International Affairs

41st Written
Conceptual Issues: Chapter- 02

38Zg: f½yi ivóª (Fragile State) I e¨_© ivóª (Failed State)? [*****]
IqvwksUb wfwËK The Fund for the Peace and Foreign Policy 2005 mvj ‼_‽K e¨_© iv‽óªi m~PK cÖKvk K‽i AvmwQj|
2014 mvj ‼_‽K ms¯'vwU e¨_© iv‽óªi cwie‽Z© f½yi ivóª ev Fragile State wn‽m‽e m~PK cÕKvk K‽i| ZLb ‼_‽KB
AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‽Z f½yi iv‽óªi aviYv cvIqv hvq| RvwZms‽Ni Dbœqb MÕæ‽ci (UNDG) g‽Z c„w_ex‽Z 26%
RbMY f½yi iv‽óªi emevmKvix Ges 35-50wU ‼`k f½yi iv‽óªi AšÍf©y³ Av‽Q|
The Fund for the Peace and Foreign Policy bvgK cÖwZôvbwUi wn‽m‽e wb‽¤œv³ 12wU m~P‽Ki g‽a¨ (10 K‽i 120 b¤^i)
Mo m~PKgvb 3.5 Gi wb‽P n‽j ‼m ‼`k‽K f½yi ivóª ejv hv‽e bv| m~PK¸‽jv n‽jv:
01. RbmsL¨vMZ Pvc
02. DØv¯` n‽q we‽`k Mgb
03. Awfevmb I ‼gav cvPvi
04. `vwi`ª¨ I g›`v
05. D‽ËRbv I mwnsmZv
06. ÿgZvi Ø›Ø
07. ˆe‽`wkK mvnv‽h¨i Dci wbf©ikxjZv
08. Amg Dbœqb
09. miKvwi ‼mev
10. iv‽óªi ˆeaZv
11. c×wZMZ bxwcoY
12. gvbevwaKvi
Aciw`‽K wek^ e¨vs‽Ki Country Policy and Infrastructural Assessment (Good Governance) m~P‽K ejv nq, hw`
‼Kvb ‼`‽ki m~PKgvb 3.2 Gi Kg nq Zvn‽j ‼mB ivóª f½yi ivóª&| GQvovI ※
K. ‼`kwU IDA Gi F‽Yi Dci wbf©ikxj Ges
L. AšÍZ 3 evi kvwšÍiÿx wgk‽bi Dci k„•Ljv wbf©i K‽i|
e¨_© ivóª: Aa¨v‽qi Av‽jvPbvq Av‽Q|

38Zg: eûRvwZK ivóª ej‡Z wK eySvq? [****]

eûRvwZK ivóª n‽jv `yB ev Z‽ZvwaK RvwZ ev iv‽óªi mgš^‽q MwVZ| GwU RvwZivóªi wecixZ aviYv| RvwZ ivóª GKwU wbw`©ó
‼Mvôxi wecyj bvMwi‽Ki mgš^‽q MwVZ n‽q _v‽K, Avi eûRvwZK iv‽óªi A‽bK¸‽jvi RvwZi mgš^‽q MwVZ nq| fvlv, wkÿv-
ms¯‹…wZ, RxebhvÎv, ag© I HwZn¨MZ wgj i‽q‽Q Ggb Rb‽Mvôx‽K RvwZ e‽j| hw` GKwU ‼`k wewfbœ RvwZi mgš^‽q M‽o I‽V
Ges ci¯úi wbivcËvi Rb¨ GKwU ivóª MV‽b AvMÕnx nq, Zv‽K eûRvwZK ivóª e‽j|
Alain Dieckhoff Gi g‽Z.
ÒThe term ‘Multinational’ state is often used to cover too wide a range of states.Ó
mywbw`©ó f~-L‽Ð ¯^-kvm‽bi j‽ÿ¨ eûRvwZwfwËK iv‽óªi D™¢e N‽U| eûRvwZwfwËK ivóª GKw`‽K ‼hgb RvZxqZvi wfwË‽Z
MwVZ, ‼Zgwb Zv ¯^vaxb I mve©‽fØg| RvZxqZv‽ev‽a DØy×
Rb‽Mvôx Ab¨‽`i ‼_‽K wb‽R‽`i ¯^Zš¿ g‽b K‽i e‽j, Zviv
eûRvwZwfwËK ivóª M‽o ‼Zv‽j|

ˆewkó¨:
K. eûRvwZK iv‽óª eûa‽g©i, eûe‽Y©i, eûfvlvi gvbyl emevm K‽i|
L. GK I Awfbœ RvZxqZv‽ev‽a Zviv DØy×|
M. b„-ZvwË¡K RvZxqZv A‽cÿv ivR‰bwZK ivwóªK RvZxqZv we`¨gvb
N. iv‽óªi wbR¯^ GKUvB cZvKv, RvZxq m½xZ I Awfbœ RvZxq jÿ¨ _v‽K|
D`vniY: Avgv‽`i cvk^©eZ©x ivóª fviZ| fvi‽Z wewfbœ RvwZ-‽Mvôx wg‽j GKwU RvZxqZv ‼ev‽a DØy× n‽q Zviv GKwU eûRvwZK
ivóª M‽o Zz‽j‽Q|
eûivwóªK RvwZ (Multi-nation State): GKB ms¯‹…wZi AvIZvq A‽bK¸‽jv ‼`‽ki RbMY‽K GK‽Î eûivwóªK RvwZ ev Multi-
Nation State e‽j| ‼hgb, Rvg©vb RvwZ ej‽Z Rvg©vb fvlvq K_v Ggb RvwZ‽K eySvq| ‼m‽ÿ‽Î, Rvg©vwb, Aw÷ªqv I
myBRvij¨v‽Ûi RbMY‽K eûivwóªK RvwZ e‽j|

38Zg: Ôf~-LÐÕ Ges Ôf~-LÐMZ ALÐZvÕi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx? [****]

f~-LÐ:
ivóª MV‽bi Rb¨ wbw`©ó f~-LÐ Acwinvh©| f~-LÐ Qvov ivóª MVb Kiv hvq bv| ‼Kvb iv‽óªi f~-LÐ Ab¨vb¨ iv‽óªi RbMY KZ©„K
AwaK…Z f~-LÐ ‼_‽K Avjv`v n‽Z n‽e| iv‽óªi f~-LÐ ej‽Z ïay ¯'jfvM‽KB ‼evSvq bv| iv‽óªi mxgvbvi g‽a¨ Aew¯'Z ¯'j, Rj
Ges AvKvkmxgvI Gi Aš©Íf~³| f~-M‽f©i Af¨šÍi¯' m¤ú`I iv‽óªi wbqš¿‽Y|
DcK~jxq ivóª mgy`ª mxgvi wKQz As‽ki Dci cÕvavb¨ we¯ÍviKvix kw³| GB me wKQz f~-L‽Ði AvIZvfz³|
f~-LÐMZ ALÐZv:
f~-LÐ ‼hgb iv‽óªi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb ‼Zgwb ivóªMVb cÕwµqvq (State making process) f~-LÐMZ ALÐZvI Acwinvh©| f~-
LÐMZ ALÐZv n‽jv ‼Kvb wbw`©ó f~-L‽Ði ev iv‽óªi mxgvi g‽a¨ RvwZMZ, fvlvMZ, mvs¯‹…wZK I A_©‰bwZK w`K w`‽q HK¨‽K
eySvq| mve©‽fØgZ¡ ‼hgb ‼Kvb iv‽óªi AwefvR¨: An¯ÍvšÍi ‼hvM¨, m‽e©v”P I Pig ÿgZv eySvq Ab¨ w`‽K f~ -LÐMZ ALÐZv
ej‽Z ‼Kvb wbw`©ó f~-LÐ ev iv‽óªi Af¨šÍ‽i Aew¯'Z RvwZ, fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ BZ¨vw` w`K w`‽q wew”Qbœ ev c„_K Rb‽Mvôxi g‽a¨
HK¨ cÕwZôv Kiv‽K eySvq|

f~-LÐ f~-LÐMZ ALÐZv

ivóª MV‽bi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb RvwZ‽Mvôx MV‽bi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb
iv‽óªi f~-LÐ ‼fØ‽MvwjK w`K w`‽q ALwÐZ ev f~-LÐMZ ALÐZv n‽jv GB f~-L‽Ði wewfbœ RvwZ ev m¤úª`v‽qi
wØLwÐZ ev eûLwÐZ n‽Z cv‽i g‽a¨ HK¨
f~-LÐ n‽jv iv‽óªi mxgvi g‽a¨ Aew¯'Z ¯'j, Rj f~-LÐMZ ALÐZv n‽jv GB mxgvi g‽a¨ Aew¯'Z Rb‽Mvôxi g‽a¨
Ges AvKvkmxgv fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ, A_©bxwZ I mvgvwRK w`‽q ALÐZv cÕwZôv Kiv
hy× ev msN‽l©i mgq f~-LÐ GKB _v‽K hy× ev msN‽l©i mgq f~-LÐMZ ALÐZv bvI _vK‽Z cv‽i
37Zg: ivóª MV‡bi Dcv`vb wnmv‡e mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ¸iæZ¡ wK? [**********]
iv‽óªi PviwU ‼gØwjK Dcv`v‽bi g‽a¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU Dcv`vb n‽jv mve©‽fØgZ¡| mve©‽fØgZ¡ n‽jv iv‽óªi Pig ÿgZv| wb‽Ri
wm×všÍ wb‽R wb‽Z cvivi ÿgZvB mve©‽fØgZ¡| Ab¨ ‼Kvb iv‽óªi ‼Kv‽bv n¯Í‽ÿc Qvov ivóª cwiPvjbvi ¯^vaxbZv ‼fvM Kivi bvgB
mve©‽fØgZ¡|
ivóª MV‡b mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ¸iæZ¡:
1. 1648 mv‽ji Peace of Westphalia ‼Z ejv Av‽Q, A state must be sovereign. A_©vr, mve©‽fØgZ¡ Qvov ivóª n‽Z cv‽i
bv| ZvB, ej‽Z n‽e ivóª MVb Ki‽Z n‽j mve©‽fØgZ¡ cÕ‽qvRb|
1. iv‽óªi GKwU Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‽jv Af¨šÍixY f~wg, m¤ú` I RbM‽Yi Dci iv‽óªi GK”QÎ KZ©„Z¡ _vK‽e| hv‽K iv‽óªi
mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i Af¨šÍixY iƒc ejv nq|
2. mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i evwn¨K iƒc n‽jv GKwU mve©‽fØg iv‽óª Ab¨ ivóª n¯Í‽ÿc Ki‽e bv| A_©vr mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i gva¨‽gB GKwU
iv‽óªi wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e|
3. RbM‽Yi B”Qvi cÕwZdjb Qvov ivóª MwVZ n‽Z cv‽i bv| Avi RbM‽Yi G B”Qvi cÕwZdjb wbwðZ K‽i mve©‽fØgZ¡|
4. mve©‽fØgZ¡ Qvov ivóªxq mxgvbvi myiÿv, ewntivóªxq AbycÕ‽ek I n¯Í‽ÿc ‼_‽K wbR ivóª‽K myiÿv ‼`Iqv m¤¢e bq Ges
iv‽óªi ALÐZv wbwðZ Kiv ev wUwK‽q ivLv hvq bv|
5. mve©‽fØgZ¡ Qvov ivóª miKv‽ii KZ…©Z¡ ¯'vcb Ki‽Z cv‽i bv| A_©vr, bvgme©¯^ miKvi _v‽K gvÎ|
6. mve©‽fØg ÿgZv ‼gØwjK I Pig| iv‽óªi wfZ‽i I evB‽i Zvi mgKÿ ev Zvi D‽aŸ© ‼Kv‽bv ÿgZv _vK‽Z cv‽i bv|
7. mve©‽fØgZ¡nxb ivóª‽K ejv nq de facto state. Z‽e mve©‽fØgZ¡ _vK‽j ejv nq de jure state.
D`vniY: mve©‽fØgZ¡ Av‽Q e‽jB 2012 mvj ‼_‽K c¨v‽j÷vBb wjev‽ikb AM©vbvB‽Rkb State of Palestine bv‽g cwiwPZ|
2012 mv‽ji 29 b‽f¤^i RvwZmsN c¨v‽j÷vBb‽K Ôde jure state.’ wn‽m‽e ¯^xK…wZ ‼`q| G ch©šÍ RvwZms‽Ni 136wU ‼`k
wcGjI ‼K ¯^vaxb ‼`‽ki ¯^xK…wZ ‼`q|

36Zg: RvwZZvwË¡K ivóª ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? [**********]

GKB fvlv, GKB ms¯‹…wZ, GKB HwZn¨ Ges HwZnvwmK ‼cÕÿvc‽U jvwjZ Rb‽Mvôxi g‽a¨ hLb GKZve‽×i D‽b¥l N‽U ZLbB
m„wó nq GKwU RvwZmËvi| Avi GB RvwZmË¡v ‼_‽K ivR‰bwZKfv‽e RvwZivóª MwVZ nq| ‼hgb: evsjv fvlvfvlx Rb‽Mvôx ‼_‽K
evOvwj RvwZmËvi MVb, Avi evOvwj RvwZmËv ‼_‽K evsjv‽`k bvgK RvwZZvwË¡K iv‽óªi MVb nq|
RvwZ ej‽Z eySvq fvlv, ag©, eskMZ DrcwË BZ¨vw`i ‼Kvb GKwU wfwË‽Z HK¨e× Rb‽Mvôx| fvlv, ag©, ms¯‹…wZ, esk BZ¨vw`i
‼Kvb GKwUi Dci wfwË K‽i ‼Kvb Rb‽Mvôx hLb ¯^Kxq ‼Kvb ivóª e¨e¯'v MVb K‽i ZLb Zv‽K RvwZivóª e‽j| RvwZiv‽óªi wecix‽Z
i‽q‽Q eûRvwZK ivóª, bMi ivóª, mv¤ªvR¨, Kb‽dWv‽ikb BZ¨vw`| BZvjxq `vk©wbK g¨vwKqv‽fwj‽K RvwZ ivóª ev RvZxq iv‽óªi
¯^cœ`ªóv g‽b Kiv nq| Zvui g‽Z, Òmywbw`©ó f~L‡Ð ¯^kvm‡bi j‡ÿ¨ RvwZiv‡óªi D™¢e N‡U|Ó
Devis-Gi g‽Z,
ÖRvwZ ivóª n‽jv Ggb GKwU ivóª ‼hLv‽b msL¨vMwiô RbMY GKwU
mvaviY cwiwPwZ m¤ú‽K© m‽PZb I GKB ms¯‹…wZ aviY K‽iÓ|
AZGe ‼`Lv hv‽”Q, AvaywbK ivóªgvÎB n‽”Q RvwZwfwËK ivóª| ‼Kbbv, RvZxqZvi wfwË‽ZB wbwY©Z nq AvR‽Ki we‽k^i
bvMwiK‽`i cwiPq| D`vniY: ‼mØw` Avie, Bsj¨vÛ, evsjv‽`k cÕf…wZ
36Zg: mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ˆewkó¨mg~n Kx Kx? [*******]
mve©‽fØgZ¡ (sovereignty) n‽jv iv‽óªi ‼mB we‽klZ¡, hvi `iæb wb‽Ri AvIZvaxb mgMÕ GjvKvi Af¨šÍixY I ivóªxq e¨vcv‽i
m‽e©me©v nq Ges Aci ‼Kv‽bv iv‽óªi B”Qv Awb”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj _v‽K bv| mve©‽fØgZ¡ iv‽óªi GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb|
mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ˆewkó¨:
mgvR I iv‽óªi ‼ÿ‽Î mve©‽fØgZ¡ n‽”Q mgvR I iv‽óªi gvwjKvbv Ges mgvR I ivóª cwiPvjbvq AvBb-weavb cÖYqb Ges
cÕ‽qv‽Mi m‽e©v”P ÿgZvi bvgB mve©‽fØgZ¡| mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i K‽qKwU ˆewkó¨
i‽q‽Q| ‼hgb-
1. †gŠwjK ÿgZv (Originality): GwU Ggb ÿgZv hvi mgKÿ ev D‽aŸ© ‼Kv‽bv kw³ ‼bB|
2. Pig ÿgZv (Absoluteness): GwU wbi¼zk I mxgvnxb ÿgZv|
3. me©e¨vcKZv I me©RbxbZv (Universality Comprehensiveness): G ÿgZv mve©Rbxb I mgfv‽e cwie¨ß|
4. ¯’vwqZ¡ (Permanance): G ÿgZv ¯'vqx I AÿzYœ _v‽K| iv‽óªi ¯'vwqZ¡ wbf©i K‽i mve©‽fØgZ¡ _vKv bv _vKvi Dci|
5. A-wefvR¨Zv (Indivisibility): GUv Ggb ÿgZv hv wef³ Kiv hvq bv|
6. A-n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ (Inalienability): Ggb ÿgZv hv n¯ÍvšÍi‽hvM¨ bq| G ÿgZv e`j nIqviI ‼hvM¨ bq|
7. GKKZ¡ ev Abb¨Zv (Exclusiveness): G ÿgZv GKK I Ab¨vb¨, hvi cÕwZØ›Øx ‼KD ‼bB|
ev¯ÍeZv:
1971 mv‽j ¯^vaxbZv jv‽fi c~‽e© iv‽óªi PviwU Dcv`v‽bi g‽a¨ evsjv‽`‽ki wbw`©ó f‚LÐ, RbmsL¨v, miKvi wQj| wKš`
mve©‽fØgZ¡ wQj bv| mve©‽fØgZ¡ ej‽Z ‼mB P‚ovšÍ I m‽e©v”P ÿgZv‽K eySvq, hv‽K P¨v‽jà Kiv hvq bv| iv‽óªi ‼fZ‽i cÕ‽Z¨K
e¨w³ I cÕwZôvb ‼mB ÿgZv ‼g‽b P‽j Ges bv gvb‽j Zv `Ðbxq Aciva| ‼h kw³ we‽`‽ki ‼Kvb wbqš¿Y gv‽b bv, ‼mUvB nj
mve©‽fØg kw³|

36Zg: mš¿vmwe‡ivax Bmjvwg mvgwiK †RvU m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| [**]

eZ©gv‽b wek^e¨vcx mš¿vmx Kg©KvÐ ‼e‽o hvIqvq gymwjg we‽k^i ‼`k¸‽jv GKwU mvgwiK ‼RvU MVb K‽i hv Ômš¿vmwe‽ivax Bmjvwg
mvgwiK ‼RvU× ev Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition, IMCTC bv‽g cwiwPZ|
GwU g~jZ gymwjg we‽k^i ‼`k¸‽jvi BmjvwgK ‼÷U (AvBGm) I Ab¨vb¨ mš¿vmwe‽ivax mvgwiK ‼RvU| GK bR‡i mš¿vmwe‡ivax
Bmjvgx mvgwiK †RvU: [UxKv wjL‡Z ej‡j wb‡¤œv³fv‡e †jLv †hZ bv]
 cÕwZôv: 15 wW‽m¤^i, 2015
 cÕwZôvZv: ‼mØw` Avi‽ei cÕwZiÿvgš¿x ‼gvnv¤§` web mvjgvb Avj ‼mØ`
 cÖwZôvKvjxb bvg: Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism, IMAFT
 eZ©gvb Awdwmqvj bvg: Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition, IMCTC
 cwiPq: c„w_exi me‽P‽q eo mvgwiK ‼RvU
 cÕwZôvKvjxb m`m¨: evsjv‽`kmn 34wU
 eZ©gvb m`m¨: 41wU
 ‽h wZbwU AÂ‽ji ‼`k m`m¨ n‽Z cvi‽e: Avwd«Kv, ga¨cÕvP¨ I `wÿY Gwkqv
 me©‽kl m`m¨: Igvb, 2016
 Agymwjg ‼`‽ki g‽a¨ cÕ_g mg_©b ‼`q: Pxb
 eZ©gvb I cÖ_g KgvÛvi Bb wPd: ‼Rbv‽ij iv‽nj kwid, cvwK¯Ívb
 D‽Ïk¨: 4wU
1. mKj cÕKvi mš¿vmx MÕæc I mš¿vmx msMVb ‼_‽K gymwjg ‼`k¸‽jv‽K iÿv Kiv|
2. BivK, wmwiqv, wjweqv, wgki I AvdMvwb¯Ív‽b mš¿vmx‽`i weiæ‽× hy× Kiv
3. mš¿vmev` m¤ú‽K© RvwZmsN I IAvBwmi wewa ‼g‽b Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv
4. wmwiqvq AvBGm Gi weiæ‽× hy× Ki‽Z mvgwiK kw³ wb‽qvM Kiv|
G ‼Rv‽Ui cÕavb jÿ¨ g~jZ Bmjvwg kw³kvjx ivóª¸‽jv GKwÎZ n‽q mš¿vm `gb Kiv| Z‽e cvwK¯Ívbmn kw³kvjx 41wU ‼`k G
‼Rv‽Ui m`m¨ n‽jI wmwiqv, BivK, Bivb ‼Rv‽Ui m`m¨ bv nIqvq Gi Kvh©KvwiZv cÕkœwe×| Avevi Bivb Gi m`m¨ bv nIqvq
‼mØw` Avie I Bivb Z_v mywbœ-wkqv RvwZMZ Ø›Ø AviI AebwZ nIqvi Avk¼v i‽q‽Q|

