prince would there
spirited boy
be
Became a public spirited It's something that
man happened to me Oh Karl the world isn't fair
So he worked very hard and I'd say, Karl I recently It isn't and never will be
he read everything stumbled They tried out your plan
Until he came up with a plan Into a new family It brought misery instead
With two little children in If you'd seen how they
There'll be no exploitation school worked it
Of the worker or his kin Where all little children You'd be glad you were
No discrimination 'cause of should be dead
the color of your skin I went to the orientation Just like I'm glad I'm living in
No more private property All the young mommies the land of the free
It would not be allowed were there Where the rich just get
No one could rise too high Karl, you never have seen richer
No one could sink too low such a glorious sight And the poor you don't ever
Or go under completely like As these beautiful women have to see
some we all know arrayed for the night It would depress us, Karl
Just like countesses, Because we care
empresses, movie stars and That the world still isn't fair.
1. What did the young Karl Marx notice with the people around him?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. List down all the things that Karl Marx would have wanted to end with
his plan.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Do you agree with the songwriter that the world is not fair?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9
What is It
THE GOVERNMENT AND SOCIAL INEQUALITIES

The prevalence of social
inequality in any society cannot be
dismissed. In fact, President Obama
(2013) said inequality is “the defining
challenge of our time.” It has been
part of us and is ever growing and
expanding as time goes by.
Social inequality can be
describes as a state of social affairs in
which there is difference in
opportunity, status and treatment
among the member of a given society.
As Lee and Rawls (2010) assert it, it is more than just a case of geographic
difference. While persons from economically advantaged backgrounds have always
gone to college at higher rates than their less-privileged peers, these gaps have
expanded since the 1980s.
However pervasive these inequalities might be, though, it could still be
addressed. The government, having identified these inequalities, tries to formulate
viable projects and initiatives to support research on programs, policies, and
practices that reduce inequality in different sectors of the society. It extends to many
areas like youth development, reflecting disparities in arenas beyond education such
as mental health, criminal justice, and workforce development (Alegria, Vallas, and
Pumariega 2010; Fader, Kurlychek, and Morgan 2014; Schwartz, Ferguson, and
Symonds 2010).
The cry of the minority (any small group in society that is different from the
rest because of their race, religion, or political beliefs, or a person who belongs to
such a group) roots from the desire to achieve social inclusion. Social inclusion is a
fundamental principle of social justice. It is the process of improving the terms for
individuals and groups to take part in society” and “the process of improving the
ability, opportunity, and dignity of people, disadvantaged on the basis of their
identity, to take part in society” (World Bank, 2013, pp. 3-4).
In the Philippines, for instance, the gap between rich and poor regions widens
even more. To address this, the National Economic and Development Authority calls
for higher spending on infrastructure and social services.
In 2019, Socioeconomic Planning Undersecretary Adoracion Navarro said the
inequality in gross regional domestic product (GRDP) per capita, or the average
2
income of people in a region, has widened from 2009 to 2018, according to data from
the Philippine Statistics Authority.
The richest among all regions is the National Capital Region (NCR), where the
GRDP per capita as of 2018 stood at P253,893, a 40% jump from the P181,748 in
2009.
The poorest is the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), with its
GRDP per capita barely improving from P14,052 in 2009 to P14,657 in 2018.
This is just one of the many social inequalities identified by the government
which are either already addressed with existing programs or are still being studied
for possible formulation of viable projects.
GOVERNMENT INITIATED PROGRAMS

The following table shows some of the programs the government has developed
to help alleviate social inequalities in the country.
Institutional
Program Description Agency
Project/Initiative
The Philippines’ It is a human development Department of
Conditional Cash measure of the national Social Welfare and
Transfer Program: government that provides Development
Pantawid Pamilyang conditional cash grants to the (DSWD)
Pilipino Program poorest of the poor, to improve
(4Ps) the health, nutrition, and the
education of children aged 0-
18. It is patterned after the
conditional cash transfer (CCT)
schemes in Latin American
and African countries, which
have lifted millions of people
around the world from poverty.
Education For All It articulated the country’s Department of
(EFA) national goals, objectives, Education
policies and strategies, as well
as the regional programs
for implementation for the first
decade of the EFA movement.
Its thrusts included Early
Childhood Development,
Universalization of Quality
Primary Education, and
Alternative Learning Systems.
Service Delivery Under this set-up, every family Department of
Network (SDN) in a local health system is Health
designated to a health service
provider or health facility
within the network to ensure
sustained access to quality
3
healthcare across political,
geographical and
administrative
boundaries.
Comprehensive The developmental program Department of
Agrarian Reform provides for the disposal of Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP) public alienable and
disposable (A&D) lands with
the intent to open up frontier
lands while the
redistributive program involves
the redistribution of property
or rights on private
agricultural lands and
the abolition of agricultural (or
share) tenancy.
Despite these, although people recognize that no single program or project