36Zg: miKvi I iv‡óªi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx? [*******]

‼h ivR‰bwZK cÕwZôv‽bi wbw`©ó f~-LÐ, msMwVZ miKvi, mve©‽fØg AvwacZ¨ Ges ¯'vqxfv‽e emevmKvix Rbmgwó i‽q‽Q, Zv‽K
ivóª e‽j| cÿvšÍ‽i, iv‽óªi Kv‽R wb‽qvwRZ gwš¿mfv‽K e‽j miKvi| A‽bK mgq iv‽óªi Kv‽R wb‽qvwRZ kvmb wefvM, AvBb wefvM I
wePvi wefv‽Mi mKj Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix‽`i mgwó‽K miKvi ejv nq| Z‽e GB 3wU wefv‽Mi ‼KvbwU GKKfv‽e miKvi bq| eZ©gvb
we‽k^ Ôivóª× I ÔmiKvi× Ggbfv‽e m¤úK©hy³ ‼h, G‽`i GKwUi AeZ©gv‽b Ab¨wU APj|
ivóª I miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨/ m¤úK©:
1. Av‽M ivóª, c‽i miKvi m„wó nq|
2. iv‽óªi ‼fØ‽MvwjK mxgvbv _v‽K, miKv‽ii _v‽K bv
3. iv‽óªi gvwjK RbMY, miKvi nj iv‽óªi gyLcvÎ|
4. iv‽óªi Dcv`vb 4wU, miKvi iv‽óªi GKwU Dcv`vb gvÎ|
5. RbM‽Yi B”Qvi cÕwZdjb ivóª, ivóªxq KZ©„c‽ÿi B”Qvi cÕwZdjb miKvi|
6. ivóª ¯'vqx cÕwZôvb, miKvi m`v cwieZ©bkxj|
7. mKj ivóª GK cÕKvi, wKš` miKvi wewfbœ|
8. ivóª mKj bvMwi‽Ki Drm, wKš` miKvi Zv bq|
9. ivóª weg~Z© aviYv, wKš` miKvi ev¯Íe cÕwZôvb|
10. ivóª MV‽bi Acwinvh© I Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb n‽jv mve©‽fØgZ¡, mve©‽fØgZ¡ Qvov ivóª MwVZ n‽Z cv‽i bv| cÿvšÍ‽i
miKv‽ii ‼Kv‽bv mve©‽fØg ÿgZv ‼bB, miKvi gyLcvÎ wn‽m‽e mve©‽fØg ÿgZv cÕ‽qvM K‽i gvÎ|

35Zg: †eªUb DWmÕ (Bretton Woods) cÖwZôvb¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| [*******]
1944 mv‽j hy³iv‽óªi wbDn¨v¤úkvqv‽ii ‼eªUbDWm bvgK ‼nv‽U‽j GK m‽¤§j‽bi gva¨‽g ‼h cÕwZôvb¸‽jv ˆZwii cÕwZkÕæwZ
‼`qv nq, ‼mme cÕwZôvb‽K ‼eªUbDWm Bbw÷wUDkbm ev cÕwZôvb e‽j|
†cÖÿvcU:
1929-30 mv‽j msNwUZ gnvg›`v (Great Deplation) ‼gvKv‽ejvq gvwK©b ‼cÕwm‽W›U iæR‽fë wbD wWj (1933) I ‼MÕU wWj
(1937) bxwZ ‼NvlYv K‽i| GB `ywU bxwZ Abyhvqx ejv nq g›`vi Rb¨ `ywU cÕavb
KviY Ges g›`v ‼gvKv‽ejvi Rb¨ K‽qKwU cÕ¯Íve ‼`b| Zvui `„wó‽Z g›`vi KviY:
K. gnvhy‽×i (cÕ_g wek^ hy×) cÕfve
L. Avw_©K cÕwZôv‽bi Afve
g›`v †gvKv‡ejvq †MÖU wW‡ji mycvwik:
K. hy³iv‽óª miKvwi PvKzwii ‼cv÷ evov‽bv n‽e
L. Avw_©K cÖwZôvb Movi cÖwZkÖæwZ
M. g›`v KewjZ ‼`‽k gvwK©b mnvqZv Kg©m~wP Pvjy Kiv n‽e
iæR‽f‽ëi cÕwZkÕæwZ Abyhvqx gvwK©b A_©mwPe wg÷vi ‼nvqvBU GKwU cwiKíbv ‼`b, hv White Plan bv‽g cwiwPZ| GB cøv‽bi
mycvwik wQ‽jv:
K. A_©/ gy`ªv e¨e¯'vi mylg eÈ‽bi Rb¨ IMF bv‽g GKwU cÕwZôvb n‽e, hvi ‼bZ…‽Z¡ _vK‽e cwðg BD‽iv‽ci AMÕmigvb
‼`kmg~n|
L. e¨vswKs e¨e¯'vi mylg eÈ‽bi Rb¨ World Bank bv‽g GKwU cÕwZôvb n‽e, hvi ‼bZ…‽Z¡ _vK‽e hy³iv‽óªi gZ
AMÕmigvb ‼`k|
M. evwYR¨ e¨e¯'vi mylg eÈ‽bi Rb¨ International Trade Organization bv‽g GKwU cÕwZôvb n‽e, hvi ‼bZ…‽Z¡ _vK‽e
Rvcv‽bi gZ AMÕmigvb ‼`k|
White Plan Gi mycvwik Abyhvqx 1944 mv‽j ‼eªUb DWm m‽¤§jb AbywôZ nq| Avi ‼mB m‽¤§jb ‼_‽KB gvwK©b Wjvi‽K
AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv ‼NvlYvi cvkvcvwk wb‽Pi cÕwZôvb¸‽jv Movi cÕwZkÕæwZ ‼`qv nq:
1. wek^ e¨vsK (World Bank)
2. AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej (IMF)
3. wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯'v (GATT) | 1995 mvj ‼_‽K WTO bv‽g cwiwPwZ cvq|
Dch©y³ wZbwU cÕwZôvb‽K GK‽Î ‼eªUbDWm cÕwZôvb ejv nq|

35Zg: mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Sovereignty) I mve©‡fŠg mgZvi g‡a¨ Zdvr Kx? [*******]

mve©‡fŠgZ¡:
wb‽Ri wm×všÍ wb‽R wb‽Z cvivi ÿgZv‽K mve©‽fØgZ¡ e‽j| GwU iv‽óªi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i `iæb ivóª Zvi wb‽Ri
AvIZvaxb mgMÕ GjvKvi Af¨šÍixY I ivóªxq e¨env‽i m‽e©me©v nq Ges Aci ‼Kv‽bv iv‽óªi B”Qv Awb”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj _v‽Kbv|
1648 mv‽ji Pace of West Phalia Gi g‽Z, ÖAvaywbK ivóª e¨e¯'vq mve©‽fØgZ¡ GKwU m‽e©me©v I Acwinvh© kw³Ó
mve©‡fŠg mgZv:
RvwZmsN mb‽` 2(1) Aby‽”Q` Abymv‽i mKj iv‽óªi mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i mg AwaKv‽ii welqwU ¯^xK…Z n‽q‽Q| GLv‽b ejv Av‽Q,
RvwZms‽Ni AšÍfy©³ we‽k^i cÕ‽Z¨K mve©‽fØg ivóªB AvšÍR©vwZK mË¡v wn‽m‽e Ges AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯'vq m`m¨ wn‽m‽e mggh©v`v Øviv
cwiPvwjZ| D`vniY: UDHR-1948 Abyhvqx gvwK©b I DMvÛvi ‼jvK GKB gh©v`vi AwaKvix n‽e|
Zdvr:
1. mve©‽fØgZ¡ ej‽Z iv‽óªi GKK AwefvR¨, wbi¼zk I Aeva ÿgZv‽KB eySvq| Avi mve©‽fØg mgZv ej‽Z eySvq AvšÍR©vwZK
AvB‽b cÕ‽Z¨KwU mve©‽fØg ivóª Ab¨ mve©‽fØg iv‽óªi mgvb AwaKvi jvf Ki‽e|
2. mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i e‽j ivóª Zvi Aaxb Rbmgwó I mKj ms¯'vi AvbyMZ¨ jvf K‽i| Avi mve©‽fØg mgZvi wfwË‽Z AvšÍR©vwZK
‼ÿ‽Î mKj ‼`‽ki bvMwiK mgvb AwaKvi jvf K‽i|
3. mve©‽fØg ÿgZve‽j ivóª ¯^vaxbfv‽e Ab¨ ‼h‽Kv‽bv iv‽óªi mv‽_ Pzw³, mwÜ I eÜzZ¡ ¯'vcb Ki‽Z cv‽i| Avi mve©‽fØg mgZve‽j
ivóª AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³, mwÜ, eÜzZ¡ ¯'vcb I AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯'vq AskMÕn‽Yi mgvb AwaKvi jvf K‽i|
4. mve©‽fØg ÿgZve‽j ivóª Zvi Af¨šÍ‽i AvBb Agvb¨Kvix‽K kvw¯Í ev `Ð cÕ`vb Ki‽Z cv‽i| Ab¨w`‽K mve©‽fØg mgZvi
bxwZ‽Z miKvi Zvi eva¨evaKZv AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‽bi Aax‽b cÕ‽qvM Ki‽e|
ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM:
aiv hvK, evsjv‽`k Avi fvi‽Zi g‽a¨ hy× msNwUZ n‽jv| G‽ÿ‽Î ‼`Lv hvq, mvgwiK, A_©‰bwZK, AvšÍR©vwZK I ivR‰bwZK
w`K w`‽q fviZ kw³kvjx| GLv‽b fvi‽Zi mve©‽fØg ÿgZv evsjv‽`‽ki ‼P‽q ‼ewk| wKš` hLb `ywU ‼`k wµ‽KU ‼Lj‽e ZLb
Dfq ‼`‽ki mve©‽fØg ÿgZvi cÕkœ AevšÍi n‽e| eis Dfq ‼`‽ki ‼Ljvq Rqjv‽fi mgvb my‽hvM _vK‽e| GLv‽b GUvB
mve©‽fØg mgZv|

Chapter: 02
Actors in the World
[wm‡jevm: Modern State, types of state, sovereignty, non-state actors, relations between state and non-state actors]
ivóª (State) [********]
ivóª ej‽Z Ggb GK ivR‰bwZK msMVb‽K ‼evSvq hv ‼Kv‽bv GKwU ‼fØ‽MvwjK GjvKv I Zrmswkøó GjvKvi RbM‽Yi wbqš¿Y
Kivi mve©‽fØg ÿgZv iv‽L| A_©vr, ivóª Aek¨B GKwU mve©‽fØg (Soverign) f~-LÐ| ivóª GKwU ivR‰bwZK cÕwZôvb|
Aristotle e‽jb,
Öivóª nj ¯^vej¤^x I c~Y©v½ Rxeb hvc‽bi D‽Ï‽k¨ ms‽kvwaZ K‽qKwU cwiev‽ii mgwó|Ó
Aa¨vcK Hall Gi g‽Z,
Òivóª nj Ggb GK Rbmgwó hvi wbw`©ó f~-L‽Ð ivR‰bwZK D‽Ïk¨ mva‽bi Rb¨ ¯'vqxfv‽e cÕwZwôZ|Ó
DBjmb e‽jb,
Òwbw`ó f~-L‽Ð AvBbMZfv‽e msMwVZ RbmgwóB ivóªÓ|

1648 mv‽ji Peace of Westphalia g‽Z,

Öivóª n‽jv The highest political Association Ges GKwU wbw`ó© f~-L‽Ð ivR‰bwZK w`K ‼_‽K msMwVZ Rbmgwó|Ó
ivóª AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‽bi cÕv_wgK welqe¯`| iv‽óªi GKK ‼Kvb msÁv ‼bB| ZvB AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb KL‽bv ivóª‽K msÁvwqZ Kivi cÕqvm
Pvjvq wb| wKš` 1933 mv‽ji Montevideo Convention Gi Article-1-G iv‽óªi wKQz AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡ msµvšÍ cÕ‽qvRbxq Dcv`vb
D‽jøL Kiv n‽q‽Q| AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‽b e¨w³ wn‽m‽e iv‽óªi wb¤œwjwLZ Dcv`vbmg~n _vK‽Z n‽e-
K. g~L¨ Dcv`vbt L. †MŠY Dcv`vbt
1. ¯'vqx Rbmgwóª (HK¨e× RvwZ) 1. ¯'vwqZ¡
2. wbw`©ó f~-LÛ (AvBbmfv KZ©„K Aby‽gvw`Z) 2. AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ
3. miKvi (m‽e©v”P KZ©„cÿ) 3. RvZxqZvev`
4. mve©‽fØgZ¡ (iv‽óªi Pig ÿgZv) 4. AwaKvi I mvg¨
5. m¤úK© ¯'vc‽bi ¯^vaxbZv (Pzw³ I ms¯'vq AšÍfy©³)
 gyL¨ Dcv`vbmg~n:
1. ¯’vqx Rb‡Mvôx:
cÕ‽Z¨K iv‽óªi Rb¨ ‼hØw³K msL¨vi Rb‽Mvôx cÕ‽qvRb hviv H ‼`‽ki cÕwZ c~Y© AbyMZ _vK‽e| GLv‽b KL‽bv fvmgvb RbmsL¨v
_vK‽Z cvi‽e bv| Awfevmx _vK‽Z cvi‽e Z‽e Zv‽`i G ‼`‽ki cÕwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÕKvk Ki‽Z n‽e| RbmsL¨v hv Qvov GKUv
ivóª nq bv, Zv wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e bq| Z‽e Bnv ivóª Ges Rb‽Mvôxi g‽a¨ we‽kl Ges ¯'vqx m¤ú‽K©i wb‽`©k K‽i| ‼hgb-
BmivB‽ji ¯'vqx RbmsL¨v ‼h‽Kvb RxweZ Bûw`‽K eySvq ‼m c„w_exi ‼hLv‽bB evm KiæK bv ‼Kb|
2. wbw`©ó f~-LÐ:
cÕ‽Z¨K iv‽óªiB wbw`©ó f~-LÐ _vKv evÂbxq| AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úª`vq KZ©„K MÕnY‽hvM¨ f~LÐ ev mxgvbv n‽jv wbw`©ó f~-LÐ| AvšÍR©vwZK
m¤úª`vq KZ©„K ¯^xK…wZ Aek¨B `iKvi| KviY GB ¯^xK…wZ Qvov wewfbœ iv‽óªi mxgvbv wb‽q bvbv iKg we‽iva ‼`Lv w`‽Z cv‽i|
3. miKvi:
iv‽óªi m‽e©v”P ÿgZvcÕvß e¨w³eM© n‽”Q miKvi, hv me©gq ÿgZv cwiPvjbv K‽i _v‽K Ges iv‽óªi Dci Kvh©Kix ÿgZv cÕ‽qvM
Ki‽Z cv‽i| miKv‽ii ‼h Acwinvh© Dcv`vb Zv c~iYK‽í GKwU miKvi‽K Aek¨B Kvh©Kix ev effective miKvi n‽Z n‽e|
A_©vr miKv‽ii Kvh©KvwiZv i‽q‽Q wKbv ‼mUvB g~j welq|
4. mve©‡fŠgZ¡:
‼Kvb iv‽óªi mve©‽fØgZ¡ _vK‽jB Zviv Pzw³ Ki‽Z cv‽i, AwaKvi m„wó nq Ges AvšÍR©vwZK `vq enb Ki‽Z mÿg nq| Giƒc
iv‽óªi Dci Ab¨ ‼Kvb ivóª ‼Kvb e¨vcv‽iB ‼Kvb ai‽bi KZ©„Z¡ Ki‽Z cv‽i bv| AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‽b mve©‽fØg AvZœv¯^iƒc|
AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‽b gvgjv ïiæ Kivi c~‽e© Dfq iv‽óªi m¤§wZ Avek¨K| GwU iv‽óªi Pig ÿgZv|
 iv‡óªi mxgv:
AvBbmfv KZ…©K Aby‽gvw`Z AÂj n‽e iv‽óªi mxgv| `ywU iv‽óªi ga¨eZ©x wfwË‽iLv (0 ‼iLv) ‼_‽K 150 MR ch©šÍ AÂj No
mans land wn‽m‽e we‽ewPZ nq| AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb Abyhvqx wfwË ‼iLv ‼_‽K 150 M‽Ri g‽a¨ ‼Kv‽bv cÕKvi ¯'vcbv wbg©vY
A‰ea| GQvovI, f~wg ‼_‽K 100 wK‽jvwgUvi ev 62 gvBj GjvKv iv‽óªi AvKvkmxgv wn‽m‽e we‽ewPZ n‽q _v‽K|
 iv‡óªi ¯^xK…wZ (Recognition of a state):
AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‽b Ôiv‽óªi ¯^xK…wZ× ej‽Z we‽k^i wewfbœ mve©‽fØg I cÕwZwôZ ivóªmg~n KZ©„K GKwU be¨ cÕwZwôZ ivóª‽K
AvbyôvwbKfv‽e ivóª wn‽m‽e ¯^xKvi Kiv‽K eySvq| Z‽e be¨ ‼NvwlZ ivóª‽K ¯^xK…wZ `v‽bi c~‽e© ‼h welqwUi Dci we‽klfv‽e
¸iæZ¡ Av‽ivc Kiv nq Zv n‽jv be¨ ‼NvwlZ ivóªwU ¯'vqxfv‽e wb‽R‽K cÕwZwôZ Ki‽Z mÿg n‽q‽Q wK bv?
ivóªmg~‽ni AwaKvi I `vq `vwqZ¡ msµvšÍ 1933 mv‽ji gw›UwfwWI Kb‽fbk‽bi 1 aviv Abyhvqx GKwU iv‽óªi Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ
ˆewkó¸‽jv Acwinvh©| h_v-
K. iv‽óªi GKwU hyw³msMZ Rbmgwó we`¨gvb _vK‽Z n‽e
L. Gi GKwU mywbw`©ó f~-L‽Ði Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‽Z n‽e
M. Gi Rb‽Mvôx‽K cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU miKv‽ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ we`¨gvb _vK‽Z n‽e|
N. we‽k^i Ab¨vb¨ iv‽óªi mv‽_ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© ¯'vc‽bi ‼hvM¨Zv Ges ÿgZv _vK‽Z n‽e|
 miKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ (Recognition of a Government)
miKvi iv‽óªiB GKwU Ask, ZeyI ¯^xK…wZi ‼ÿ‽Î ivóªI miKvi‽K c„_Kfv‽e ‼`Lv nq| A‽bK ivóª‽K ¯^xK…wZ ‼`qv n‽jI
miKvi‽K ¯^xK…wZ ‼`qv nq bv| ‼Kvb GKwU ivóª‽K ¯^xK…wZ ‼`qv n‽j ‼mUv ¯'vqx ¯^xK…wZ nq Ges hZw`b ch©šÍ H iv‽óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡
we`¨gvb _v‽K, ZZw`b ch©šÍ ¯^xK…wZI envj _v‽K| wKš` ‼Kvb iv‽óªi GK miKv‽ii cZb n‽j ev cwieZ©b n‽j bZzb miKvi‽K
Ab¨vb¨ iv‽óªi miKvi ¯^xK…wZ bvI w`‽Z cv‽i| g~jZ AvšÍR©vwZKfv‽e gh©`vc~Y© GKwU miKvi wn‽m‽e ‼`k cwiPvjbv Ki‽Z n‽j
Zv Aek¨B Ab¨vb¨ iv‽óªi miKvi KZ©„K ¯^xK…Z nIqv cÕ‽qvRb|
 AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZ (De-jure recognition)
AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZ n‽”Q e¨w³ ¯^xK…wZi AšÍf©y³| AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZ n‽”Q ‼Kvb iv‽óªi AvbyôvwbK ¯^xK…wZ| GwU ej‽Z eySvq ‼Kvb
iv‽óªi miKv‽ii ¯^xK…wZ‽K ‼Kvb cÕwZwôZ mve©‽fØg ivóª KZ©„K Ab¨ ‼Kvb miKvi‽K cÕPwjZ ixwZ Abyhvqx ¯^xKvi K‽i wb‽q ‼m
miKv‽ii m‽½ K~U‰bwZK Ges Ab¨vb¨ m¤úK© ¯'vcb Kiv‽KB AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZ ejv nq| A_©vr AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZ n‽”Q ‼Kvb ivóª
ev miKvi‽K cy‽ivcywi ¯^xKvi K‽i ‼bqv hvi d‽j ¯^xK…wZ cÕ`vbKvix ivóª Ges ¯^xK…Z iv‽óªi g‽a¨ AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‽bi mve‽R±
wn‽m‽e c~Y©v½ m¤úK© ¯'vcb|
 Kvh©Z ¯^xK…wZ (De-facto recognition)
ÔKvh©Z ¯^xK…wZ× A¯'vqx cÕK…wZi ¯^xK…wZ| Riæwi Ae¯'vi cwi‽cÕwÿ‽Z Kvh©Z ¯^xK…wZ ev De-facto recognition ‼`Iqv nq| ‼Kvb
ivóª ev miKvi‽K cy‽ivcywi ¯^xKvi bv Ki‽jI Zvi ev¯ÍeZv‽K A¯^xKvi bv Kiv| Kvh©Z ¯^xK…wZ mvaviYZ mxwgZfv‽e ‼`qv nq|
‼hgb, 2019 mv‽j ‼fwbRy‽qjvi Ryqvb ¸qvB‽`v‽K 54wU ‼`k ‼cÕwm‽W›U wn‽m‽e ¯^xK…wZ ‼`qvq wZwb De-facto ‼cÕwm‽W›U
cwiwPwZ cvb|
†`k I RvwZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (Difference between Country and Nation) [*****]
†`k: ‼`k n‽jv Ggb GKwU AÂj hv ivR‰bwZK f~‽Mv‽ji GKwU ¯^Zš¿ mË¡v wn‽m‽e wPwþZ|
GKwU ‼`k GKwU ¯^vaxb mve©‽fØg ivóª ev e„nËi iv‽óªi Ask n‽Z cv‽i A_ev A-mve©‽fØg AÂ‽ji wefvM wn‽m‽e miKv‽ii
Ask n‽Z cv‽i| A_©vr, ‼`k mve©‽fØg n‽ZI cv‽i bvI cv‽i| ïay ivRbxwZ‽Z ¯^Zš¿ AskMÕnY _vK‽Z cv‽i|
[

RvwZ: RvwZ n‽jv GKwU w¯'wZkxj m¤úª`vq| fvlv, AÂj, ag©, BwZnvm I b„-‼Mvôxi wfwË‽Z gb¯ÍvwË¡Kfv‽e M‽o I‽V|
‼e‽bwW± GÛvimb RvwZ‽K GKwU ÖKwíZ m¤úª`vqÓ wn‽m‽e wPwþZ K‽i‽Qb|
cj ‼Rgm RvwZ‽K e‽j‽Qb Öweg~Z© m¤úª`vqÓ| ‼ewkifvM mgq RvwZi m`m¨iv G‽K Ac‽ii Kv‽Q AcwiwPZ _v‽K| ZvB f¨vb
c¨vKvW© RvwZ‽K ÖAcwiwPZ‽`i ‼`kÓ e‽j AwfwnZ K‽i‽Qb|
AvaywbK ivóª (Modern State) [********]
1975 mv‽j Px‽bi ZrKvjxb cÕavbgš¿x ‼PØ Gb jvB AvaywbKxKi‽Yi PviwU bxwZ ¯'vcb K‽ib| ‼m Abyhvqx PviwU ‼ÿ‽Î AvaywbK
Ggb ivóª‽K AvaywbK ivóª e‽j|
1. wkí: wk‽í DbœZ Ggb ivóª‽K AvaywbK ivóª ejv hvq|
2. K…wl: K…wl‽Z AvaywbK cÕhyw³ e¨envi Ki‽Z mÿg Ggb ivóª‽KI AvaywbK ivóª ejv hvq|
3. mvgwiK: mvgwiK ‼ÿ‽Î AvaywbK A¯¿m¯¿ e¨envi I cÕwkwÿZ mvgwiK m`m¨ Av‽Q Ggb ‼`kI n‽e AvaywbK ivóª|
4. weÁvb cÖhyw³: GKwU ‼`k ¯^wbf©i n‽Z cvi‽e wKbv Zv A‽bKUv wbf©i K‽i weÁvb I cÕhyw³‽Z DbœwZi Av‽jv‽K|
Aciw`‽K, Christopher Pierson Zvui 2004 mv‽j cÕKvwkZ The Modern State MÕ‽š' AvaywbK iv‽óªi aviYv ‼`b| wZwb e‽jb,
ÖRbM‽Yi cÕ‽qvR‽b AvaywbK iv‽óªi cÕ‽qvRb| RbMY Pvq Zv‽`i Rb¥, weevn, g„Zz¨i wbeÜb ‼nvK, Zv‽`i mšÍvb‽`i wkÿvi
`vwqZ¡ ivóª wbK, ivóª e„× eq‽m RbMY‽K ‼cbkb w`K, ewnt¯' AvµgY ‼_‽K ivóª RbMY‽K iÿv KiæK, Af¨šÍixY kvwšÍ -k„•Ljv
iÿv ‼nvK, ‼hØw³K AvBb we`¨gvb _vKzK cÕf…wZ| Avi ‼mB cÕ‽qvRb ‼_‽KB D™¢e n‽q‽Q AvaywbK iv‽óªi|Ó
AvaywbK iv‡óªi Kvh©vewj:
K. mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iÿv: ‼`‽ki ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‽fØgZ¡ iÿv Kiv AvaywbK
iv‽óªi cweÎ I ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡|
L. cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv: ‼`‽ki cÕPwjZ AvBb Abyhvqx myôzfv‽e kvmbKvh©
cwiPvjbv iv‽óªi Ab¨Zg cÕavb KvR|
M. Af¨šÍixY kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv: Af¨šÍixY kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿvi Rb¨ ivóª‽K cywjk
evwnbx I Ab¨vb¨ mvgwiK evwnbx M‽o Zzj‽Z n‽e|
N. wePvi msµvšÍ: AvB‽bi kvmb I b¨vqwePvi cÕwZôv Kiv iv‽óªi ˆbwZK
`vwqZ¡| GRb¨ ivóª‽K wbi‽cÿ wePvi wefvM MVb I cwiPvjbv
Ki‽Z n‽e|
O. wbivcËv msµvšÍ: RbM‽Yi Rvbgv‽ji wbivcËv weavb Kiv iv‽óªi
Acwinvh© KZ©e¨|
P. ciivóª msµvšÍ: AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© wba©viY I msiÿY Kiv AvaywbK iv‽óªi Ab¨Zg Acwinvh© KvR|
Q. AvBb cÖYqb: cÕ‽qvR‽b AvBb cÕYqb, cÕPwjZ AvBb evwZj, ms‽kvab I cwiea©b Kiv iv‽óªi Ab¨Zg KvR|
R. Avw_©K KvR: LvRbv I Ki wba©viY, Zv Av`vq Kiv Ges myôzfv‽e e¨q Kiv iv‽óªi Acwinvh© KvR| G D‽Ï‽k¨ ivóª evwl©K
ev‽RU ˆZwi I ‼ck Ki‽e|
D`vniY: Rvg©vwb, KvbvWv, myB‽Wb, hy³ivR¨, d«vÝ cÕf…wZ|

wewfbœ ai‡bi ivóª (Types of State)

e¨_© ivóª [Failed State]
Ôe¨_© ivóª× cÕZ¨qwUi cÕ_g aviYv ‼`q hy³ivóª| 1947 mv‽j Uªyg¨vb bxwZi gva¨‽g hy³ivóª Wjvi K~UbxwZ (dollar diplomacy)
Pvjy K‽i| Wjvi K~UbxwZi gva¨‽g ‼hme ‼`k gvwK©b mvnvh¨ wb‽qI fvM¨ cwieZ©b Ki‽Z cv‽iwb, ‼mme ‼`k‽K hy³ivóª Ôe¨_©
ivóª× e‽j AwfwnZ K‽i‽Q| 2001 mv‽j gvwK©b ‼cÕwm‽W›U RR© WweøD eyk me©cÕ_g e¨_© iv‽óªi aviYv cÕ`vb K‽ib|
A_©vr, Ôe¨_© ivóª× n‽jv Ggb GK ai‽bi ivóª hviv DËi-Jcwb‽ewkK mg‽q A_©‰bwZK mvnvh¨, ÎvY BZ¨vw` ‼c‽qI wb‽R‽`i
fvM¨ cwieZ©b Ki‽Z cv‽iwb|
eyk cÖkvmb Abyhvqx e¨_© iv‡óªi Dcv`vb n‡jvÑ
1. mš¿vmx Kg©Kv‽Ð mg_©b `vb I mš¿vmx‽`i AvkÕq`vZv
2. MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯'v aŸs‽mi Drm
3. gvbevwaKvi j•Nb
4. A‰ea A¯¿ I MYweaŸsmx A¯¿
5. A‰ea I e¨vcK ‼PvivPvjvwb ev gv`K e¨emvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ
ˆewkó¨: Gme ‼`k ˆe‽`wkK mvnvh¨ cvevi c‽iIÑ
K. A_©‰bwZK ‼Pnviv cvëv‽Z cv‽iwb
L. wb‽R‽`i GDP evov‽Z cv‽iwb
M. RxebhvÎvi gvb I mvgvwRK gh©v`v evov‽Z cv‽iwb
N. ivR‰bwZKfv‽e Aw¯'wZkxj
O. ‼Kvb cwieZ©‽bi m¤¢vebv QvovB w`‽bi ci w`b Pj‽Q
P. gvbevwaKvi, MYZš¿ BZ¨vw` cvðvZ¨ Ôf¨vjy× ev Ôg~j¨× Abycw¯'Z
D`vniY: wMÕm| Uªyg¨vb WKwUª‽bi 40 jvL Wjvi mvnvh¨ wb‽qI wb‽R‽`i fvM¨ cwieZ©b Ki‽Z cv‽iwb|
Z…Zxq wek^ (Third World)
Gm B dvBbv‽ii g‽Z,
Ö‼mB me ivóª‽K Z…Zxq wek^fz³ ejv nq hviv cy‽ivcywi me© wbqš¿Yev`x ev D`vi‰bwZK MYZvwš¿K bq|Ó
d«¨vÄ d¨vbb Zvi ÒThe Wretched of the Earth” MÕ‽š' Third World ev Z…Zxq we‽k^i aviYv ‼`b| wZwb Z„Zxq we‽k^i ˆewk‽ó¨
e‽jbÑ
K. ‼`kwU PjwZ we‽k^ A_©bxwZ I mvgwiK w`K ‼_‽K `ye©j
L. ivR‰bwZKfv‽e Aw¯'wZkxj
M. weÁvb-cÕhyw³ I wkÿv`xÿvq wcwQ‽q
N. D`vi‰bwZK MYZvwš¿K bq
O. ˆe‽`wkK Z`viwK ‼g‽b P‽j
PZz_© wek^ (Fourth World)
wbR¯^ ¯^KxqZvnxb ivóªB PZz_© wek^| PZz_© wek^ aviYvwUi D™¢e nq 1974 mv‽j KvbvWvi ZiæY K~U‰bwZK Mbuto Milando Ges
George Manuel Gi M‽elYvq| Mbuto Milando e‽jb,
"When native peoples come into their own, on the basis of their
own cultures and traditions, that will be the fourth world”.
Gi A_© `vovq, ivóªnxb Mwie I cÕvwšÍK RbM‽Yi ‼`kB PZz_© wek^|
George Manuel Zvui The Fourth World: An Indian Reality (1974) wbe‽Ü A-wk‽íi `wi`ª ‼`k‽KB PZz_© wek^ e‽j‽Qb|
 ˆewkó¨:
i. PZz_© wek^ ˆewk^K mgv‽Ri evB‽i Ae¯'vb K‽i
ii. ivLvj, hvhvei I K…wlKvR RxweKvi cÕavb Drm _v‽K
iii. `vwi‽`ª¨i D”Pnvi weivR K‽i
iv. gv_vwcQz Avq w¯'i/ ¯'wei _v‽K
v. wkÿvi nvi µgn«vmgvb ev w¯'i _v‽K
vi. ˆe‽`wkK mvnvh¨ I FY wbf©i A_©bxwZ
vii. KuvPvgv‽ji AcÕvPzh©Zv
viii. RbmsL¨v e„w× µgea©gvb
ix. wb¤œ Mo Avqy
x. AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯'vi evB‽i _v‽K| cÕf…wZ
D`vniY: ‼mvgvwjqv, `wÿY my`vb

msNl© wbeviK ivóª (Buffer State) [*****]

`ywU msNl©cÕeY iv‽óªi gv‽S Aew¯'Z A‽cÿvK…Z `ye©j, wbi‽cÿ I ¯^vaxb ivóªwU‽K msNl© wbeviK ivóª (Buffer State) e‽j|
mß`k kZ‽K BD‽ivcxqvb ‼KØkjMZ I K~U‰bwZK aviYv (1648 mv‽ji Peace of Westphelia) ‼_‽K D™¢e nq msNl©
wbeviK iv‽óªi aviYvi|
`ywU e„nr A_P wecixZgbv iv‽óªi ‼fØ‽MvwjK Ae¯'v‽bi ga¨eZx© GjvKvq Aew¯'Z ‼Kvb ÿz`ª ivóª, hv msN‽l© Rwo‽q ‼h‽Z ivóª
`y‽Uv‽K wbe„Ë K‽i Zv‽K evdvi ‼÷U e‽j| `ywU e„nr kw³kvjx ‼`‽ki ga¨¯'‽j Aew¯'Z ÿz`ª ivóªwU kw³i fvimvg¨ eRvq
ivL‽Z A‽bK mgq we‽klfv‽e mvnvh¨ K‽i| G m¤ú‽K© Aa¨vcK Palmer & Perkins e‽j‽Qb,
ÖwØgyLx kw³m¤úbœ we‽k¦, ‼hLv‽b cÕwZØ›Øx kw³¸‽jv G‽K Ac‽ii mv‽_ mivmwi msN‽l© Av‽m,
‼mLv‽b msNl© wbeviK AÂj I wbi‽cÿ GjvKv e¨ZxZ kw³mvg¨ we‽klfv‽e wec¾bKÓ|
 ˆewkó¨:
1. msNl© wbeviK ivóªwUi cvk©^eZ©x `ywU ivóª kw³kvjx n‽e|
2. cvk^©eZ©x ivóªmg~n msNvZgq n‽e|
3. ivóªwU cvk^©eZ©x ivóªmg~‽ni we‽iv‽ai mgq wbi‽cÿ f~wgKv ivL‽e|
4. ivóªwU Aek¨B ¯^vaxb n‽e|
5. cvk©^eZ©x ivóªmg~n A‽cÿv ÿz`ª I `ye©j _vK‽e|
6. kw³mvg¨ e¨e¯'vq ivóªwU f~wgKv iv‽L|
7. KL‽bv KL‽bv GwU DcMÕn iv‽óªi (Satellite State) gZ AvPi‽Yi wkKvi nq|
 D`vniY: 2wU wek^hy‽×i (1g I 2q) mgq msNvZgq Rvg©vwb I d«v‽Ýi gv‽S ‼ejwRqvg, `wÿY Av‽gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv
msMÕv‽gi mgq eªvwRj I Av‽R©w›Ubvi gv‽S c¨viv¸‽q wQj Buffer State Ges eZ©gv‽b fviZ I Px‽bi
gv‽S fyUvb Buffer State.
RbKj¨vYg~jK ivóª (Welfare State)
mvaviYZ RbM‽Yi ‼gØwjK AwaKvi msiÿYKvix ivóªB RbKj¨vYg~jK ivóª wn‽m‽e we‽ewPZ nq| mgvRweÁvbx T H Marshal
Zvui 1949 mv‽ji Citizenship and Social Class bvgK GK wbe‽Ü MYZš¿, Kj¨vY I cywuRev‽`i aviYvi Av‽jv‽K AvaywbK
Kj¨vY iv‽óªi eY©bv K‽i‽Qb|
 ˆewkó¨:
1. RbM‽Yi ‼gØwjK AwaKvi ivóª msiÿY K‽i|
2. abx RbMY AMÖmigvb Ki (progressive tax) cÕ`vb K‽i| G‽Z abx-Mwi‽ei ˆelg¨ `~i nq|
3. GB ivóªwU wgkÕ A_©bxwZ AbymiY K‽i _v‽K|
4. we‽`wk AvµgY ‼_‽K ivóª Zvi RbMY‽K iÿv K‽i|
5. AvBb k„•Ljv iv‽óªi wbqš¿‽Y _v‽K|
6. RbMY I miKv‽ii g‽a¨ ‼hØ_ miKvwi Pzw³ _vK‽e|
 D`vniY: KvbvWv, wbDwRj¨vÛ, ‽ejwRqvg, bwW©K ‼`kmg~n|
DcMÖn ivóª (Satellite State) [*****]
GKwU kw³kvjx iv‽óªi cÕfv‽e _vKv `ye©j ivóªwU‽K DcMÕn ivóª ev Satellite State e‽j| GwU be¨-Dcwb‽ek ev Puppet State
wn‽m‽e we‽ewPZ| ivóªwU B‽Zvg‽a¨ ¯^vaxb Z‽e Ab¨ GKwU e„nr/kw³kvjx iv‽óªi Øviv A_©‰bwZK, mvgwiK I ivR‰bwZKfv‽e
cÕfve I wbqš¿‽Yi wkKvi|
MÕn‽K ‼K›`ª K‽i ‼hgb DcMÕn ‼Nv‽i, ‼Zgwb kw³kvjx iv‽óªi cÕfv‽e _vKv `ye©j/ ÿz`ª iv‽óªi A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, mgibxwZ I
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÕfvweZ nq| A_©vr kw³kvjx iv‽óªi B”Qv-Awb”Qvq ‼Kv‽bv iv‽óªi wm×všÍ cÕfvweZ I wbqwš¿Z n‽j H ivóªwU‽K
kw³kvjx iv‽óªi DcMÕn ivóª ev Satellite State ejv nq|
  D`vniY: ¯œvqyhy×Kv‽j Iqvik c¨v± (warsaw pact) fz³ ivóªmg~n ‼mvwf‽qZ BDwbq‽bi Kv‽Q DcMÕn iv‽óªi gZ
we‽ewPZ nq| ¯œvqyhy×Kv‽j me‽P‽q ‼ewk Av‽jvwPZ nq DcMÕn iv‽óªi aviYvwU| eZ©gv‽b fvi‽Zi Kv‽Q fyUvb, ‼mØw`i
Kv‽Q evnivBb DcMÕn ivóª|
`ye©„Ë ivóª (Rogue State)
iM ‼÷U ev `ye„©Ë ivóª AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i ‼ÿ‽Î ‼Kv‽bv ‼Kv‽bv iv‽óªi ‼ÿ‽Î e¨envi Kiv nq ‼hme ivóª‽K AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯'vi
cÕwZ GK ai‽Yi ûgwK wn‽m‽e MY¨ Kiv nq| GBme ivóª¸‽jv‽Z GK ai‽Yi GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯'v we`¨gvb Ges IBme
ivóª A‽bK ‼ÿ‽ÎB cÕPwjZ AvBb-Kvbyb gvb‽Z Pvq bv| GBme ivóª¸‽jv me mgqB cvk¦©eZx© ivóª¸‽jv‽K GK ai‽Yi ûgwKi
gy‽L iv‽L| hy³ivóª eZ©gv‽b 4wU ivóª‽K iM ‼÷U wn‽m‽e MY¨ K‽iÑ
1. Bivb 2. DËi ‼Kvwiqv
3. my`vb 4. wmwiqv|
Avevi ‼Kv‽bv ‽Kv‽bv we‽køl‽Ki g‽Z (‼bvqvg Pgw¯‹ I DBwjqvg eøyg) hy³ivóª GKwU iM ‼÷U|

wW d¨v‡±v ivóª (de facto state)