could actually lead to major changes, the government should still assure that the
measures it is taking are toward approaches, programs, policies, and practices that
work to reduce prevailing inequality in the country.
4
What’s More
If I were a lawmaker
Direction: Pretend to be a lawmaker and read the following situations below. Identify
whether or not social inequality is present in each. If it does, suggest ways on how
to address it. If it does not, justify the claim for equality.
1. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected almost all aspects of human life. In the
early period of the pandemic in the Philippines, there were some reported
incidences that some wealthy and influential people have immediate and
instant access in COVID-19 testing services under government affiliated
agencies. However, the rest of the general public have difficulty to have access
in such kind of health services. As a lawmaker, what can be done to avoid
social inequality in this scenario?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The number of men who contract prostate cancer is about the same as the
number of women getting breast cancer. The disparity in annual government
research funding between the two cancers is striking and discriminatory
(though), illustrating yet again the institutionalized misandry existing in
Western societies. (Ray Blumhorst, National Coalition for Men)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5
3. In Mindanao, the southernmost and second largest of the Philippines' islands,
six of the 10 regions are among the top 10 nationally in terms of poverty rates,
with between 25 and 40 percent of families living in utter poverty. Nationwide,
the 30 most deprived provinces are home to more than one-third of the
Philippines' poorest families, resulting in generational poverty that is
incredibly difficult to emerge from. (Child Fund International)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6
What I Have Learned
Today, I have learned that the government’s programs, projects, and initiatives are
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7
What I Can Do
Direction: Read the additional notes from the teacher and do the activity.
#my_socio_class-autobiography at the end of the lecture notes.
TEACHER’s NOTE
What is Social Inequality?
- The best description of what social inequality is the uneven distribution of

wealth in our country, where few rich people had more, and the less fortunate
people have less in life.
- We often structure society by the way we divide people through different social
classes. Labeling the society as the upper class, middle class and the lower or
working class. These classes were often made on the basis of their jobs and
income. One thing that we know is that as they go up in a social ladder, they
often have better access to education, healthcare, and other services such as
housing, electricity, technology, clean water, and good nutrition.
- One of the best examples of social inequality brought about by this structured
are felt by our minority group of people. They tend to have greater degree of
inequality experienced as manifested by their lower income, lower education
opportunities, reduce access to healthcare
- Aside from our minorities, very poor people also experience greater social
disadvantages.
- Social inequality was also very evident in gender to, we know that being female
carries with them certain disadvantages to social equality and that female
always experience differences in terms of pay from their work, and were not
given equal opportunities to be promoted to higher positions in a private
company or public institutions
What will happen when we have high rates of social inequality?

People might feel that they are socially excluded and politically disempowered.
This feeling may potentially create a combination of things which can lead to civil
unrest and may tempt people to do criminal activities.
8
What can we do about social inequality?
The government has the main duty to wind down if they cannot make it even
all these forms of social inequalities. It is one of the most important functions they
carried out. Their scope of power involves the exercise of authority in the production,
distribution, and use of resources. This describes who gets what and under what
circumstances.
Variety of government schemes to allow financial support or social support