¯^vaxbZvKvgx ivóª wKš` mve©‽fØgZ¡ bvB Ggb f~-LÐ‽K de facto ivóª e‽j| A_©vr, ivóª wn‽m‽e Rbmgwó, miKvi, f~-LÐ,
m¤ú‽`i Dci iv‽óªi KZ…©Z¡, PjvP‽ji ¯^vaxbZv I iv‽óªi mKj AvbyôvwbKZv Av‽Q ïay mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i ‼ÿ‽Î mvgwiK evwnbxi
b‽ji gy‽L _vK‽Z nq Ggb f~-LÐB wW d¨v‽±v ivóª| AvcvZ`„wó‽Z mve©‽fØgZ¡nxb ivóªB wW d¨v‽±v ivóª| cÕKvk _v‽K ‼h,
mve©‽fØgZ¡ Av‽Q Ggb ivóª‽K de jure state e‽j|
 D`vniY: ZvBIqvb, wZeŸZ, nsKs|
Wwgwbqb ivóª (Dominion state)
1945 mv‽ji Av‽M weªwUk Dcwb‽ek wQj Ggb ‼`k¸‽jv‽K weªwUk miKv‽ii wbqš¿‽Y ivLvi Rb¨ Wwgwbqb Z‽Ë¡i D™¢e N‽U|
‼Kbbv, ZLb cÕwZwôZ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯'v I AvB‽bi Afve wQj| 1945 mv‽j RvwZmsN cÕwZwôZ nIqvi ci
Wwgwbqb kãwUi cÕPjb N‽U| cÕKvk _v‽K ‼h, hy³ivóª Pzw³i gva¨‽g ¯^vaxb nIqvq GwU Wwgwbqb aviYvi AšÍf~©³ n‽e bv|
 ˆewkó¨:
1. Ab¨ iv‽óªi g‽Zv ¯^vaxb, Z‽e c~Y© mve©‽fØg bq|
2. GB ivóª¸‽jvi bv‽g gvÎ mve©‽fØgZ¡ _v‽K, Z‽e mve©‽fØgZ¡nxb bq|
3. weªwUk wmsnvm‽bi cÕwZwbwa Gme iv‽óªi cÕZxKx cÕavb _v‽K|
4. wbR¯^ cZvKv _v‽K|
5. wbR¯^ RbM‽Yi gZvg‽Zi cÕwZdjb N‽U|
6. ‼h‽Kv‽bv mgq Commonwealth Z¨vM Ki‽Z cv‽i|
KbWwgwbqb (Condominion)
GKB f~-LÐ GKvwaK miKv‽ii Aax‽b _vK‽j Zv‽K KbWwgwbqb e‽j| KbWwgwbqb f~-LÐwU c~Y© mve©‽fØgZ¡ ‼fvM K‽i _v‽K|
KbWwgwbqb Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK wm×všÍ cÕYq‽b mÿg| GwU mbvZb aviYv| KbWwgwbqb homeowner association wn‽m‽e
KvR K‽i|
 D`vniY: 1899 ‼_‽K 1957 mvj ch©šÍ Anglo-Egyptian Condominion wQ‽jv my`vb|
AwQ ivóª (Trustee state)
¯^vaxbZvi ¯^xK…wZ `v‽b Drmvn m„wó, gvbevwaKvi I ‼gØwjK ¯^vaxbZv Kv‽q‽gi Rb¨ ev¯Í‽e iƒc w`‽Z AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úª`v‽qi
`vwq‽Z¡ _vKv ivóª‽K AwQ ivóª e‽j|
wbivcËv cwil‽`i mycvwi‽k we‽ivac~Y© AÂj‽K RvwZms‽Ni AwQ cwil‽`i `vwq‽Z¡ ‼hme ivóª wQj ‼mme ivóª‽K AwQ ivóª ejv
nZ| bvDiæ, Uz¨f¨vjy I cvjvD AwQ ivóª wQj| eZ©gv‽b `vidzi‽K AwQ ivóª ejv hvq hw`I GUv mivmwi AwQ cwil‽`i Aax‽b
bq|
gyLv‡cÿx ivóª (Vassal state)
GB ivóª¸‽jv mvaviYZ wb‽Ri Rb¨ Kg K‽i, cvk¦©eZx© ÿgZvkvjx iv‽óªi ¯^v‽_© KvR K‽i| mvaviYZ fvmvj ‼÷U cvk¦©eZx©
ÿgZvkvjx ivóª‽K mvgwiK mn‽hvwMZv w`‽q _v‽K hLb IB ivóª mn‽hvwMZvi Avgš¿Y Rvbvq| ‼Kv‽bv ‼Kv‽bv we‽kølK Gme
ivóª‽K Tributary State ev Ki` ivR¨ wn‽m‽eI AwfwnZ K‽i‽Qb|
eZ©gvb wek¦e¨e¯'vq wKQz wKQz ivóª i‽q‽Q, hviv eo iv‽óªi Dci wbf©ikxj, A_ev Zvi gyLv‽cÿx| ejv nq GBme fvmvj ‼÷U
cÕfve we¯ÍviKvix ivóª‽K mvgwiK kw³ ‼hvMvq| AvaywbK mgvR e¨e¯'vq GBme ivóª‽K ÔcyZzj ivóª× wn‽m‽e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|
 D`vniY: A‽Uvg¨vb mv¤ªv‽R¨i mgq (1299-1923) Zv‽`i wbqwš¿Z GjvKvq wKQz wKQz fvmvj ivóª-Gi Rb¥ n‽qwQj|
AvR‽Ki gj‽`vfv‽K IB mgq fvmvj ‼÷U wn‽m‽e MY¨ Kiv n‽Zv| mvaviY ‼h 4wU Dcv`vb wb‽q ivóª MwVZ nq, Zv
Ôfvmvj ‼÷U× Gi _v‽K bv|

Mfxi ivóª (Deep state) [*****]

wWc ‼÷U ej‽Z ‼evSvq wKQz miKvwi Kg©Pvix miKvwi bxwZ cÕYqb cÕwµqvq cÕPwjZ ‼h ixwZbxwZ Zvi evB‽i wM‽q miKvwi
bxwZ‽Z cÕfve LvUv‽Z ‼Póv K‽ib| ÔwWc ‼÷U× ‼Kv‽bv GKK e¨w³ bb, eis cÕfvekvjx ‼ek K‽qKRb DaŸ©Zb e¨w³i mgš^‽q
M‽o IVv GKwU Pµ‽K ‼evSvq, hviv bxwZ cÕYq‽b I MÕn‽Y cÕfve LvUvq ev LvUv‽bvi ‼Póv K‽i| ÔwWc ‼÷U× Gi welqwU
cÕ_gev‽ii g‽Zv e¨vcKfv‽e Av‽jvwPZ nq 2016 mv‽j hy³iv‽óª ‼cÕwm‽W›U wb©vP‽bi mgq| ‼`Lv ‼M‽Q wKQz DaŸ©Zb ‼mbv
Kg©KZ©v, ‼Mv‽q›`v Kg©KZ©v, cÕkvmwbK DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©viv miKvwi `wjj duvm K‽i Pjgvb ivR‰bwZK cÕwµqvq cÕfve LvUv‽Z
‼Póv K‽i‽Qb|
 D`vniY: cvwK¯Ívb I wgqvbgvi‽K Mfxi ivóª ejv hvq| ‼Kbbv, G `ywU ‼`‽ki ‼mbvevwnbx ‼m‽`‽ki miKv‽ii
wm×všÍ‽K cÕfvweZ K‽i _v‽K|

`wÿ‡Yi ivóª (South state)

mvaviYZ `wÿY ‼Mvjv‽a©i ‼`k¸‽jv `xN©w`b Jcwb‽ewkK kvm‽bi Aax‽b _vKvq A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK w`K ‼_‽K wcwQ‽q
Av‽Q| ZvB mvwe©Kfv‽e A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK w`K ‼_‽K wcwQ‽q _vKv ivóªmg~n‽K `wÿ‽Yi ‼`k wn‽m‽e we‽ePbv Kiv nq|
 `wÿ‡Yi †`‡ki ˆewkó¨
1. cÕvK…wZK m¤ú‽`i cÕvPzh©Zv _vK‽jI D‽Ëvj‽bi mÿgZv ‼bB|
2. `xN©w`b cwðgv Dcwb‽e‽ki Aax‽b _vKvq m¤ú‽`i ‼ewkifvMB cvPvi n‽q ‼M‽Q|
3. we‽kl ¯'vqx A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‽gv M‽o I‽Vwb|
4. cÕhyw³MZ Dbœq‽bi Rb¨ wk‽ívbœZ ‼`k¸‽jvi Dci wbf©ikxj|
5. c‽Y¨i evRvi cÕfz iv‽óªi B”Qv-Awb”Qvq wbqwš¿Z nq|
6. ˆe‽`wkK mvnvh¨ I FYwbf©i A_©bxwZ|
 D`vniY: ‼mvgvwjqv, `wÿY my`vb
ÿz`ª ivóª (Small state) [*****]
mvgwiK kw³‽Z `ye©j ivóªwU‽K AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i fvlvq ÿz`ª ivóª e‽j| G‽ÿ‽Î Aek¨B g‽b ivL‽Z n‽e ‼h, iv‽óªi Ab¨vb¨
Dcv`vb we‽kl K‽i AvqZb, Ae¯'vb, A_©bxwZ ev cÕK…wZ gyL¨ bq| GLv‽b mvgwiK kw³nxbZvB gyL¨|
ivóªweÁvbx W. ZvjyK`vi gwbiæ¾vgvb e‽jb,
Öÿz`ª ivóª ej‽Z H ivóªwU‽K ‼evSvq hvi hy‽×i mvg_©¨ LyeB Kg Ges MZvbyMwZK| GUv ‼Kej
ˆewk^K `„wó‽KvY ‼_‽KB Zzjbv bq eis AvÂwjK e„nr kw³¸‽jvi ZzjbvqI n‽Z cv‽i|Ó
 ˆewkó¨:
1. mvgwiK kw³‽Z `ye©j ivóª
2. Ab¨ iv‽óªi mvgwiK mn‽hvwMZvi Dci wbf©ikxj
3. AvqZb, RbmsL¨v ev A_©bxwZ‽Z `ye©jZv ev kw³kvjx nIqvi Acwinvh©Zv bq|
 D`vniY: AvBmj¨vÛ ‼`kwU AvqZ‽b ‼gvUvgywU eo n‽jI mvgwiK evwnbx bv _vKvi Kvi‽Y Zv‽K ÿz`ª ivóª ejv hvq|
Aciw`‽K, BmivBj ivóªwU AvqZ‽b ÿz`ª n‽jI mvgwiK kw³ _vKvi Kvi‽Y ÿz`ª ivóª ejv hv‽e bv|
e„nr ivóª (Big state)
mvgwiKfv‽e kw³kvjx ivóªwU‽K AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i fvlvq e„nr ivóª e‽j| G‽ÿ‽Î Aek¨B g‽b ivL‽Z n‽e ‼h, iv‽óªi Ab¨vb¨
Dcv`vb we‽kl K‽i AvqZb, Ae¯'vb, A_©bxwZ ev cÕK…wZ gyL¨ bq| GLv‽b mvgwiK kw³B gyL¨|
‼hgb, DËi ‼Kvwiqv ev wmwiqv ‼`k `ywU AvqZ‽b ÿz`ª n‽jI mvgwiK kw³ _vKvi Kvi‽Y AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i fvlvq e„nr ivóª|
mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª (Socialist state)
mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª ej‽Z ‼mB ai‽bi ivóª‽K ‼evSvq ‼hLv‽b e¨w³ gvwjKvbv‽K ¯^xKvi Kiv nq bv| G‽Z Drcv`‽bi DcKiY¸‽jv
ivóªxq gvwjKvbvq _v‽K| ivóªxq wbqš¿‽Y Drcv`b I eÈ‽bi e¨e¯'v ‼bqv nq| mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨‽K ¯^xKvi K‽i bv| G
ai‽bi iv‽óª GKwUgvÎ ivR‰bwZK `j _v‽K I we‽ivax gZ cÕPv‽ii my‽hvM _v‽K bv|
 mgvRZvwš¿K †`‡ki ˆewkó¨:
1. GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j
2. e¨w³ gvwjKvbvq m¤úwË _v‽K bv ev _vKvi Rb¨ ivóª DrmvwnZ K‽i bv
3. ivóª wbqwš¿Z MYgva¨g _v‽K
4. `jxq KvVv‽gvi Aax‽b gZ cÕKvk
5. cÕwZwU gvbyl iv‽óªi Rb¨ KvR K‽i
 D`vniY: wKDev I DËi ‼Kvwiqv|
cyuwRev`x ivóª (Capitalist state)
cyuwRev`x ivóª ej‽Z ‼mB ivóª‽K ‼evSvq ‼hLv‽b m¤ú‽`i Dci bvMwiK‽`i e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv ¯^xKvi Kiv nq| cyuwRev`x miKvi
e¨e¯'vq Drcv`‽bi wbqš¿Y e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvq _v‽K| Gi Dci miKv‽ii ‼Kvb wbqš¿Y _v‽K bv| Aeva cÕwZ‽hvwMZvi gva¨‽g
Drcv`b I mieiv‽ni e¨e¯'v cwiPvwjZ nq| cyuwRev`x iv‽óª bvMwiKMY m¤ú‽`i gvwjKvbv I ‼fv‽Mi ‼ÿ‽Î ¯^vaxb|
 cyuwRev`x iv‡óªi ˆewkó¨:
1. ivóª RbM‽Yi Rxeb, m¤úwË I ¯^vaxbZvi wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‽e
2. MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‽eva (Democratic Values) Gi Dci wfwË K‽i ivóª cwiPvwjZ n‽e
3. e¨w³gvwjKvbvi cÕvavb¨ _vK‽e
4. Avgjve¨e¯'vI n‽e MYZvwš¿K
5. cÕwZwU bvMwiK MYZvwš¿K AvPiY Ki‽e
6. msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯'v Kvh©Ki _vK‽e
7. ejcÕ‽qvM Abycw¯'Z _vK‽e
8. cywjwk ivóªe¨e¯'v _vK‽e bv
9. mykxj mgv‽Ri wm×v‽šÍi cÕvavb¨ _vK‽e|
10. m‽e©vcwi MYZš¿ I gy³evRv‽ii wbðqZv wbwðZ Ki‽e
 D`vniY: hy³ivóª, Rvg©vwb, hy³ivR¨, Rvcvb cÕf…wZ|
MYZvwš¿K ivóª (Democratic state)
RbM‽Yi B”Qvi cÕwZdjb N‽U Ggb ‼`k| ivóª KZ…©K wbhy³ Avgjv I RbMY KZ„©K wbe©vwPZ cÕwZwbwai mgš^‽q MYZvwš¿K ivóª
cwiPvwjZ nq|
 MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi ¸Y:
1. ivóªwU e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP
2. MYZvwš¿K iv‽óª `vwqZ¡kxj kvmb we`¨gvb _v‽K
3. miKv‽ii `ÿZvi e„w× N‽U
4. mvg¨ I mAwaKv‽ii cÕ‽qvM N‽U
5. bvMwi‽Ki gh©v`v e„w× cvq
6. hyw³ I m¤§wZi Dci cÖwZwôZ
7. ivR‰bwZK wkÿv jvf
8. wecø‽ei m¤¢vebv Kg
9. miKv‽ii cÕwZ GKvZ¥Zv e„w×
 MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi ÎæwU:
1. ¸Y ev ‼hvM¨Zvi ‼P‽q msL¨vi Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÕ`vb
2. `jxq miKvi
ag© wbi‡cÿ ivóª (Secular state)
ag© wbi‽cÿ iv‽óªi ZË¡ cÕ`vb Ki‽Z wM‽q AvaywbK ivóªweÁv‽bi RbK g¨vwKqvf¨vwj e‽jb,
Öag© gvby‽li e¨w³MZ Rxe‽b Abykxjb n‽e, wKš` ivóªxq Kg©Kv‽Ð a‽g©i ‼Kvb ¯'vb n‽e bv|Ó
 ˆewkó¨:
1. a‽g©i wfwË‽Z ‼Kvb cÕKvi ˆelg¨ n‽e bv
2. a‽g©i cÕ‽kœ iv‽óªi HK¨ _vK‽e
3. ivóª me bvMwi‽Ki AMÕMwZ jv‽fi mgvb my‽hvM w`‽e
4. RbM‽Yi ¯^vaxbZvi wbðqZv _vK‽e
 D`vniY: fviZ, ‼bcvj, evsjv‽`k cÕf…wZ|
Annex-1 & AOSIS [*******]
Annex-1 AOSIS
 UNFCCC Gi Z_¨ g‽Z, wkícÕavb ‼`k‽K ejv nq-  c~Y©iƒcÑ Allaince of the Small Island States.
Annex-1.  cwiPqÑ Øxc I DcKyjxq ‼`‽ki ‼RvU
 ‼gvU 39 wU ‼`k‽K ejv nq- A¨v‽b‾-1|  Gme ‽`k cwi‽ek wech©‽qi wkKvi n‽q eQ‽i
 Gme ‽`k Kve©b wbtmiY K‽i cwi‽ek wech©q NUvq| 500 wgwjqb Wjvi ÿwZi m¤§yLxb nq|
 2009 mv‽ji ‼Kv‽cb‽n‽Mb m‽¤§j‽b (COP-15)  RvwZms‽Ni cÕ¯Ívebvq 1991 mv‽j cÕwZwôZ nq|
ejv nq, ANNEX-1 ‼`k¸‽jv Kve©b wbtmiY Kivi  Gi m`m¨ 39wU ¯^vaxb ‽`k Ges 7wU Øxc AÂj
Kvi‽Y Rjevqy wech©‽qi wkKvi Ggb ‼`k¸‽jv‽K  Giv ANNEX-1 ‼_‽K Zv‽`i wRwWwci 0.7%
Zv‽`i wRwWwci 0.7% ÿwZc~iY w`‽e| ÿwZc~iY cv‽e|
 Pxb, `wÿY Avwd«Kv, fviZ, eªvwRj (BASIC) COP-  ‼RvUwUi eZ©gvb mfvcwZÑ Uzf¨vjy
15 Gi k‽Z©i we‽ivwaZv K‽i|

¯^‡ívbœZ †`k (LDCs) [*******]

1964 mv‽j evwYR¨ m¤úªmvi‽Yi D‽Ï‽k¨ UNCTAD 77wU ‼`k wb‽q G-77 MVb K‽i| GB ‼`k¸‽jvi g‽a¨ ‼hme ‼`k
evwY‽R¨i ‼ÿ‽Î wcwQ‽q Av‽Q Zv‽`i‽K wb‽q 1971 mv‽j LDC Group ˆZwi Kiv nq| cÕKvk _v‽K ‼h, G-77 fz³ ‼`k¸‽jvi
g‽a¨ hviv A_©bxwZ‽Z AMÕmigvb Zv‽`i wb‽q MwVZ nq G-24 Ges evwY‽R¨ wcwQ‽q _vKv ‼`k¸‽jv wb‽q ECOSOC 1971 mv‽j
LDCs MVb K‽i| RvwZms‽Ni mvaviY cwil‽`i 2768 b¤^i cÕ¯Íve Abyhvqx (UNGA 2768 Regulation) MwVZ nq LDCs.
evsjv‽`k 1975 mv‽j LDC fy³ nq|
 LDC fz³ nIqvi cÖwZôvKvjxb kZ©mg~n:
i. gv_vwcQz GDP 900 Wjv‽ii wb‽P n‽e|
ii. Mo Avqy 50 eQ‽ii wb‽P n‽Z n‽e|
iii. A_©‰bwZK eûgyLxKi‽Yi Afve _vK‽e|
 LDC fz³ †`k myweav cvq:
i. GSP myweav
ii. Soft Loan myweav
iii. Copyright myweav
 LDC-gy³ nIqvi kZ©mg~n:
i. me©‽kl 3 eQ‽ii Mo gv_vwcQz Avq 1230 Wjv‽ii Dc‽i n‽Z n‽e|
ii. A_©‰bwZK f½yiZvi m~PK gvb 26 Gi wb‽P n‽Z n‽e|
iii. gvbe Dbœqb m~P‽Ki gvb 66 Gi Dc‽i n‽Z n‽e| [Drm: ECOSOC Gi 2018 mv‡ji CDP Report]
Kjv cÖRvZš¿ (Banana Republic) [****]
ivR‰bwZKfv‽e f½yi ivóª‽K Kjv cÕRvZš¿ e‽j| ivóªweÁv‽b GB kãwU ivR‰bwZKfv‽e Aw¯'wZkxj we‽klZ Kjvi g‽Zv GKgvÎ
ißvwb c‽Y¨i Dci wbf©ikxj ga¨ Av‽gwiKvi ‼`k¸‽jvi ‼ÿ‽Î cÕvqB e¨eüZ n‽q _v‽K|
Bs‽iwR A‾‽dvW© kã‽Kvl Abymv‽i Kjv cÕRvZš¿ n‽jv,
ÖA_©bxwZ we‽`wk cyuwR wbqwš¿Z GKwU GKK ißvwb c‽Y¨i Dci
 wbf©ikxj nIqvi Kvi‽Y ivR‰bwZKfv‽e Aw¯'wZkxj GKwU GKK ivóª|Ó
divwm ‼jLK ‼j eøM ey‽KvibvBb e‽jb,
ÖKjv cÕRvZ‽š¿ ‼Kv‽bv cÕwZôvb‽KB m¤§vb Kiv nq bv, wm×všÍ ‼bIqvi mgq ‼Kvb Abyµg gvbv
nq bv, Ges AvB‽bi cÕwZ ‼Kvb m¤§vb GgbwK KZ…©c‽ÿi m‽e©v”P ¯Í‽iI ‼`Lv‽bv nq bv|Ó
 ˆewkó¨:
i. ivR‰bwZKfv‽e Aw¯'wZkxj ivóª
ii. iv‽óªi ivR‰bwZK AeKvVv‽gv AKvh©Ki
iii. cywjwk kvmb e¨e¯'v we`¨gvb
iv. miKv‽ii 3wU wefv‽Mi g‽a¨ mgš^qnxbZv
v. A_©‰bwZKfv‽e ‼`Dwjqv ai‽bi Ae¯'v weivR K‽i|
 D`vniY: wZDwbwmqv|

cÖ‡Uv †÷U (Proto State)

cÕ‽Uv ‼÷U‽K Aa© ivóªI ejv nq| GB ai‽bi ivóª e¨e¯'v P‚ovšÍfv‽e cÕwZôvwbKxKiY ev ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ-mve©‽fØg ivóª bq (A
proto-state, also known as a quasi-state)|
D`vniY: weªwUk mv¤ªvR¨fz³ ‼`k, BmjvwgK ‼÷U (IS).

mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Sovereignty) [********]

mve©‽fØgZ¡ n‽jv iv‽óªi ‼mB we‽klZ¡ hvi `iæb ivóª wb‽Ri AvIZvaxb Af¨šÍixY e¨vcv‽i m‽e©me©v nq Ges Aci ‼Kvb iv‽óªi
B”Qv Awb”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj _v‽K bv| mve©‽fØgZ¡ n‽jv iv‽óªi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| mve©‽fØgZ¡ Qvov ‼Kv‽bv f~-LÐ‽K ivóª ejv
hvq bv| 1648 mv‽ji Peace of Westphedlia g‽Z, State must be sovereign.
 Af¨šÍixY mve©‡fŠgZ¡: Af¨šÍixY mve©‽fØgZ¡ n‽jv iv‽óªi mKj e¨w³, e¯` I mKj wel‽qi Dci iv‽óªi KZ…©Z¡|
 ewnt¯’ mve©‡fŠgZ¡: evwn‽ii ‽Kvb kw³i wbqš¿Y ev cÕfvegy³ _vKv|
 AvšÍR©vwZK mve©‡fŠgZ¡: AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³, AvBb, e¨e¯'v, Kb‽fbkb ev mb` Øviv mKj ‼`‽ki mv‽_ mgvb my‽hvM jvf|
 mve©‡fŠg Ae¨vnwZ (Immunity): AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‽b e¨eüZ GKwU bxwZ hvi A_© ‼Kv‽bv mve©‽fØg miKvi‽K Zvi
AbygwZ Qvov Zvi weiæ‽× gvgjv Kiv hv‽e bv| Z‽e, AvšÍR©vwZK Aciva Av`vjZ (2002) gvgjv Ki‽Z cvi‽e|
ZvB‽Zv my`v‽bi ‼cÕwm‽W‽›Ui weiæ‽× `vidzi MYnZ¨vi `v‽q 2 evi ‼MÕßvwi c‽ivqvbv ‼`qv nq| G‽ÿ‽Î AvšÍR©vwZK
Aciva Av`vj‽Zi 123 m`‽m¨i ‼h‽Kv‽bv m`m¨ Acivax‽K ‼Mßvi Ki‽Z cv‽i|
 mve©‡fŠg AwaKvi: ‼Kv‽bv ivóª KZ©„K AvšÍR©vwZK ‼ÿÎmn mKj e¨vcv‽i ¯^vaxbfv‽e KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÕ‽qvRbxq AvBbMZ
ÿgZv|
 mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ˆewkó¨:
1. mve©‽fØgZ¡ GKwU iv‽óªi ‼gØwjK ÿgZv
2. mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i ÿgZv ¯'vqx I AÿzYœ
3. GwU iv‽óªi Pig ÿgZv
4. mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i ÿgZv‽K wef³ Kiv hvq bv
5. GwU iv‽óªi mxgvnxb ÿgZv
6. mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi‽hvM¨ bq
7. mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i ÿgZv ‼h‽Kv‽bv ÿgZv‽K P¨v‽jà Ki‽Z cv‽i|
8. mve©‽fØgZ¡ Qvov ‼Kv‽bv f~-LÐ‽K ivóª ejv hvq bv|
de facto de jure
ivóª wn‽m‽e Rbmgwó, miKvi, f~-LÐ, m¤ú‽`i Ici f~-L‽Ði Dci ivRZ¡ Kivi AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ Av‽Q
KZ©„Z¡, PjvP‽ji ¯^vaxbZv I iv‽óªi mKj AvbyôvwbKZv Ggb f~-LÐB de jure.
 Av‽Q ïay mve©‽fØgZ¡ ‼bB| A_©vr, mve©‽fØgZ¡nxb f~-LÐB D`vniY: `wÿY my`vb, gw›Uwb‽MÕv, wZgyi wjm‽Z cÕf…wZ
wW d¨v‽±v|
D`vniY: ZvBIqvb, wMÖbj¨vÛ, nsKs|
¯^vaxbZv (Independent) mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Sovereign)
* Af¨šÍixY wm×všÍ cÕYq‽b ¯^vaxb * Af¨šÍixY I ewnt¯' wm×všÍ cÕYq‽b ¯^vaxb
* wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‽b A‽b¨i Dci wbf©ikxj * wb‽Ri wm×všÍ wb‽R cÕYqb I ev¯Íevqb Ki‽Z cv‽i|
* Pzw³ Ki‽Z cv‽i bv * Pzw³ Ki‽Z cv‽i
D`vniY: 2001 ‼_‽K AvdMvwb¯Ívb, 2011 ‼_‽K wmwiqv D`vniY: K‽mv‽fv, f¨vwUKvb, `wÿY my`vb cÕf…wZ|
wdwjw¯Íb mve©‡fŠg wK bv?
nu¨v: hyw³mg~n-
1. 29 b‽f¤^i, 2012 mv‽ji Zvwi‽L RvwZmsN c¨v‽j÷vBb‽K de jure state wn‽m‽e ¯^xK…wZ ‼`q| Avgiv Rvwb de jure gv‽b
mve©‽fØg ivóª|
2. 29 b‽f¤^i, 2012 mv‽ji ZvwiL ‼_‽K RvwZms‽N c¨v‽j÷vB‽bi gh©v`v Non Member Observer, Gi Av‽M gh©v`v wQj
Aivóªxq ch©‽eÿK ev Non State Observer. A_©vr, 2012 mv‽ji 29 b‽f¤^‽ii Av‽M wdwjw¯Íb ivóªB wQ‽jv bv| eZ©gv‽b
ivóª Z‽e m`m¨ bq (Am`m¨ ch©‽eÿK)
3. PLO Gi eZ©gvb bvg State of Palestine. Avgiv Rvwb, State Must be Sovereign. PLO eZ©gv‽b State Of Palestine -
Gi GKwU cwil` gvÎ|
4. 2016 mv‽j RvwZms‽Ni mwPevj‽q Ö`¨vM ‼ngvi‽kvìÓ fe‽b wdwjw¯Í‽bi cZvKv cÕ_gev‽ii g‽Zv D‽Ëvjb K‽i| Avgiv
Rvwb, mwPevjq fe‽b mve©‽fØg ‼`‽ki cZvKv Qvov Ab¨ ‼`‽ki cZvKv D‽ËvwjZ nq bv|
5. 2016 mv‽ji 23 wW‽m¤^i Zvwi‽L UNSC 2334 Resalation cvk nq| GB cÕ¯Ív‽e ejv nq, c~e© ‼RiæRv‽j‽g BmivB‽ji
emwZ wbwl×| A_©vr c~e© ‼RiæRv‽jg Palestine Gi Ask|

Federation
* KZ¸‽jv iv‽R¨i BDwbqb
* ‼K›`ª cÕ‽`‽k Avjv`v kvmb
* cÕ‽`k ¯^vqË¡kvmb ‼fvM K‽i
* ‼K‽›`ªi wm×všÍ cÕ‽`k gvb‽Z eva¨
D`vniY: 1787 mvj ‼_‽K hy³ivóª, 1878 mvj ‼_‽K
myBRvij¨vÛ Ges 1950 mvj ‼_‽K fviZ ‼dWv‽ikb|
Confederation
* K‽qKwU ¯^vaxb I mve©‽fØg ‼`‽ki BDwbqb ev Pzw³
* ¯^ ¯^ ‼`‽k ¯^ ¯^ kvmb
* hvi hvi mve©‽fØgZ¡ ‼fvM K‽i
* BDwbqb ev Kb‽dWv‽ik‽bi wm×všÍ m`m¨ ivóª gvb‽Z
eva¨ bq| cÕKvk _v‽K ‼h, Confederation GKK ‼Kv‽bv
ivóª bq| GwU GKwU BDwbqb gvÎ|
D`vniY: mv‽eK ‼mvwf‽qZ BDwbqb, BD‽ivcxq BDwbqb

I‡q÷dvjxqv mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Westphalia Sovereignty)

I‽q÷dvjxq mve©‽fØgZ¡ ej‽Z ivóªxq mxgvbv Ges Avf¨šÍixY KvVv‽gvi ‼fZ‽i we‽`wk ¸ßPie„wËi Abycw¯'wZ‽K ‼evSvq| GwU
ivóª, eûRvwZK K‽cv©‽ikb Ges msMVbmg~‽ni GK AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯'v hv 1648 mv‽ji I‽q÷dvjxqv kvwšÍPzw³i gva¨‽g hvÎv
ïiæ K‽i| iv‽óªi Af¨šÍ‽i Ab¨vb¨ KZ…©cÿ ev cÕwZôv‽bi Ici ivóªxq KZ…©c‽ÿi KZ…©Z¡ Av‽Q Ggb ÿgZv‽K mve©‽fØgZ¡ e‽j|
GB ai‽bi Acivci cÕwZôv‽bi D`vniY n‽jv evwn¨K, agx©q wKsev ivR‰bwZK msMVb A_ev Ab¨ ‼Kv‽bv evwn¨K kw³ n‽Z
cv‽i|
D`vniY: `wÿY my`v‽bi A_©bxwZ‽Z wek^ e¨vs‽Ki cÕfve n‽jv ÔI‽q÷dvjxqv mve©‽fØg‽Z¡×i AšÍivq|
eûZ¡ev`x mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Pluralistic Sovereignty) ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
iv‽óªi mKj ‼Mvôx iv‽óªi Ici cÕfve we¯Ívi Ki‽Z cvivi mvg_©‽K eûZ¡ev`x mve©‽fØgZ¡ e‽j| wesk kZvãx‽Z GB gZev‽`i
m~ÎcvZ N‽U|
ivóªwPšÍvwe` wjIb Wz¸BU (Leon Duguit), û‽Mv µ‽eŸ (Hugo Krabbe), Ges ‼nivì ‼Rv‽md jvw¯‹ (Harold J. Laski) mn
Av‽iv KwZcq AvaywbK ivóªwPšÍvwe` eûZ¡ev`x mve©‽fØgZ¡ (Pluralistic Sovereignty) gZev` bv‽g GK bZzb mve©‽fØgZ¡ Z‽Ë¡i
Rb¥ ‼`b| Zv‽`i g‽Z,
ÖeûZ¡ev`x mve©‽fØg‽Z¡i Aax‽b iv‽óªi Av_©-mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK Ges agx©q ‼Mvôx¸‽jv
cÕwZwU iv‽óªi miKv‽ii Ici GK ai‽bi ‼KØkjx AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‽i| cÕwZwU mgv‽Ri
mve©‽fØgZ¡ ‼Kv‽bv GKwU wbw`©ó ¯'v‽b Ae¯'vb K‽i bv eis Zv GK ‼Mvôx ‼_‽K Ab¨
‼Mvôx‽Z cÕwZwbqZ ¯'vbvšÍwiZ nq|Ó
D`vniY: BD‽ivgvwb Rvb©v‽ji wi‽cvU© weªwUk A_©bxwZ I ‼Møvevj wR‽iv RvwZms‽Ni cigvYy Kg©m~wP‽K cÕfvweZ K‽i _v‽K|
ivóªxq I A-ivóªxq Kg©‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ [*******]
ivóªxq Kg©K (State Actors) Aivóªxq Kg©K (Non state Actors)
iv‽óªi ev miKv‽ii c‽ÿ KvR K‽i Ggb e¨w³, ‼Mvôx ev ivóª ev miKv‽ii KvR ev wm×všÍ MÕnY cÕwµqvq cÕfve we¯Ívi Ki‽Z
cÕwZôvb‽K ejv nq ivóªxq Kg©K| cv‽i Ggb e¨w³, ‼Mvôx ev cÕwZôvb‽K ejv nq Aivóªxq Kg©K|
D`vniY: miKvicÕavb, ‼Mv‽q›`v ms¯'v, K~U‰bwZK, D`vniY: INGOs, Organizations, MNCs, TNCs,
wgwjUvwi, ‼÷U wWcvU©‽g›U, mvnvh¨ ms¯'v, ivóª wbqwš¿Z Pressure Groups, Civil Society, Terrorist Groups,
mvnvh¨ ms¯'v cÕf…wZ| Press, Bill Gates, Pope cÕf…wZ|
wm×všÍ MÕnY I ev¯Íevqb Kivi mÿgZv I ˆeaZv Av‽Q| wm×všÍ MÕnY Kivi ˆeaZv bv _vK‽jI ev¯Íevqb Kivi
aiæb, A_©gš¿Yvj‽qi ev‽RU Kivi mÿgZv I ˆeaZv mÿgZv i‽q‽Q| aiæb, A_©gš¿Yvj‽qi ev‽RU Kivi
`y‽UvB Av‽Q| mÿgZv I ˆeaZv `y‽UvB Av‽Q| wKš` wmwcwWi ev‽RU Kivi
mÿgZv _vK‽jI ˆeaZv bvB|
ivóªxq Kg©K Aivóªxq Kg©K‽K e¨envi K‽i _v‽K| ivóªxq Kg©K‽K Aivóªxq Kg©K Pvc m„wó K‽i| ‼hgb,
‼hgb, cvwK¯Ív‽bi wgwjUvwi fvi‽Zi weiæ‽× j¯‹i-B- wbivcËv cwil` DËi ‼Kvwiqvq Ae‽iva Av‽ivc K‽i Pvc
ZvB‽q¨ev‽K e¨envi K‽i _v‽K| m„wó K‽i|
Aivóªxq Kg©K‽K jvjb I wbqš¿Y K‽i| ivóªxq Kg©K‽K wb‽`©kbv I Pvcm„wó K‽i| ‼hgb, ‼emiKvwi
‼hgb, cwi‽ek gš¿Yvjq ‼Kv‽bv wm×všÍ ‼bevi Rb¨ cwi‽ek ms¯'v¸‽jv ivgcvj we`y¨r‽K›`ª bv Kivi Rb¨
‼emiKvwi cwi‽ek ms¯'vi mv‽_ Avjvc Av‽jvPbvi ci miKvi‽K Pvc m„wó K‽i _v‽K| Avevi wek^ m¤úª`vq ‼_‽K
wm×všÍ wb‽q _v‽K| Rjevqy ÿwZMÕ‽¯Íi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ cÕvwß‽Z miKvi‽K
mn‽hvwMZv K‽i _v‽K ‼emiKvwi cwi‽ek ms¯'vmg~n|

State actor & Non- state actor Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK©