like such as food stamps for individuals facing considerable hardships. They can try
and identify and remove barriers to healthcare and education for people facing
hardships. They can carry out further research into these vulnerable populations to
help understand their needs and try to figure out suitable interventions where they
can make a difference into lives of these people and allow them to integrate better to
our and become productive members of society.
Addressing social inequality was not the role of the government at all. Other
people and organizations may take initiative to come together to push for the
advancement of their common interests by means of collective actions. These
organizations known as the civil society organizations and non-governmental
organizations are consider as non-state, nonprofit, and voluntary organizations play
an important role in addressing problems of inequality. They were considered as the
third sector of the society who work side by side with government and business
sectors. One example are the private and business foundations and independent
NGO’s of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation helping the poor in the developing and
undeveloped countries. Red Cross Philippines provides emergency relief, health
needs and basic needs assistance of those who are in need. Trade Union of the
Philippines which provides help and legal assistance to our working class who
experiences injustices and maltreatment in the workplace.
Social inequality remains a problem and should be everybody’s concern.
Global peace will not be possible for as long as problems arising from this inequality
persisted. As what Nelson Mandela of South Africa said and I quoted; “As long as
poverty, injustice and gross inequality persist in our world none of us can truly rest.”
So make your move and do you share.
Activity #my_socio_class-autobiography
After reading the additional teacher notes, you are tasked to make your own
Social Class Autobiography. In this activity you are given a chance to tell described
the social class where you currently belong to (upper, middle, lower). What made
you think that it is where that you belong to? In your own social class autobiography,
make sure to link your experiences to different class privileges or social inequality
that you might think you had encountered. Connect it to ideas that we have
discussed in this module like issues on poverty, education, healthcare, food, water,
etc. You might also include your dreams and aspirations in life and things that you
want to be and how you can reach that goals and objectives.
Your autobiography should contain an introduction and a conclusion, and it
should address the following questions.:
9
1. Cite at least two events from your life that you experienced social inequality.
Describe how these occurred.
2. From these experienced, take time to analyze these experiences and how does
each event tell in relation to poverty, wealth, inequality, or privilege.
3. Reflect on what you have learned from examining your social class in your life.
4. Suggest solutions to the experience you shared and how it can be avoided.
5. Is there something that the government can do to help you with the problems
you and your social class are now facing especially during this time of
pandemic?
10
Assessment
Direction. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1, It is the apparent disparity of the distribution of wealth and an uneven
areas of life.
A. equity
B. equality
C. inequality
D. inclusion
2. It is the process of improving the terms for individuals and groups to take part in
society” and “the process of improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of people,
disadvantaged on the basis of their identity, to take part in society.
A. social justice
B. social inclusion
C. social exclusion
D. social sciences
3. It is any small group in society that is different from the rest because of their race,
religion, or political beliefs, or a person who belongs to such a group.
A. minority
B. majority
C. community
D. mob
4. It is a human development measure of the national government that provides

conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor, to improve the health, nutrition,
and the education of children aged 0-18.
5. The developmental program provides for the disposal of public alienable and
disposable (A&D) lands with the intent to open up frontier lands while the
redistributive program involves the redistribution of property or rights on private
agricultural lands and the abolition of agricultural (or share) tenancy.

11
6. Under this set-up, every family in a local health system is designated to a health
service provider or health facility within the network to ensure sustained access to
quality healthcare across political, geographical and administrative boundaries.

7. Its thrusts included Early Childhood Development, Universalization of Quality

Primary Education, and Alternative Learning Systems.

8. It is the agency which headed the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

(CARP).

9. It is the agency which headed the Service Delivery Network (SDN).

10 It is the agency which headed the The Philippines’ Conditional Cash

Transfer Program: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps).

B. Department of Education (DEPED)
C. Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)
D. Department of Health (DOH)
11. It is the agency which headed the Education for All (EFA).

12
12. However pervasive inequalities might be; it could still be addressed.
A. True
B. false
C. perhaps
D. most of the time
13. The government does not have any capacity to address social inequality.
A. true
B. false
C. perhaps
D. most of the time
14. According to former President Obama, social inequality is the “defining challenge
of our time”.
A. true
B. false
C. perhaps
D. most of the time
15. Social inequality is a present is almost all kind of society.
A. true
B. false
C. perhaps
D. most of the time
13
Evaluating my Current Progress

Direction: Formulate and suggest an advocacy programs that would address social
inequalities in the following situations.
a. gender inequality in the workplace

b. inequality in healthcare
c. inequality in education
Title of suggested advocacy program: ____________________________
Beneficiaries: ___________________________________________________
Program Description: ___________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
14
15
What I Know Assessment
1. B 1. c
2. C 2. b
3. A 3. a
4. D 4. b
5. A 5. d
6. C 6. c
7. D 7. a
8. A 8. b
9. D 9. c
10.B 10.a
11.C 11.d
12.D 12.a
13.C 13.b
14.A 14.a
15.D 15.a
Answer Key
References
Alegria, M., Vallas, M., & Pumariega, A. (2010). Racial and ethnic disparities in
pediatric mental health. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North
America, 19, 759-774.
“Closing the Social Inequality Gap in the Philippines.” ChildFund, 2019.