K. Pvc m„wó:
ivóªxq Kg©‽Ki (state actors) Kg©Kv‽Ð Aivóªxq Kg©K¸‽jv iv‽óªi ¯^v_© ev¯Íevq‽bi j‽ÿ¨ Pvc m„wó K‽i _v‽K| ‼hgb, ivgcvj
we`y¨r‽K›`ª ¯'vc‽bi Kvi‽Y my›`ie‽b cwi‽ek wech©q ‼`Lv w`‽e e‽j Aivóªxq Kg©K MYgva¨g, cwi‽ek msMVbmg~n ivóª‽K
Pvcm„wó K‽i _v‽K|
L. iv‡óªi Z_¨ dvum:
Aivóªxq Kg©K¸‽jv wewfbœ Rwic I cwimsL¨v‽bi gva¨‽g iv‽óªi Z_¨ duvm K‽i _v‽K| ‼hgb, Aivóªxq Kg©K Ôwewewm evsjv‽`k
msjvc× Gi gva¨‽g ivóªxq A‽bK mgmvgwqK Z_¨ duvm K‽i ‼`q| GQvovI, wUAvBwe hLb cywj‽ki `yb©xwZi wPÎ Dc¯'vcb K‽i
Rwic cÕKvk K‽i ZLb ivóªxq cÕwZôvb cywj‽ki Kg©KvÐ m¤ú‽K© we‽`wk miKvi I ms¯'v Z_¨ ‼c‽q hvq|
M. cÖwZcÿ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ jvf:
ivóª cÕwZcÿ iv‽óªi kw³ I `ye©jZv m¤ú‽K© Rvbvi Rb¨ Aivóªxq Kg©‽Ki Dci `„wócvZ K‽i| aiæb, evsjv‽`‽ki ev‽R‽Ui
‼bwZevPK w`K m¤ú‽K© Z_¨ jvf Kivi Rb¨ Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD)- Gi ev‽RU m¤ú‽K© Rwic ch©v‽jvPbv
K‽i _v‽K|
N. wb‡`©kbv:
A‽bK mgq ivóªxq Kg©K Aivóªxq Kg©‽Ki KvQ ‼_‽K wb‽`©kbv wb‽q _v‽K| ‼hgb, cwi‽ek m¤ú‽K© cwi‽ek gš¿Yvj‽qi gZ
mgvb KvR Ki‽Z BAPA, BELA, BEN ev cik bv‽gi ms¯'v¸‽jv| Avgiv ‼`L‽Z cvB ‼h, 2018 mv‽j AbywôZ Kc-24
m‽¤§j‽b cwi‽ekgš¿x Aivóªxq cÕwZôv‽bi cÕwZwbwa‽`i wb‽q ‼M‽Qb| ‼Kbbv, Aivóªxq cwi‽ek ms¯'v¸‽jv cwi‽ek m¤úwK©Z Z_¨,
DcvË, wb‽`©kbv w`‽q ivóªxq ms¯'v‽K mnvqZv Ki‽Z cv‽i|
A_©vr, Aivóªxq Kg©‽Ki mv‽_ ivóªxq Kg©‽Ki m¤úK© cÕ‽qvRbxq I wbweo|
wewfbœ Non- state actors
eûRvwZK ms¯’v (MNCs) [*****]
‼h mg¯Í ‼`‽k KvR K‽i ‼m mg¯Í ‼`‽ki cÕwZwbwaZ¡ K‽i Ggb cÕwZôvb‽K eûRvwZK ms¯'v/cÕwZôvb ev Multinational
Companies/Corporations e‽j| hw`I cÕK…Zc‽ÿ Gi ‼ewkifvM Ask Av‽m ‼Kv¤úvwbi Drm ‼`k ‼_‽K| AvaywbK wek^vq‽bi
hy‽M MNCs ‼K TNCs I ejv n‽q _v‽K|
 ˆewkó¨:
K. wewfbœ ‼`‽ki evRv‽ii Dci cÕfve we¯Ívi K‽i| ‼hgb, ‼ccwm‽Kv|
L. `ye©j cÕwZ‽hvMx‽`i evRvi ‼_‽K weZvwoZ K‽i|
M. ivR‰bwZK cÕfveI we¯Ívi K‽i _‽K|
N. wewfbœ ‼`‽k KviLvbv ¯'vcb K‽i|
O. eûRvwZK cÕwZôv‽bi ‼ÿ‽Î msiÿYev` AKvh©Ki _v‽K|
P. mvaviYZ Z…Zxq we‽k^i ‼`k¸‽jv‽Z wb‽qvwRZ _v‽K|
 D`vniY: wdwjcm, BDwbwjfvi, wgrmywewm cÕf…wZ|
MNCs & TNCs [*******]
Multinational Comapanies / Corporations Transnational Companies/ Corporations
GKvwaK ‼`‽k Drcv`b, wecYb I Kvh©µg Pvjv‽”Q Ggb GKvwaK ‼`‽k Drcv`b, wecYb I Kvh©µg Pvjv‽Z mnvqZv
cÖwZôvb| K‽i _v‽K|
¯^ ¯^ ‼`‽ki kÕwgK _v‽K| ‼cÕwiZ iv‽óªi kÕwgK _v‽K|
‼fvM I ‼mevLv‽Z ‼ewk RwoZ _v‽K| AeKvVv‽gv, R¦vjvbx I Dbœqb Lv‽Z ‼ewk wb‽qvwRZ _v‽K|
ïay ‼K›`ª bq eis kvLv Awdm ‼_‽KI Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv ïay cÕavb Kvh©vjq ev ‼K›`ª ‼_‽K Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‽i|
K‽i _v‽K|
gy³ evwYR¨ ¯^iƒc wn‽m‽e KvR K‽i| wØZxq wek^hy‽×i ci be¨ Dcwb‽ekev‽`i ¯^iƒc wn‽m‽e
KvR K‽i|
D`vniY: m¨vgmvs, cÕvY, gvB‽µvmd&U cÕf…wZ| D`vniY: M¨vRcÕg, Pvqbv ‼gRi weªR ‼Kv¤úvwb cÕf…wZ|

Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx (Presure Groups) [*******]

ivR‰bwZK ‼Mvôxi evB‽i ‼`‽ki bvMwiK‽`i HK¨e× ‼MvôxB Pvcm„wóKvix ‼Mvôx| Giv ‼Kv‽bv ivR‰bwZK `‽ji m`m¨ bq|
Giv gv‽S gv‽S ¯^v_© D×v‽ii Rb¨ miKv‽ii Dci Pvc m„wó K‽i| GRb¨ ivóªweÁvbxMY G ‼Mvôx‽K wewfbœ `„wó‽KvY ‼_‽K
bvgKiY K‽i‽QbÑ
Almond, Powell, David Truman, G.Wootton Pvcm„wóKvix ‼Mvôx‽K AL¨vwqZ K‽i‽QbÑ
`Interest Group’ wn‽m‽e S.E. Finer Gi g‽Z, Pvcm„wóKvix ‼Mvôx n‽jv, ÔLobby Group’
A‽bK wPšÍvwe`‽`i g‽Z, Pressure Group n‽jv,
ÔAttitude Group, Non-political and Organised group’
Yron Weiner e‽j‽Qb,
ÔÔPvcm„wóKvix ‼Mvôx miKvwi KvVv‽gvi evB‽i ‼_‽K miKvwi Kg©KZ©vM‽Yi g‽bvbqb I wb‽qvM,
miKvwi bxwZ MÕnY, cwiPvjbv ev wba©vi‽Yi ‼ÿ‽Î cÕfve we¯Ív‽ii ‼Póv K‽i|××
Dc‽i wb‽`©wkZ msÁvmg~‽ni Av‽jv‽K ejv hvq ‼h, Pvcm„wóKvix ‼Mvôx Ggb GKwU Rbmgwó hvi m`m¨MY mgRvZxq g‽bvfve
Ges ¯^v‽_©i eÜ‽b Ave×; ÿgZv `L‽ji ‼Kvb D‽Ïk¨ Zv‽`i ‼bB; eis Zv‽`i D‽Ïk¨ ¯^v‽_©v×vi|
D`vniY wn‽m‽e Global Zero, the Elders ‼K AvšÍR©vwZK Pvcm„wóKvix ‼Mvôx wn‽m‽e we‽ePbv Kiv hvq|

AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôv‡bi msÁv (Definitions of International Institution) [***]

AvšÍR©vwZK cÕwZôvb ev msMVb (International organization) ej‽Z we‽k¦i Ggb ‼ek wKQz AvšÍtmiKvix (Intergovernmental),
‼emiKvix (Non-Governmental), eûRvwZK (Multi-national or transnational) I ‼¯^”Qv‽mex (Volunteer) msMVb‽K eySvq
hv‽`i Kvh©µg we‽k¦i cÕvq mKj ‼`‽kB cwiPvwjZ nq| GB mKj msMV‽b we‽k¦i msL¨vMwiô ivóªB m`m¨ Ges G‽`i Kg© cwiwa
A‽bK we¯Í…Z|
AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb¸‽jv Av_©-mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, mvgwiK, e¨emv-evwYR¨, gvbevwaKvi, mykvmb, `ybx©wZwb‽iva I `gb,
Rjevqy cwieZ©b, cwi‽ek wech©q, `y‽h©vM-e¨e¯'vcbv I mgy`ª A_©bxwZ (Blue Economy) BZ¨vw` cÕvq mKj wel‽qB cvi¯úvwiK
mvnvh¨-mn‽hvwMZv K‽i we‽k¦i mvgwMÕK Dbœq‽b AvMÕYx f‚wgKv cvjb K‽i _v‽K|
‼nDW (Heywood) Gi g‽Z-
ÔÔAvšÍR©vwZK µxovi wewa-weavb I gvbm¤§Z cwiPvjbvi c×wZi wfwË‽Z
AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb ev cÕwZôv‽bi msÁv wba©vwiZ nq××
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i µxovZ‽Ë¡ ‼Kv‽bv wel‽q Rq-Rq Ae¯'v (win win situation) wbwð‽Zi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb KvR K‽i
_v‽K|
eZ©gvb c„w_ex‽Z cÕvq 1200 AvšÍR©vwZK cÕwZôvb Av‽Q| Gi A‽bK¸‽jviB ivRbxwZi mv‽_ mivmwi ‼hvMv‽hvM ‽bB| Gi g‽a¨
150wUi gZ cÕwZôvb miKvi| A_©vr, wewfbœ iv‽óªi miKvi G¸‽jvi mv‽_ hy³| Gi g‽a¨ KZK¸‽jv ivR‰bwZK w`K ‼_‽K
¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

Organization & Institution Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ [*******]

Organization
RbMY, ivóª ev ‼Mvôxi mw¤§wjZ D‽`¨vMB n‽jv ms¯'v‽K MwZkxj Ki‽Z cÕwZwôZ nq Institution
Organization
msMVb ej‽Z g~jZ ‼evSvq, GKwU wbw`©ó jÿ¨ ev
D‽Ï‽k¨ wKQz msL¨K ‼jv‽Ki mgv‽ek| GKRb e¨w³ ev
‼Mvôx Gai‽bi msMVb ‼bZ…Z¡ cÕ`vb K‽i _v‽K|
ms¯'v wewfbœ ai‽bi n‽q _v‽K| ‼hgb, ivR‰bwZK,
A_©‰bwZK, mvgwiK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK cÕf…wZ|
Bbw÷wUDU‽K wbqš¿Y K‽i _v‽K|
‼K›`ªxq ev we‽K›`ªxq kvmb e¨e¯'v AbymiY K‽i _v‽K|
D`vniY: RvwZmsN, wek^ e¨vsK
Institution
GwU Ggb GKwU m˨ hvi ¯'vqxZ¡ _vKvi cÕej m¤¢vebv i‽q‽Q|
GQvov mgv‽Ri e„nr As‽k we‽kl K‽i wkÿvMZ, ag©xq, mvgvwRK
ev A_©‰bwZK D‽Ïk¨ mva‽bi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ n‽q _v‽K|
ms¯'vi B”Qv Awb”Qvq cÕwZôvb cwiPvwjZ nq|
AM©vbvB‽Rk‽bi KvR‽K mnR K‽i _v‽K|
we‽K›`ªxf~Z c×wZ‽Z cwiPvwjZ nq|
D`vniY: UNSC, UNGA cÕf…wZ RvwZms‽Ni Bbw÷wUDU|
 Avevi IDA, IFC, MIGA, ICSID wek^e¨vs‽Ki Bbw÷wUDU|

wR-20 (G-20) [********]

1999 mv‽j DbœZ I AwaK Dbœqbkxj ‼`kMy‽jv‽K wb‽q d«v‽Ý G-20 cÖwZwôZ
nq| G-20 Gi c~Y©iƒc n‽jv Group of Twenty
Finance Ministers & Central Bank Governors. wR-20 ‼K wek^e¨vcx wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvav‽bi D”P cÕwZwbwaZ¡g~jK bZzb
‼dvivg wn‽m‽e we‽ePbv Kiv nZ|
wKš` c‽i ‼`Lv ‼Mj ‼RvUwU wek^e¨vcx Avw_©K msK‽Ui wel‽q mvov ‼`Iqvi ‼ÿ‽Î wb‽R‽`i ‼ek fv‽jvfv‽e weiZ ‼i‽L‽Q|
 wR-20:
we‽k^i ÿgZvai, Z_v abx ‼`k¸‽jvi ‼RvU n‽”Q wR-20| m`m¨ ‼`k¸‽jv n‽jv:
01. Australia 02. Argentina 03. Brazil 04. Canada
05. China 06. European Unino 07. France 08. Germany
09. India 10. Italy 11. Indonesia 12. Japan
13. Mexico 14. Russia 15. South Africa 16. South Korea
17. Soudi Arabia 18. Turkey 19. UK 20. USA
GB ‼Rv‽Ui m`m¨‽`iÑ
Drcv`b : wek^ Drcv`‽bi 90%
evwYR¨ : wek^ evwY‽R¨i 85%
wRwWwc : wek^ wRwWwci 80%
RbmsL¨v : wek^ RbmsL¨vi `yB-Z…Zxqvsk
 wR-20 mvd‡j¨i c‡_ evav:
K. AvKv‡i eo: hw`I abx ivóª¸‽jvi cÕwZwbwa wn‽m‽e KvR Ki‽Q, wKš` GwU AvKv‽i Lye eo|
L. D‡×k¨g~jK KvVv‡gvi Afve: wR-20 Gi D‽Ïk¨g~jK KvVv‽gvi Afve i‽q‽Q, hvi-gva¨‽g jÿ¨ wba©viY Kiv n‽e Ges
‼mme jÿ¨ ev¯ÍvevwqZ n‽e|
M. ÔwRgI wbjÕ Gi cÖ¯Íve: GB ‼dvivg wR-20 Gi g‽a¨B _vK‽e Ges wek^e¨vcx wRwWwci 3/4 cÕwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‽e Ges wR-7 ‼K
P¨v‽jà w`‽e| Ggb gšÍe¨ P¨v‽jà w`‽q _v‽K|
 mgv‡jvPbv:
wR-20 Gi Kv‽Q we‽k^i A‽bK cÕZ¨vkv _vK‽jI wek^e¨vcx mvgvwRK AmgZv, A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‽Y wR-20 ‼Kv‽bv
D‽jøL‽hvM¨ f~wgKv ivL‽Z cv‽i wb| wk‽ívbœZ ‼`k¸‽jvi A_©‰bwZK bxwZi wbh©vm ev¯Íevq‽bB GB ‼Rv‽Ui AvMÕn ‼ewk| A_P
ˆewk^K m¤ú‽`i mylg e¨e¯'vcbvi g‽Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‽q bxwZ cÕYq‽bi my‽hvM GB ‼Rv‽Ui Av‽Q|

Avwmqvb AvÂwjK †dvivg (ARF)

mw¤§wjZ wbivcËv e¨e¯'v M‽o ‼Zvjvi j‽ÿ¨ 1994 mv‽j ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) MwVZ nq| Gi cÕavb D‽Ïk¨ n‽jv
AvÂwjK wbivcËv weavb, cÕavb kw³mg~‽ni mv‽_ eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© ˆZwi, A¯¿ we¯Ívi ‼iv‽a c`‽ÿc, mš¿vmev` we‽ivax bxwZ,
AvšÍ:ivóªxq Aciva `gb, `wÿY Pxb mvMi I ‼Kvwiqv DcØx‽c wbqš¿Y ¯'vcb BZ¨vw`| Avwmqvbfz³ ‼`k¸‽jvi evB‽iI wKQz ‼`k
i‽q‽Q hviv ARF-Gi m`m¨|
Avwmqvb AvÂwjK ‼dviv‽gi m`i `ßi B‽›`v‽bwkqvi RvKvZ©vq| Gi eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v 27| ARF-Gi eZ©gv‽b
AskMÕnYKvix ivóª¸‽jv n‽jv- evsjv‽`k, A‽÷ªwjqv, K‽¤^vwWqv, eªæbvB, cvwK¯Ívb, BD‽ivcxq BDwbqb, KvbvWv, fviZ, cvcyqv
wbDwMwb, Pxb, Rvcvb, gvj‽qwkqv, B‽›`v‽bwkqv, wdwjcvBb, jvIm, DËi ‼Kvwiqv, `wÿY ‼Kvwiqv, wgqvbgvi, _vBj¨vÛ,
wm½vcyi, wbDwRj¨vÛ, ivwkqv, gvwK©b hy³ivóª, wf‽qZbvg, g‽½vwjqv, kÕxjsKv Ges wZgyi wjm&Z|

wek^ e¨vsK A½ms¯’vi KvR [********]

A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wek^e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv
1. Drcv`bgyLx D‽Ï‽k¨ cyuwR wewb‽qvM
2. AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‽R¨ `xN©‽gqvw` I fvimvg¨c~Y© mylg Dbœqb
 3. Riæwi cÕ‽qvRbxq cÕKímg~n‽K AMÕvwaKvig~jKfv‽e FY cÕ`vb Kiv
4. m`m¨ ‼`kmg~‽ni ‼jb‽`‽bi fvimvg¨ eRvq ‼i‽L Zv‽`i Drcv`b ÿgZv e„w× Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb I kÕ‽gi cwi‽ek
DbœZ Kiv
5. m`m¨ ‼`kmg~‽ni ‼emiKvwi cyuwR wewb‽qvMKvix‽`i cyuwR Askx`vwiZ¡ ev Zv‽`iI wewb‽qv‽M wbðqZv `vb Kiv
6. cyuwR wewb‽qv‽Mi myweav m„wó K‽i cybM©Vb I Dbœq‽b mnvqZv Kiv|

FY cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wek^e¨vs‡Ki bxwZ

1. FY MÕnxZv‽K e¨vs‽Ki wbKU Gi ‼hØw³KZv m‽šÍvlRbKfv‽e cÕgvY Ki‽Z n‽e|
2. FY ïay wbw`©ó I Drcv`bkxj cÕK‽í cÕ`Ë n‽e|
3. ¯'vbxq LiP en‽bi Rb¨ FY ‼`qv n‽e|
4. FY Av`v‽qi m¤¢vebv‽K ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‽i we‽ePbv Kiv n‽e|
5. MÕnxZv‽K miKvi KZ…©K M¨vivw›Uhy³ n‽Z n‽e|
wek^e¨vs‡Ki F‡Yi ˆewkó¨
1. wbR¯^ m¤ú` n‽Z FY`vb K‽i
2. m`m¨ivóª Pvu`v ev e¨vsK KZ…©K Ab¨vb¨ LvZ n‽Z FY`vb K‽i
3. ‼hme Dbœqbkxj ‼`‽ki gv_vwcQz Avq 800 Wjv‽ii ‼ewk Zv‽`i Av_© mvgvwRK Dbœq‽b 7% nvi my‽` 15-20 eQ‽ii
Rb¨ FY ‼`q| ‼hme ‼`‽ki gv_vwcQz Avq 800 Wjv‽ii Kg Zv‽`i webvmy‽` FY`vb K‽i|
wek^e¨vs‡Ki F‡Yi †KŠkj
1. FY cÕ`v‽bi cÕK…Z cÕwµqv ïiæ nq FY MÕnxZv ‼`‽ki cÕKí wba©vi‽Yi ci wek^ e¨vs‽Ki Kg©KZ©v I miKv‽ii
cÕwZwbwa‽`i gv‽S Avjvc Av‽jvPbvi ci|
2. FY cÕ`v‽bi ‼ÿ‽Î wek^e¨vsK MÕnxZv ‼`‽ki FY cwi‽kv‽ai ÿgZv wePvi Ki‽e| Gici cÕK‽íi wewfbœ wel‽q Z`šÍ
Ki‽e| ‼hgb, A_©‰bwZK, KvwiMwi, mvsMVwbK, g¨v‽bRvwiqvj I Acv‽ikbvj mÿgZv|
3. wek^e¨vs‽Ki mb‽` ejv Av‽Q FY`v‽bi ‼ÿ‽Î A_©‰bwZK we‽ePbvB ïay cÕvmw½K|
4. wek^e¨vsK ïay wbw`©ó Drcv`bkxj Lv‽ZB FYcÕ`vb K‽i Ges ïay ˆe‽`wkK gy`ªvi AskB ‼hvMvq|
5. FYPzw³i cieZ©x c`‽ÿc n‽jv FYcÕ`vb I e¨q wbe©vn|
6. wek^e¨vsK mvaviY wewb‽qvM e¨vs‽Ki gZB kZ© c~iY Ki‽e|
wek^e¨vs‡Ki e¨e¯’vcbv
1. Board of Governors: m‽e©v”P cwil`
2. Board of Directors: e¨vs‽Ki mvgwMÕK e¨e¯'vcbv K‽i _v‽K Ges wØZxq m‽e©v”P KZ…©cÿ| 25 Rb cwiPvj‽Ki
mgš^‽q MwVZ|
3. Board of Executive Directors: Z…Zxq
m‽e©v”P KZ…©cÿ| GB cwil`wU 5 Rb e„nËg ‼kqvi‽nvìvi‽`i mgš^‽q MwVZ
Ges 15 Rb wW‽i±i _v‽K GB cwil‽`| GB cwil`Ñ
K. FY Aby‽gv`b I FY cÕ`vb bxwZ cÕYqb K‽i
L. ev‽RU cÕYqb K‽i
M. ‼KØkj wba©viY K‽i
 wek^e¨vsK Kvh©µ‡gi †ÿÎmg~n
1. gvbe Dbœqb
2. K…wl I cjøx Dbœqb
3. cwi‽ek iÿv
4. AeKvVv‽gv wbg©vY I Dbœqb
5. mykvmb cÖwZôv
6. Dbœqbkxj ‼`‽ki Kg©KZ©v‽`i cÕwkÿ‽Yi Rb¨ cÕwZôv K‽i‽Q Economic Development Institute.
7. KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ cª`vb
8. wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯'v FAO, UNESCO, WHO, UNIDO, IFAD, ADB -G mvnvh¨ K‽i Ges ‼hØ_fv‽e Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbv K‽i|
wek^e¨vsK A½ms¯’vi Kvh©vewj:
1. IBRD:
K. wek^e¨vs‽Ki g~j Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‽i
L. m`m¨‽`k‽K KvwiMwi mnvqZv w`‽Z IqvwksU‽b cÕwZôv K‽i‽Q Economic Development Institute Ges Staff
College
M. m`m¨‽`k‽K Zvi Askx`v‽ii 20% ch©šÍ FY cÕ`vb K‽i
N. evwYR¨ fvimvg¨ wb‽q KvR K‽i
O. ‼emiKvwi ch©v‽q wewb‽qvMKvix‽`i wek^ e¨vs‽K wewb‽qv‽Mi mycvwik K‽i _v‽K| Z‽e, IBRD ‽Kvbfv‽eB mve©‽fØg
ivóª Qvov ‼Kvb ‼Mvôxi mv‽_ FY Kvh©µg Pvjv‽e bv|
P. cÕvK…wZK `y‽h©vM ‼gvKv‽ejvi Rb¨ Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb K‽i|
Q. IFC Gi mv‽_ ‼hØ_fv‽e ‼emiKvwi ch©v‽q KvR K‽i _v‽K|
R. mnR k‽Z©i cwie‽Z© K‽Vvi bxwZi wfwË‽Z FY`vb Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb K‽i| ZvB, IBRD ‼K IDA Gi wecixZ MÖæc
ejv nq|
2. IDA:
K. ‼hme ‼`k A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‽gv, wkÿv, ¯^v¯'¨, my‽cq cvwb Ges cwi‽ekMZ myiÿvq cÕwZkÕæwZe×, ‼mme ‼`k‽K FY
mnvqZv cÕ`vb K‽i|
L. mnR k‽Z© FY`vb Kg©m~wP cwiPvjbv K‽i| 25-30 eQ‽ii Rb¨ FY cÕ`vb K‽i ‼hLv‽b 5-10 eQi _v‽K ‼MÕm
wcwiqW| GQvovI, FY MÕnxZv ‽`‽ki m¤ú‽`i Dci we‽ePbv K‽i 1.25% ‼_‽K 2.8% ch©šÍ my‽` FY cÕ`vb K‽i|
M. wbqwgZ F‽Yi ‼ÿ‽Î my`gy³ Kg©m~wP MÕnY K‽i _v‽K|
N. FYMÕnxZv ‼`‽ki cÕe„w× AR©b Ges `vwi`ª we‽gvP‽b Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb K‽i|
O. Riæwi mnvqZv cÕ`v‽bi Rb¨ 2007 mv‽j Crisis Response Window Pvjy K‽i|
P. wek^e¨vs‽Ki Countries Policy and Institutional Assessment Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb K‽i|
2. IFC:
K. Dbœqbkxj ‼`‽ki e¨w³ Lv‽Z FY I jMœxi e„nËg eûcvwÿK cÕwZôvb wn‽m‽e KvR K‽i|
L. Dbœqbkxj ‼`‽ki ‼emiKvwi Lv‽Zi e¨w³ wewb‽qvMKvix‽`i m‽½ GK‽Î A_©vqb I civgk© Ges ‼`wk I we‽`wk
e¨w³MZ mÂq I cyuwR wewb‽qvM cÕev‽ni Rb¨ miKvi‽K civg©k `vb K‽i|
M. m`m¨ ‽`‽ki Drcv`bkxj D‽`¨vM I `ÿ cyuwR evRv‽ii weKv‽k mnvqZv K‽i
N. ÿz`ªFY Kvh©µ‽g mnvqZv K‽i
O. 7 ‼_‽K 12 eQ‽ii Rb¨ FY cÕ`vb K‽i|
P. Zvij¨ e¨e¯'vcbvq f~wgKv iv‽L|
Q. Global Trade Finance Program ev¯Íevqb K‽i|
R. Bmjvwg A_©e¨e¯'v Abymi‽Yi Rb¨ c„_K Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb K‽i|
3. ICSID:
K. Av‽jvPbv ev mvwj‽mi gva¨‽g miKvi I we‽`wk wewb‽qvMKvix‽`i cyuwR-wewb‽qvMRwbZ we‽iva gxgvsmvi e¨e¯'v K‽i|
 L. 1961 mv‽ji United Nations Conventions on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Abymv‽i we‽iva I
evwYR¨ mgm¨vi mgvavb K‽i|
M. ‰e‽`wkK wewb‽qvM mnRxKi‽Y KvR K‽i _v‽K|
N. evwYR¨ I wewb‽qvM msµvšÍ M‽elYv I cÕKvkbv K‽i|
5. MIGA:
K. cybe©vm‽b FY ‼`q
L. wewb‽qv‽M M¨vivw›U cÕ`vb K‽i|

AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej [*****]

‼eªUbDWm m‽¤§j‽bi (1944) wm×všÍ Abyhvqx IMF ev International Monetary Fund MwVZ nq| AvBGgGd GKwU
AvšÍR©vwZK Avw_©K cÕwZôvb Ges 1944 mv‽j 7 RyjvB ms¯'vwU MwVZ nq| 189wU ‼`k Gi m`m¨| Z‽e ms¯'vwU AvZ¥cÕKvk K‽i
1945 mv‽j gvÎ 29wU ‼`k wb‽q| AvBGgGd Dbœqbkxj ‼`k¸‽jv‽K Avw_©K mn‽hvwMZv w`‽q _v‽K| Z‽e wek¦e¨vsK ‼hfv‽e
IBme ‼`k¸‽jv‽K wewfbœ cÕ‽R‽± mvnvh¨ w`‽q _v‽K, AvBGgGd ‼mfv‽e mvnvh¨ ‼`q bv| AvBGgGd mvaviYZ Dbœqbkxj
‼`k¸‽jv‽K Avw_©K mn‽hvwMZv w`‽q _v‽K| mn‽hvwMZvi D‽Ïk¨Ñ
K. FY ‼bqv ‼`k¸‽jv `Balance of Payment’ Gi e„Ë ‼_‽K ‼ei K‽i wb‽q Avmv|
L. FY ‼bqv ‼`k¸‽jv hv‽Z `Defaulter’ n‽Z bv cv‽i
M. wek¦e¨vs‽Ki KvQ ‼_‽K ‼bqv FY cwi‽kva Ki‽Z cv‽i|
AvBGgGd GKBmv‽_ Dbœqbkxj ‼`k¸‽jvi Avw_©K bxwZ DbœZ Ki‽Z cv‽i| mvaviYZ GKRb BD‽ivwcqvb bvMwiK IMF Gi
g¨v‽bwRs wW‽i±i wn‽m‽e wb‽qvMcÕvß nb| IMF Gi FY ‼c‽Z MÕnxZv ‼`k¸‽jv‽Z wKQz kZ© cvjb Ki‽Z nq| ‼hgb-
Structural Adjustment Program.
IMF Ô‼evW© Ae Mf©bim× Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| 24 m`m¨wewkó GKwU wbe©vnx cwil` i‽q‽Q, hviv ms¯'vwU cwiPvjbv K‽i| 8wU
‼`k GKRb K‽i wbe©vnx cwiPvjK g‽bvbxZ K‽i| GB ‼`k¸‽jv n‽”QÑ hy³ivóª, Rvcvb, Pxb, Rvg©vwb, d«vÝ, hy³ivR¨, ivwkqv
I ‼mØw` Avie| evwK 16 Rb cwiPvjK 4 ‼_‽K 22 ‼`‽ki g‽a¨ ‼_‽K wb‽qvM ‼`qv nq| mvaviYZ abx ‼`k¸‽jviB
AvBGgGd-G ‼ewk KZ…©Z¡ _v‽K| GKRb BD‽ivcxqvb bvMwiK‽K ms¯'vi wbe©vnx cwiPvjK wn‽m‽e me mgq ‼e‽Q ‼bqvi wm×všÍ
B‽Zvg‽a¨ mgv‽jvwPZ n‽q‽Q| we‽kl K‽i weªKmfz³ ‼`k¸‽jv Gi mgv‽jvPbv K‽iwQj|
jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
1. gy`ªv msµvšÍ AvšÍR©vwZK mn‽hvwMZv e„w×
2. Avw_©K my‽hvM myweav m„wó Ges gy`ªv m¤úK©xq Amyweav `~i K‽i AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ m¤úªmvwiZ Kiv Ges mylg
Dbœq‽bi ‼Póv Kiv
3. wewbgq nv‽ii ¯'vwqZ¡ weavb, cÕwZ‽hvwMZvg~jK gy`ªvi g~j¨ cÕwZ‽iva I gy`ªv wbqš¿‽Yi Amyweav `~i Kiv
4. m`m¨‽`‽ki gv‽S me©gyLx ‼jb‽`‽bi e¨e¯'v M‽o Zzj‽Z mnvqZv Kiv
5. m`m¨‽`kmg~‽ni Avq e¨‽qi fvimvg¨nxbZv, ¯'vwqZ¡ I ZxeªZv n«vm
FY`vb c×wZ
wbw`©ó cwigvY ‼KvUv wba©viY Kiv n‽q‽Q| cÕ‽qvRb Abyhvqx m`m¨‽`k¸‽jv cÕwZeQi Zv‽`i Rb¨ wba©vwiZ kZKiv 25% n‽Z
ïiæ K‽i 200% ch©šÍ Ab¨‽`‽ki gy`ªv Znwej n‽Z MÕnY Ki‽Z cv‽i|
Dbœqbkxj †`‡k f~wgKv
1. D`vi Avg`vwb bxwZ
2. e¨vsK F‽Yi K‽Vvi wbqš¿Y
3. e¨vsK e¨e¯'vq my‽`i nvi e„w×
4. Ki e¨e¯'v msMwZkxj Kiv
5. K…wl I Lv`¨ k‽m¨i Dci ‼_‽K µgvš^‽q fZz©wK
Kgv‽bv
6. wewfbœ gy`ªv e¨e¯'vi we‽jvc
7. mvgvwRK I Kj¨vYgyLx Lv‽Zi ms¯‹vi
8. ißvwbgyLx wkí D‽`¨vM I Avw_©K µqÿgZv
 Kvh©µg
1. K…wl ms¯‹vi
2. evwYR¨ ms¯‹vi
3. `vwi`ª¨ we‽gvPb I cÕe„w× myweav Kvh©µg
SDR [********]
Special Drawing Right ev we‽kl D‽Ëvjb AwaKvi n‽jv we‽k^i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gy`ªv¸‽jvi GKwU GwjU K¬ve| 1969 ‼_‽K IMF
Gi wbqš¿‽Y GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK dvÛ SDR bv‽g MwVZ nq| SDR m~PKgvb AbymiY K‽i A_© I wiRvf© Rgvi wewbg‽q m`m¨‽`k
FY MÕnY Ki‽Z cv‽i Ges ‼h‽Kv‽bv mgq Askx`vi D‽Ëvjb Ki‽Z cv‽i| SDR m~PK m`m¨ me ‼`‽ki m¤§wZ _v‽K|
AvBGgGd GB m~PKgvb wbqš¿Y K‽i _v‽K| eZ©gvb SDR m~PK gvb 1.12|

SDR GwjU K¬v‡ei gy`ªvmg~n

1. Wjvi 2. BD‽iv
3. ‼ibwgbwe (BDqvb-Pxb) 4. B‽qb 5. cvDÛ
Dch©y³ gy`ªv¸‽jvi g‽a¨ ‼ewk ‼jb‽`b nqÑ Wjv‽i (36%)| Gi
ci BD‽iv‽Z 21% Ges Zvic‽i BDqv‽b 17% ‼jb‽`b n‽q
_v‽K|
SAP [******]
Structured Adjustment Program ev KvVv‽gvMZ mgš^q Kg©m~wP n‽jv AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwe‽ji FY`vb bxwZgvjv| AvšÍR©vwZK
gy`ªv Znwej GB Kg©m~wP Pvjy K‽i 1969 mv‽j| Z…Zxq we‽k^i ‼`k¸‽jv FY cvevi Rb¨ SAP Kg©m~wP AbymiY K‽i| eZ©gv‽b gy`ªv
Znwe‽ji cvkvcvwk wek^ e¨vsK I wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯'vI SAP Kg©m~wP Pvjy K‽i‽Q| GQvovI ‼emiKvwifv‽e A‽bK e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨
ms¯'vI SAP Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Ki‽Q|
SAP-Gi Dcv`vbmg~n SAP- Gi D‡Ïk¨
K) ‼emiKvwiKiY K. Drcv`b‽K ißvwbgyLx Kiv
L) miKvwi ev‽R‽U NvUwZ n«vm L. FY cwi‽kv‽ai Rb¨ ˆe‽`wkK gy`ªv AR©b
M) miKv‽ii A_©‰bwZK ev bxwZgvjv‽K `„p Kiv M. ivR‰bwZK fveaviv BwZevPK Kiv
N) K‽Vvi gy`ªvýxwZ we‽ivax bxwZ MÕn‽Yi gva¨‽g mvgwóK N. Kg©x‽`i c~Y© cÕwkÿY ‼`qv
A_©‰bwZK w¯'wZkxjZv AR©b| O. bZzb A_©‰bwZK I cwiw¯'wZi mv‽_ Zvj wgwj‽q Pjvi
O) gy`ªvi Aeg~j¨vqb AwfÁZv AR©b Kiv| G ai‽bi cwiw¯'wZ n‽Z cv‽iÑ
P) fZz©wK Kgv‽bv fZz©wK Kgv‽bv, ïé n«vm, ‼fv³vi Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b,
Q) g~j¨ wbqš¿Y c×wZ evwZj cÖhyw³MZ D™¢veb I KuvPvgvjmn wewfbœ DcKi‽Yi `v‽gi
R) gRywi Kgv‽bv cwieZ©b|
S) evwYR¨ I wewb‽qv‽Mi cÕwZ wb‽lavÁv cÕZ¨vnvi Kiv|
wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯’v [*****]
D‡Ïk¨
1. m`m¨ ‼`kmg~‽ni miKvi‽K Zv‽`i Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ AvBb I wewaweavb cÕYqb I ev¯Íevq‽bi cÕ‽qvRbxq AvBbMZ
eva¨evaKZv I Pzw³mg~‽ni bxwZgvjv wba©viY Kiv|
2. cøvUdg© wn‽m‽e KvR K‽i ‼hØ_fv‽e hyw³ZK©, Avjvc-Av‽jvPbvi gva¨‽g me©m¤§Z wm×všÍ MÕnY K‽i m`m¨‽`kmg~‽ni
evwYwR¨K m¤úK© ¯^vfvweKfv‽e weKwkZ Kiv|
†gŠwjK bxwZgvjv:
1. cÿcvZnxb evwYR¨
2. mxwgZ AvKv‽i msiÿY
3. m`m¨ivóªmg~‽ni mv‽_ ch©v‽jvPbv c~e©K U¨vwi‽di nvi wba©viY
4. m`m¨‽`‽ki ¯^v_©vbyhvqx evwYR¨ Kg©cwiKíbv wba©viY
KvR:
 1. Diæ¸‽q ivD‽Ûi Pzw³mg~‽ni cÕ‽qvM I ev¯Íevqb Kiv
2. ‼`vnv ivD‽Ûi Kg©m~wPi µgev¯Íevqb Kiv
3. evwYR¨ m¤úv`b I cwiPvjbv Kiv
4. eûcvwÿK evwYwR¨K Kg©m~wP MÕnY Kivi Rb¨ ‼dvivg wn‽m‽e KvR Kiv
5. RvZxq ch©v‽qi evwYR¨ bxwZi Lei`vwi Kiv
6. evwYR¨ msµvšÍ we‽iva gxgvsmv I wb®úwË Kiv
7. Ab¨vb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK A_©‰bwZK ms¯'v‽K mvnvh¨ cÕ`vb Kiv
mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv:
1. evwl©K gwš¿cwil` m‽¤§jb Av‽qvRK KwgwU
2. mvaviY mfv Av‽qvRK KwgwU
3. evwYR¨ ch©v‽jvPbv KwgwU
4. evwYR¨ msµvšÍ we‽iva wb®úwË KwgwU
TRIMs [*****]
Trade Related Investment Measures. A_©vr evwYR¨-m¤úwK©Z wewb‽qvM-e¨e¯'vw`| Diæ¸‽q ivD‽Û cÕ¯ÍvweZ wUªgm-Gi g~jK_v
n‽”Q, ‼Kv‽bv ‼`k Zvi wb‽Ri ‼`‽ki ‼Kv¤úvwb I we‽`wk ‼Kv¤úvwbi g‽a¨ ‽Kv‽bv ‼f`v‽f` ev ˆelg¨ Ki‽Z cvi‽e bv; eis
Df‽qi ‼ÿ‽Î GKBiƒc my‽hvM-myweavB w`‽Z n‽e| 1994 mv‽j wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯'v wUªgm MÕnY K‽i|
Di渇q ivDÛ [*******]
M¨v‽Ui (GATT) D‽`¨v‽M evwYR¨ I ï‽éi e¨vcv‽i ‼hme ch©vqµwgK Av‽jvPbv AbywôZ nq GwU ZviB GKwU| M¨vU-Gi
ZrKvjxb gnvcwiPvjK Av_©vi Wvs‽Kj-Gi cÕ¯Ív‽ei wfwË‽Z 1986 mv‽ji ‼m‽Þ¤^‽i Diæ¸‽q‽Z GB Av‽jvPbvce© ïiæ nq Ges
1993 mv‽ji 15 wW‽m¤^i GK Pzw³ m¤úv`‽bi gva¨‽g Diæ¸‽q ivDÛ Av‽jvPbvi mgvwß N‽U| Diæ¸‽q ivDÛ Pzw³i g~j
ˆewkó¨mg~n wQ‽jvÑ
K. K…wlRvZ cY¨ ißvwbi fZ©ywK Kgv‽bv n‽e| g~‽j¨i Dci 36% Ges cwigv‽Yi Dci 21% Avi Avg`vwb ïé n«vm Kiv
n‽q‽Q 50%
L. wkíRvZ c‽Y¨i Dci ïé GK-Z…Zxqvsk n«vm Kiv n‽e Ges evwYR¨ cÕev‽ni 40% Gi ‼ewk ïégy³ n‽e
M. cÕ‽Z¨K ‼`k e¨vswKs I ch©Ubmn ‼mevg~jK Lv‽Zi evwYR¨ Db¥y³ ivL‽e
N. ‼U‾UvBj I Mv‽g©›Um mvgMÕx‽Z abx ‼`kmg~n KZ…©K Av‽ivwcZ ‼KvUv 10 eQ‽ii Rb¨ cÕZ¨vnvi Kiv n‽e
O. M¨vU GKwU AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb e¨e¯'v weavq Gi ¯'‽j wek^ evwYR¨ msMVb (WTO) cÕwZôv Kiv n‽e
P. eyU‽jwMsmn KwcivBU Pzwi I evwYwR¨K D‽Ï‽k¨ wdj¥ bK‽ji weiæ‽× Kiv AvBb cÕYqb Kiv n‽e
Q. evwYR¨msµvšÍ wewea we‽iva `ªæZ wbwðZ Kiv n‽e
cÕKvk _v‽K ‼h, Diæ¸‽q ivD‽Ûi gva¨‽g BD‽ivc I hy³ivóª Lywk n‽jI AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj we‽k^i ‼`kmg~n ‼Zgb Lywk nqwb|