https://www.childfund.org/Content/NewsDetail/2147489041/.
Katatrepsis, Katatrepsis. “Why Does Breast Cancer Research Receive More Research
Funding than Prostate Cancer?” Katatrepsis, October 30, 2012.
https://katatrepsis.com/2012/10/30/why-does-breast-cancer-research-
receive-more-research-funding-than-prostate-cancer/.
Lee, Jr., J. M., & Rawls, A. (2010). The College completion agenda: 2010 progress
report. New York: College Board. Available at:
http://completionagenda.collegeboard.org/reports.
Obama, B. (2013, December 4). Remarks by the President on economic mobility.

Washington, DC: The White House. Available at:
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2013/12/04/remarks-president-
economic-mobility
“Programs and Policies: GOVPH.” Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines,
2020. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/programs/.
Rivas, Ralf. “IN CHARTS: Rich Philippine Regions Get Richer, Poor Ones Barely
Improve.” Rappler, 2019. https://www.rappler.com/business/231871-charts-
regions-get-richer-poor-ones-barely-improve-philippines.
Gamoran, Adam. “Inequality Is the Problem: Prioritizing Research on Reducing

Inequality .” Rep. Inequality Is the Problem: Prioritizing Research on Reducing
Inequality . California, USA: William T. Grant Foundation , 2013.
VM;, Fiorati RC;Elui. “Social Determinants of Health, Inequality and Social Inclusion
Among People With Disabilities.” Revista latino-americana de enfermagem. U.S.
National Library of Medicine, 2015.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26039305/.
16

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

New Challenges in
Contemporary Societies
Quarter 2 – Module 6: New Challenges in Contemporary Societies
First Edition, 2020
over them.

Writer: Emelyn Leaban-Cruz
Camille Grace T. Singkac
Emily R. Quintos
Asher H. Pasco
Jesusa L. Partosa
Alfonso V. Mabuting
Illustrators: Shiela Mae L. Ortiz
Maria Babylyn B. Nevalga
Layout Artists: Allan Gilbert M. Jain
Maria Cristina F. Lim
Schools Division Superintendent: Cherrylou D. Repia
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Elias A. Alicaya, Jr. & Ivan
Bryan L. Inductivo
CID Chief: Elpidia B. Bergado
Division EPS In Charge of LRMS: Noel S. Ortega
Learning Area EPS: Emily R. Quintos
Division ADM Coordinator:

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
New Challenges in
Contemporary Societies
Welcome to the UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS for Grade 11

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on New Challenges in Contemporary
Societies (MELC 12)
the module:

ii
For the learner:
(ADM) Module on New Challenges to Human Adaptation and Social Change
module.

module.







competency.

iii
learned concepts.

module.

this module.
not alone.
iv
What I Need to Know
The module is about the new challenges in contemporary societies.

1. describe how human societies adapt to new challenges in the physical, social
and cultural environment.
2. analyze how human societies adapt to new challenges in global warming and
climate change.
3. identify the concepts of transnational migration and Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs) across the world.
4. value the importance of adaptation in the physical, social and cultural
environment.
1
What I Know
Use separate sheet for your answers.
A. Instruction: Read the following questions carefully. Choose the letter of the
correct answer.
1. Which of the following change denotes alterations in the governmental aspect of a

society, such as changes in the administrative, executive, legislative, judicial, and
constitutional processes, systems, and structures?
A. Social change
B. Cultural change
C. Physical change
D. Political change
2. What is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature
the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently
changing the Earth’s climate?
A. Globalization
B. Global Warming
C. Greenhouse Effect
D. Weather Condition
3. Which of the following aims to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and can help
avoid, reduce or delay impacts, and should be implemented in order to ensure that
adaptation capacity is not exceeded?
A. Mitigation
B. Assimilation
C. Current Adaption
D. Vulnerability of populations
4. What is the term often used to refer to Filipino migrant workers, people with
Filipino citizenship who reside in another country for a limited period of employment?
A. Filipino Migrants
B. Filipino Workers Abroad
C. Filipino Domestic Helper
D. Overseas Filipino Workers
5. How does our OFW’s help the economy?

A. Through their remittances
B. Through love for their family
C. Through their participation in national issue
D. Through their subscription in online communities such as OFW
Facebook
2
B. Instruction: Write TRUE if the statements suggest effect of global warming
and FALSE if not.
1. ______ Rainfall Patterns

2. ______ Surface Temperature and Cyclones
3. ______ Coastline Changes
4. ______ Water level changes
5. ______ Food productivity
6. ______ Forest Cover
7. ______ Desertification of Lands
8. ______ Plantation
9. ______ Hurricane
10. ______ Earthquake
3
What’s In
Before we proceed, let us go back with some of the important concepts about society
on social stratification and inequality which relate our discussion.
According to Marxist Theory, social stratification is created by the differing

economic capacities among people and their relationships to the means or the factors
of production. In a society, two distinct classes can be created which feature those
who own the factors or means of production and those who sell their labor in the
production chain to those who own the means. This basically creates the employer-
employee relation in most societies. Apart from these two distinct groups, Karl Marx
also recognized two other groups that do not belong to either but are somehow related
to the two large groups:
 The Petite Bourgeoisie- those who own some of the means of productions but
their profit earning power is not enough to earn them a position among the
bourgeoisie
 The Underclass- includes those who have no social status
Social Stratification is a form of inequality that occurs due to the inherent

differences between human beings and can be determined by race, gender, age, and
economic capacity among other distinguishing features. The differentiation is done
to mark one group as superior over another which leads to social classes arranged
as hierarchies.
Let’s have a drill!
Where do the following items belong? Is it (A) Bourgeoisie or (B) Underclass?
1. ___Craftsmen 6. ___Merchants
2. ___Artisans 7. ___Landlords
3. ___Wage earners 8. ___Car buyers
4. ___Employer 9. ___Company owners
5. ___Beggars 10. ___Employee
4
What’s New
Let’s read the situations and answer the questions below.
1. You are about to go home from school. You decide to buy snacks just before
you ride a bus. You sit near the doorway where you find your convenience of
eating your snacks. When you finished your snacks and about to throw plastic
container of your milk tea, you noticed there was no trash bin inside the bus.
When the bus suddenly stops to unload passengers, you saw huge trash bins
at the unloading station. You are about to stand up to take an opportunity of
throwing your trash but then the bus moves to leave.
Guide Question: As a citizen, how can you protect, conserve, and restore our
environment?
Answer:___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Your parents found an opportunity to work abroad. They work hard to earn
money for your family. They even save money for your studies to continue
education. There are times they feel homesick as they miss celebrating
occasions like birthdays, Christmas and family reunions. The only way for
them to communicate with you is through Facebook but then they have
limited time to catch even 30 minutes as their boss employer is strict when it
comes to work schedule.
Guide Question: How can you make your OFW feel that they are special and
valuable?
Answer:___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5
What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to read to deepen
your understanding about the topic. Please do it with comprehension to discover
knowledge that will help you out in dealing with the next phase of your quest.
New Challenges Contemporary Societies:

Human Adaptation and Social Change
“As human beings we do change, grow, adapt,

perhaps even learn and become wiser.”
- Wendy Carlos
A progressive society requires social change. However, there are challenges

which we must overcome in order to ensure this. With the society’s development
comes a new challenge that everyone must face. Everyone must realize that
responding to social, political, and cultural change has a great impact to the society.
Many of the changes that people have experienced throughout the history
come with numerous challenges which must overcome. It is for this reason that
people devised various ways of dealing with social, political, and cultural change
through involvement and collective action. These actions are what we need in order
to respond to the social, political, and cultural changes that are happening.
Social change, in anthropology and sociology, refers to the modification of

mechanisms, means methods, or systems within the social structure, characterized
by alterations in social relationships, social order social symbols, social
organizations, value system, or rules of behaviour. Examples of social change include
the industrial revolution, the abolition of slavery, the civil rights movement and the
women's suffrage movement, etc.
Cultural change could be seen in the practices, institutions, technology,

societal laws, ethos or mores (moral norms), manners, value systems, customs,
traditions, habits, beliefs, arts, music, and literatures. Some of the examples are
changes in the manner of choosing a spouse and adopting a new lifestyle.
Political Change, on the other hand, denotes alterations in the governmental

aspect of a society, such as changes in the administrative, executive, legislative,
judicial, and constitutional processes, systems, and structures. Examples are
constitutional amendments and the shift from presidential to parliamentary form of
government.
6
Global Warming and Climate Change
Global warming is generally described as a
gradual increase in the average temperature of the
Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans. It is mainly caused
heat being trapped in the earth known as greenhouse
effect. This environmental change is irreversible, and
later would permanently change the earth’s climate.
As such, climate change becomes a global concern to
every nation, especially to those highly industrialized
countries.
Greenhouse Gases and Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse Effect is the process wherein radiation from the earth’s
atmosphere warms its surface to a temperature above what it would be in the
absence of its atmosphere. It is caused by greenhouse gases.
Effects of Climate Change
1. Rainfall patterns
2. Surface temperature and
cyclones
3. Coastline Changes
4. Water level changes
5. Food productivity
6. Forest cover
7. Desertification of lands
Ways to Address Global Warming

1. Current adaptation strategies
Humans have to strategize in order to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
We can adapt through minimizing our carbon emission and adopt a more
environmental-friendly methods of living such as electric-based transportation.
However, adaptation alone is not expected to be able to cope with environmental
effects of climate change since some of the effects of global warming are irreversible
already.
2. Vulnerability of populations to climate change
Human population is vulnerable to climate change caused by different factors
such as pollution, conflicts, or epidemics. We can engage on sustainable development
activities, such as reforestation, recycling and the use of renewable resources to help
human societies reduce their vulnerability to climate change.
3. Mitigation and adaptation

Mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gases emission can help to avoid,
reduce or delay impacts of climate change to ensure that the adaptation capacity of
people is maximize in its full efficiency.
7
International Agreements
is an
international environmental
treaty adopted on 9 May
1992 and opened for
signature at the Earth
Summit in Rio de
Janeiro from 3 to 14 June
1992
The UNFCCC objective is to "stabilize greenhouse

gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"
In 2015 the Paris

In 1997, the Kyoto Agreement was
The parties to the Protocol was adopted, governing
convention have met concluded and emission reductions
annually from 1995 established legally from 2020 on through
in Conferences of the binding obligations commitments of
Parties (COP) to for developed countries in
assess progress in countries to reduce Nationally
dealing with climate their greenhouse gas Determined
change. emissions in the Contributions,
period 2008–2012. lowering the target to
1.5 °C.
8
Although the climate problem will not be solved without government
responses, various private sectors such as business corporations, advocacy groups,
and other non-governmental institutions are actively engaging to reduce the cause
of climate problem specifically global warming.
Accordingly, the private sectors are particularly important because climate

policy is shared responsibility between the public and private sectors of the society.
The private sector responses also called as private climate governance can be
collaborated with government responses.
Transnational Migration: Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)

Since the late 20th century, the rise of globalization has changed the concept
of migration. Improvements in transportation, communication, and financial
systems have made it easier for people to migrate to work in another country but still
provide for their families in their home countries by sending their earning home.
Transnational Migration is a global phenomenon that is mounting scope,

complexity and impact. Migration is both a cause and effect of broader development
processes and an intrinsic feature of our globalizing world.
Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)

Filipinos often have the mindset that when they work abroad, they would be
able to support and sustain the needs of the families away from poverty.
Overseas Filipino Workers is a term often used to refer to Filipino migrant

workers, people with Filipino citizenship who reside in another country for a limited
period of employment. OFW Immigrants go to other countries because of poverty.
These people migrate for economic purposes. Their primary goal is to earn much
larger amount of salary to support their families in their home country.
The sacrifices of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) make just to provide a
better life for their families earned them the
title of the nation’s bagong bayani (new
heroes).In recent years, the improvement of
the economy often attributed to their
remittances further cemented their mark in
the Philippines. According to the Philippine
Overseas Employment Administration
(POEA), there were a total of 1,844,406 OFWs
in 2015 – 1,437,875 land-based and 406,531
sea-based.
Empowering OFWs
Overseas Filipino Workers’ (OFWs) face a lot of challenges as they seek a better
opportunity abroad. Because of difference in social and cultural structures of other
countries, OFWs are prone to violence manifested through labor exploitation, abuse
of employers, leading to some legal issues. Despite the difficulties faced by the OFWs,
9
they are persistently pursuing to work abroad to lift their families from poverty. Other
OFWs have chosen to work abroad for better salary, which the local employers could
not provide them. Still, there are OFWs who are forced to work abroad due to
underemployment caused by job mismatch in work opportunity and workers’ skills
in the country. Nonetheless, there are few non-governmental organizations that
continuously provide support system to OFWs to protect their rights, and assist them
to fulfil their employment goals while working abroad.
10
What’s More
Activity 1: Explore Your Analytical Mind

Direction: Answer the questions based on what you just read.
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having greenhouse gases in

the atmosphere?
Answer:
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. How does global warming and climate change affect human and environment?
Answer:
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. How do OFWs help to improve the economic status of the Philippines?
Answer:
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the pros and cons of being an OFW in relation to social stratification
and inequality?
Answer:
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
11
Activity 2: Test your Creativity
Direction: Make a creative piece of work for the following themes. It could be in the
form of poster, slogan, song, or a poem. Write your work in a sheet provided.
1. Saving the earth: Cooling Down Our World!

2. Pinoy Abroad: Economic Heroes of Our Country
CRITERIA FOR GRADING A CREATIVE PRESENTATION
CRITERIA DESCRIPTION POINTS POINTS

OBTAINED
Piece of Work Achieves precision and 10
clarity in presenting
compelling and fully
developed ideas.
Creativity Original, unique, and 5
cogent ideas, phrasing,
and products.
Organization Organization is convincing 5
and well structured.
Total 20
12
What I Have Learned
Gains for Brains
Direction: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words or phrases to complete the
sentences/ paragraphs.
In this module, the topic was on __________________________________________.

This discusses about ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
To describe how human in society adapt to new challenges in the physical,

social and cultural environment, I was taught about ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________. Adapting to new challenges in
global warming and climate change can be analyzed through _____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
I learned about concepts of transnational migration and Overseas Filipino

Workers (OFWs) across the world which talk about ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
I also learned that it matters to value the importance of human adaptation to

new challenges and change in our society and the world as a whole. Valuing its
importance can really be realized in this module because _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
13
What I Can Do
COVID-19
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new strain of virus
first detected in Wuhan, China in 2019. COVID-19 is known to target a person’s
respiratory system. Infected patients may exhibit symptoms such as fever, cough,
shortness of breath, and in some cases, muscle pain and sore throat. Some patients
may also be asymptomatic. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO)
has characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic due to the exponential increase of the
number of cases in more than 100 countries. On March16, 2020, President Rodrigo
Roa Duterte placed the entire Philippines under a State of Calamity amid the threats
posed by COVID-19.
Activity 1: S-P-E-C Analysis

Direction: Explain how the statement above affects the social, political,
environmental and cultural settings of the Philippines. Express also your views on
how you going to response to these changes
How COVID-
Explanation: Your Response:
19 affects:
Social Change:
Political
Change:
Environmental
Change:
Cultural
Change:
14
Activity 2: Challenge Accepted!
Direction: Put a check mark ()on each item if you honestly do the following:
___1. wearing face mask at home and outside the house

___2. washing hands for 20 seconds
___3. drinking a glass of water every 15 minutes of the day
___4. eating fruits and vegetables each day
___5. doing simple body exercise at home
Activity 3: Mind Mapping

Direction: Create a mind map about the Distance Learning that we have in the
educational system. Consider its significance to the so- called “new normal” life amid
COVID- 19 pandemic. Share your thoughts and feelings to the class.
DISTANCE
LEARNING
15
Assessment
Direction: Choose one social issue from the ones listed below and write your own
personal and social experience or knowledge based on the lesson. Write your
reflection on a separate sheet of paper.
A. 2018 fourth warmest year in continued warming trend according to NASA,

NOAA
B. Climate change a ‘day-to-day problem’: Duterte
(Dharel Placido, ABS-CBN News)
C. OFW in Riyadh cries for help after employer ‘tried’ to kiss her
(Raymon Dullana, Rappler News)
Chosen Topic: _________________________________________________________
CRITERIA FOR GRADING A REFLECTION PAPER

OBTAINED
The student was able to

choose one scenario and
Content was able to interpret 10
personal and social
experiences using
concepts discussed in this
lesson.
Analysis was clear and

concise based on the data
Analysis presented. 6
The paper was well-written

with ideas easily conveyed
Organization to readers. 4
Total: 20
16
Let’s make a re-search!
Undertake a research concerning the following topics and present your findings.
Make sure to highlight the importance of addressing issues about global warming
and the OFWs. Attach to this module your research project.
1. Government strategies to fight climate change.
2. Effects of global warming to the economic growth of the Philippines for the
last decade.
3. Effective plans to bring OFWs back home.
CRITERIA FOR GRADING A RESEARCH PAPER

OBTAINED
Sufficiency The research paper 15
provides sufficient
information.
Accuracy The research paper 10
provides accurate
information.
Organization The research paper 5
exhibits clear and
organized presentation of
thought
Total: 30
17
18
What's In What I Know
1. A 1. D
2. A 2. B
3. B 3. A
4. A 4. D
5. B 5. A
6. A
7. A 1. TRUE
8. A 2. TRUE
9. A 3. TRUE
10. B 4. TRUE
5. TRUE
6. TRUE
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. FALSE
10. FALSE
Answer Key
References
Adedeji, O. et al. (2014). “Global Climate Change”. In Journal of Geoscience and

Environment Protection, 2 (2), pp. 114-122. Retrieved from DOI:
10.4236/gep.2014.22016
Ducanes, G. & Abella, M. (2008). Overseas Filipino Workers and Their Impact on
Household Poverty. ILO Asian Regional Programme on Governance of Labour
Migration. Bangkok, Thailand: International Labour Organization. Retrieved
from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-
bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_160330.pdf
Junior, E.C & Clarissa Brandão, C. (2008). “Global Contemporary Challenges:

Convergences Scenario in International Law”. In Revista Direito GV, São Paulo,
5 (2), pp. 93-108. Retrieved from
https://www.scielo.br/pdf/rdgv/v5n2/en_09.pdf
Overseas Filipino Workers. http://www.poea.gov.ph/
United Nations. (1994), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-
convention/what-is-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-
change
19

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Understanding

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Armando D. Ison

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

For the Learner:

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know

What I Have Learned

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Learning Task 1: #Walang Forever –

Before COVID-19 During COVID-19

View of the world

1. Can we consider these changes as examples of social change? Why or why

Culture Society Politics

Answers the What does it mean to be How do we study society?

Where do you come from? What is life to people living in

Where did it Anthropology started as a Sociology emerged as an

Sociology started as the study of

During that time, emerging

Who started Franz Boas –considered as the Auguste Comte – French

Concept Anthroplogy is the study of Sociology is the study of society,

Subjects of Biological anthropology refers Anything in a society that

- See the commonalities -Obtain possible theories and

Origin - The study of political science was started by the ancient

Learning Task 3: #MY PERSONAL SOCIAL MAP

Social class Type of community (urban/rural)

Answer the following questions

Description of your society

What I Have Learned

I’ve Learned today that

Issue/Problem Discipline/s in social science you will

a. Anthropology b. Political Science c. Sociology

a. Anthropology c. Political Science

10. A researcher chose to write about indigenous people in Mindanao and he

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Melany C. Arcangel

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

The module presents the topics on:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Learning Task 1: #LearningStationActivity

Learning Task 2: #wordhunt101

Learning Task 3: #situation-analysis

Evangelista family was known for

The way Filipinos celebrate New

A gay fashion designer,

Karlo and Andrea used to

2. Culture varies from society to society.

5. Culture is transmitted among members of society.

6. Culture is continuous and cumulative.

2G.M. Lanuaza and S.S.Raymundo, Understanding

Theme: Culture and Society as a Complex Whole

Culture and society as a complex whole means it encompasses the

Learning Task 6: #Let’sSumUp!

Learning Task 7: #pi-YES-ta!

Local Government Unit

Peace and Order Private Individual

1. Sinulog Festival is Cebuano’s way of honoring Sto. Nino; Pangasinan’s

Culture will never be a culture without ______________________________.

Published by the Department of Education