Conceptual Issues: Chapter- 01

Prepared by Md. Nayem Hossen, Department of IR, DU

Syllabus:
Introduction to International Affairs: Significance of international affairs, meaning an scope of international
affairs, linkage between international affairs and international politics
weMZ cÖkœ: hv co‡Z n‡e
37Zg: AvšÍR©vwZK [m¤úK©] I AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi 01. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© (International Relations/ International
g‽a¨ cv_©K¨ wK? Affairs/ Global Affairs) Kx?
22Zg: µxov ZË¡ (Game Theory) m¤ú‽K© wjLyb| 02. AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ (International Politics) Kx
03. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i ¸iæZ¡
04. AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi Dcv`vbmg~n|
05. ˆewk^K ivRbxwZi cÕfveKmg~n|
 06. AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‽Z wµovZ‽Ë¡i (Game Theory) ¸iæZ¡
I cÕ‽qvMG
07. AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯'vi (International System) Askmg~n Kx Kx
08. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K© D`viZvev` Kx?
09. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K© D`viZvev` (Liberalism) I ev¯Íeev‽`i
(Realism) cv_©K¨ |

01. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i msÁv|

AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© ej‽Z ‼evSvq GKwU ‼`‽ki mv‽_ Ab¨vb¨ ‼`k I AvšÍR©vwZK msMV‽bi ms‽hvM Ges Av`vb cÕ`vb| Ab¨ A‽_©
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© n‽jv wØcvwÿK I eûcvwÿK AvšÍtivóªxq ZrciZvi mvaviY ‼ÿÎ|
1648 mv‡ji Peace of Westphalia Abymv‡i ejv hvq,
ÒInternational Relations is the management of diplomacy”
Aa¨vcK Palmer and Perkins AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †Kvb w¯’i msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z AvMÖnx bb| Zv‡`i g‡Z,
ÒInternational Relations is the transition of world community.”
Aa¨vcK KzBwgiwnU e‡jb,
Öwe‽k^i cÕavb cÕavb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `‽ji AvPi‽Yi Aa¨qbB AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i Av‽jvPbvfy³|Ó
Adi H Doctor Gi g‡Z,
ÖAvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© ivóªmg~‽ni wµqv, cÕwZwµqv I AvšÍtwµqv wb‽q Av‽jvPbv K‽i|Ó
Thukidides e‡jb,
Öhvi kw³ Av‽Q ‼m hv Lywk Ki‽Z cv‽i Ges ‼h `ye©j Zv‽K Aek¨B `y`©kv ‼fvM Ki‽Z n‽e|Ó
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÖmvwiZ nevi KviY: AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i cwiwa:
K. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i cwiea©b K. we‽k^i ‼gØwjK mËv¸‽jvi ciivóªbxwZ
L. RvZxq kw³i aviYv L. AvšÍR©vwZK cÕwZôvb
M. D™¢~Z RwUj wek^ e¨e¯'v M. AvšÍR©vwZK NUbv
N. RvZxqZvev‽`i m¤úªmviY N. gvby‽li AvPvi AvPiY
O. ivR‰bwZK m‽PZbZv e„w× O. kw³mvg¨
P. e¨vcK cÖPviYv P. RvwZMZ MVb
Q. AvšÍR©vwZK msMV‽bi msL¨v e„w× Q. ‼fØ‽MvwjK Ae¯'vb
R. ciivóªbxwZ cwieZ©b R. ag©xq gZv`k©
S. ‼hØ_ wbivcËv e¨e¯'v

AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:

K. gvby‽li Kj¨vYKvgxZv
L. AvšÍR©vwZK cÕwZeÜKZv wb‽q Av‽jvPbv I ‼gvKv‽ejv
M. AvšÍR©vwZK mgvR MVb
N. iv‽óªi msNvZ Gov‽bv
O. kvwšÍc~Y© K~UbxwZi cÕ‽qvM
P. cwiewZ©Z wek^ e¨e¯'vi mv‽_ Lvc LvIqv‽bv

02. AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ (International Politics)

mvaviYZ AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ I AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© `y‽Uv‽K cÕvq GKB A‽_© e¨envi Kiv nq| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ AvšÍR©vwZK
m¤ú‽K©i AšÍf©y³ GKwU Ask| Gi cwiwa Zzjbvg~jKfv‽e Kg| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ m¤ú~Y©fv‽e ivR‰bwZK| GUv wewfbœ iv‽óªi
ciivóªbxwZ m¤ú‽K© Av‽jvPbv K‽i| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi D‽Ïk¨ n‽jv wek^ mgm¨vi mgvavb K‽i wek^‽K kvwšÍ I m¤úªxwZi
eÜ‽b Ave× Kiv|
Hans Morgenthau Gi g‡Z,
ÒAvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ n‽jv ÿgZvi jovB‽q Rqjvf Kiv| ZvB me iv‽óªi cÕavb D‽Ïk¨ ivRbxwZ|Ó
K J Holsti Gi g‡Z,
ÒThe political interrelation between states which are sponsored
by government is international politics.”
AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi wbqš¿K/Dcv`vb:
1. ‼fØ‽MvwjK Ae¯'v
2. cÕvK…wZK m¤ú`
3. wkí-mvg_©
4. mvgwiK kw³
5. RbmsL¨v
6. RvZxq PwiÎ I g‽bvej
7. K~U‰bwZK wbcyYZv

03. AvšÍR©vwZK [m¤úK©] I AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK? [*********]

i. AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi mv‽_ mivmwi miKvi RwoZ| Avi AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i mv‽_ miKvwi I ‼emiKvwi ms¯'v RwoZ|
ii. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i we‽kølK Norman D. Palmer and Howard C. Perkins e‽jb,
ÒAvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi ‼P‽q AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i cwiwa A‽bK e¨vcK|
AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ we‽køl‽Yi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i aviYvi Dci wbf©i K‽i n‽Z nq|Ó
iii. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i Av‽jvPbv n‽jv mvgwóK ev Macro cÿvšÍ‽i AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi Av‽jvPbv n‽jv e¨wóK ev Micro.
iv. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© A‽bKUv AivR‰bwZK welqvw` ‼hgb- mgvR, cÕwZôvb I cÕwµqvmg~n wb‽q Av‽jvPbv K‽i| wKš` AvšÍR©vwZK
ivRbxwZ m¤ú~Y©fv‽e ivR‰bwZK| GUv wewfbœ iv‽óªi ciivóª-m¤úwK©Z w`K wb‽qB cÕavbZ Av‽jvPbv K‽i|
v. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K©i g~j jÿ¨ wewfbœ iv‽óªi mv‽_ m¤úªxwZ I eÜzZ¡ ¯'vcb Kiv| wKš` AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi g~j jÿ¨ ÿgZv
AR©b Ges wewfbœ iv‽óªi mv‽_ ivR‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯'vcb Kiv|
vi. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÕZ¨ÿfv‽e bxwZ wba©viY K‽i _v‽K| Avi AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ K‽i c‽ivÿfv‽e|
vii. `International Relations concern the relations or foreign affairs of nations. But International Politics deals only
with the political relations of states and focuses on how states collectively respond to the emerging global
issues.’... Hns J Morgenthau
viii. AvšÍR©vwZKm¤úK© D‽ØM, AkvwšÍ I D‽ËRbvi c_ cwinvi K‽i me©`v GKwU kvwšÍi cwi‽ek Kvgbv K‽i| wKš` AvšÍR©vwZK
ivRbxwZ ¯^ivóªxq ¯^v‽_©i Rb¨ KL‽bv KL‽bv Av`k© ev bxwZ‽K cwiZ¨vM K‽i|
ix. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© GKwU mvgvwRK weÁvb| BwZnvm I ivóªweÁv‽bi mv‽_ AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© we‽klfv‽e wbf©ikxj| wKš` AvšÍR©vwZK
ivRbxwZ wewfbœ weÁv‽bi mgwó| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ Aa¨qb ev PP©v ‼Kv‽bv wel‽qi Dci mivmwi wbf©ikxj bq|

04. µxov ZË¡ (Game Theory) m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| [*****]

ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, mgibxwZ I GKai‽bi µxovwe‽kl Ges Gme ‼ÿ‽ÎI mvdj¨ wbf©i K‽i wb‽Ri kw³ mvg_©¨, ‼UKwbK,
‼KØkj BZ¨vw`i mwVK Dcjwä; cÕwZc‽ÿi kw³, mvg_©¨, ‼UKwbK I Strategy Gi h_v_© g~j¨vqY Ges GB Zzjbvg~jK wePv‽ii
wfwË‽Z mwVK wm×všÍ MÕnY Ki‽Z cvivi Dci| eZ©gvb cÕwZ‽hvwMZvg~jK we‽k^ GB Z‽Ë¡i ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‽”Q|
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K© GB Z‽Ë¡i cÕ_g D™¢veb nq 1921 mv‽j divwm ivóªweÁvbx GÕwgj ‼evi‽ji gva¨‽g|
Robert Liber e‡jb,
ÖAvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi `i KlvKwl Ges Ø‽›Øi we‽kl we‽kølYx µxov ZË¡|Ó
A_©vr `yB ev Z‽ZvwaK c‽ÿi g‽a¨ A‽bK¸‽jv djvdj ‼_‽K m‽e©v”PUv AR©bB µxovZ‽Ë¡i mdjZv|
D`vniY:
aiv hvK GKwU msKxY© iv¯Ív w`‽q A Ges B bv‽gi `ywU Mvwo gy‽LvgywL wecixZ w`K ‼_‽K AwZµg Ki‽Q| ‼m‽ÿ‽Î `ywU Mvox
AwZµg Kivi Rb¨ ci¯úi‽K RvqMv w`‽q AwZµg Ki‽Z n‽e| GLv‽b 4wU djvdj ‼`Lv ‼h‽Z cv‽i-
i. A Mvwo RvqMv w`‽e , B Mvwo RvqMv w`‽e bv|
 ii. B Mvwo RvqMv w`‽e, A Mvwo RvqMv w`‽e bv|
iii. `yRbB RvqMv w`‽q AwZµg K‽i|
iv. `yRbB RvqMv bv w`‽q gy‽LvgywL msNl© n‽e|
GLv‽b ‼`Lv hvq PviwU djvd‽ji g‽a¨Ñ
cÕ_g djvd‽jÑ A Mvwo ÿwZi wkKvi (chicken) n‽e
wØZxq djvd‽jÑ B Mvwo ÿwZi wkKvi (chicken) n‽e
PZz_© djvd‽jÑ DfqB ÿwZi wkKvi (chicken) n‽e
wKš` Z…Zxq djvd‽jÑ ‼KD ÿwZi wkKvi bv n‽q iv¯Ív AwZµg K‽i| A_©vr, Z…Zxq bs m¤¢vebvwUB µxov Z‽Ë¡i mdjZv|
g~j¨vqb:
‼`Lv hvq, K bs djvd‽j A Mvwo RvqMv w`‽q ÿwZi wkKvi n‽q‽Q (wP‽Kb n‽q‽Q), L bs djvd‽j B Mvwo RvqMv w`‽q
ÿwZi wkKvi n‽q‽Q (wP‽Kb n‽q‽Q) Ges N bs djvd‽j Df‽qB RvqMv bv w`‽q Df‽qB ÿwZi wkKvi n‽q‽Q (wP‽Kb
n‽q‽Q)| wKš` M bs djvd‽j ‼KD ÿwZi wkKvi bv n‽q mgm¨vwUi mgvavb Ki‽Z ‼c‽i‽Q| A_©vr, ÿwZi wkKvi bv n‽q
mgvavb Ki‽j Zv n‽e µxovZ‽Ë¡i mdjZv| ZvB, M bs djvdjwUB GB Z‽Ë¡i h_v_©Zv|
ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM:
µxov Z‽Ë¡i ev¯Íe cÕ‽qvM N‽U 1962 mv‽ji wKDevb ‼ÿcYv¯¿ msK‽Ui mgq| hy³ivóª ‼mvwf‽qZ BDwbqb‽K ûuwkqvwi K‽i e‽j
hw` ‼mvwf‽qZ BDwbqb ‼ÿcYv¯¿ bv mivq Zvn‽j hy³ivóª wKDevq cigvYy nvgjv Pvjv‽e| hw` ‼mvwf‽qZ BDwbqb 13 w`‽bi
g‽a¨ ‼ÿcYv¯¿ bv mivZ Zvn‽j c„w_ex GKwU fqven ‼ÿcYv‽¯¿i hy× ‼`L‽Z ‼cZ| ‼mvwfqZ BDwbqbI ‼ÿcYv¯¿ mwi‽q ‼bq Avi
hy³ivóªI AvµgY ‼_‽K wd‽i hvq| A_©vr, wKDevi ‼ÿcYv¯¿ª msKU mgvav‽b µxov Z‽Ë¡i ev¯Íe cÕ‽qvM N‽U|

05. AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯’v (International System) Kx? [***]

AvaywbZ ivóª e¨e¯'vi ïiæ ‼_‽KB AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯'vi D™¢e N‽U‽Q| ivóªmg~‽ni g‽a¨ m¤úK© ¯'vc‽bi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯'v
AbymiY Kiv nq| AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯'v memgqB cvi¯úwiK Ø›Ø msNvZ Gwo‽q _vK‽Z DrmvwnZ K‽i| AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯'v
ivóªmg~‽ni cvi¯úvwiK m¤^Ü wb‽q Av‽jvPbv K‽i| eZ©gvb c„w_ex‽Z Ggb ‼Kvb ivóª ‼bB ‼h m¤ú~Y©fv‽e wb‽Ri Dci wbf©i K‽i
wKsev Ab¨‽`i KvQ ‼_‽K Avjv`v n‽q wew”Qbœfv‽e evm Ki‽Z cv‽i| cÕ‽Z¨K ivóªB cÕZ¨ÿ ev c‽ivÿfv‽e Aci iv‽óªi Dci
wbf©ikxj| Gfv‽e AvšÍR©vwZK ‼ÿ‽Î ivóªmg~‽ni g‽a¨ m„wó n‽q‽Q cvi¯úvwiK wbf©ikxjZv|
c„w_exi wewfbœ AÂ‽ji g‽a¨ ‼hvMv‽hvM cÕwµqvi e¨e¯'v M„nxZ nIqvi ci ‼_‽KB AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯'vi m~ÎcvZ nq| AvšÍR©vwZK
e¨e¯'vi Askmg~nÑ
- cÖ_v [Custom] Ñ AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ [Treaties]
- mb` [Convention] Ñ ‼NvlYv [Declaration]
- ‼RvU [Alliance] Ñ msMVb [Organization]
- K~UbxwZ [Diplomacy]
06. eZ©gvb ˆewk^K ivRbxwZi cÖfveKmg~n Kx Kx?
AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‽K cÕfvweZ K‽i Ggb welqmg~n‽K ˆewk^K ivRbxwZi cÕfveK e‽j| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ wbqwš¿Z nq
A‽bK¸‽jv cÕfveK Øviv| ‼hgb,
K. cwi‽ek [Climate] L. mš¿vmev` [Terrorism] M. evwYR¨ [Trade]
N. MYZš¿ [Democracy] O. wbivcËv [Security] P. R¦vjvbx [Energy]
Q. A¯¿ [Arms] R. eøy B‽Kvbwg [Blue Economy]
S. mvgwiK kw³ [Military power] T. cÖhyw³ [Technology]
[cÕwZwU c‽q‽›Ui mv‽_ 1 jvBb K‽i wjL‽Z cv‽ib| ‼hgb, cwi‽ek: cwi‽ek Bmy¨wU AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‽K cÕfvweZ K‽i
_v‽K| ZvB‽Zv Dbœqbkxj Øxc ‼`k I DË‽ii abx ‼`k¸‽jvi g‽a¨ cwi‽ek wech©q wb‽q `iKlvKwl Pj‽Z _v‽K|

07. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K© ev¯Íeev` ev e¯`Zš¿ev` (Realism) Kx?

AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‽K© ev¯Íeev` n‽jv cÕfvekvjx ‼Mvôx‽`i AvPi‽Yi mgwó| ev¯Íeev`xiv wek^vm K‽i ‼h, wek^ ivRbxwZ ÿgZv
wbwðZ Ki‽Z memgq Ges cÕ‽qvRbxqfv‽e msN‽l© wjß n‽q _v‽K|
ev¯Íeev` ‼Kv‽bv iv‽óªi Ggb we‽kl ivR‰bwZK AvPi‽Yi e¨vL¨v ‼`q, ‼h AvPi‽Yi d‽j ivóª ˆbwZKZv, Av`k©, mvgvwRK
cybM©Vb BZ¨vw` welqvewj‽K ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‽q ïay ‼h ‼Kvb Dcv‽q RvZxq ¯^v_© cÕwZôv I RvZxq wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ bxwZ-
wba©viY K‽i _v‽K|
ev¯Íeev`xMY 03 fv‽M wef³:
K. K¬¨vwmK¨vj ev¯Íeev`x: Zviv gvby‽li AvPi‽Y wek^vmx
L. be¨ ev¯Íeev`x: ˆbivR¨g~jK ivóªe¨e¯'vq wek^vmx
M. be¨ K¬¨vwmK¨vj ev¯Íeev`x: gvby‽li AvPiY I iv‽óªi ˆbivR¨g~jK AvPi‽Y wek^vmx|
Jonathon Haslam Gi g‡Z ev¯Íeev`x ZË¡ PviwU †K›`ªxq cÖ¯Íve‡K wN‡iB AvewZ©Z nq:
1. e¨w³ ev ms¯'v bq, ivóªB GLv‽b cÕavb Kg©K
2. ivóª ˆbivR¨gq n‽e| iv‽óªi Dci AwaRvZxq ‼Kv‽bv KZ…©cÿ _v‽K bv|
3. AvšÍR©vwZK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯'vi mKj Kg©KB AvZ¥¯^v_© AR©b K‽i
4. cÕwZwU ivóªB ÿgZv Pvq, hv‽Z Zviv myiÿv I wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‽Z cv‽i|
A_©vr, e¯`Zš¿ev`x/ ev¯Íeev`x‽`i g‽Z, AvšÍR©vwZK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯'v Kvh©Z ˆbivR¨g~jK; cÕwZwU ivóª wU‽K _vKvi Rb¨
cÕ‽qvRbxq K‽Vvi I cÕ‽qvR‽b mvgwiK c`‽ÿc‽K cÕavb¨ ‼`q|
08. D`viZvev` I ev¯Íeev‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb [*******]
D`viZvev` [Liberalism] ev¯Íeev` [Realism]
e¨w³ cÖwZôvb Ges Aeva e¨emv-evwY‽R¨i ¯^vaxbZv GwU Ggb GKwU ZË¡ hv `vwe K‽i we‽k^ ivRbxwZ
m¤^wÜZ gZv`k©| cwiPvwjZ nq cÕwZ‽hvwMZvg~jK AvZ¥¯^v‽_©i wfwË‽Z|
mvg¨ I gyw³i `k©b jvjb K‽i| iv‽óªi ¯^v_© nvwm‽ji `k©b jvjb K‽i|
D`vibxwZ Ggb GKwU ivR‰bwZK gZev` ‼hLv‽b e¨w³i ev¯Íeev` Ggb GKwU ivR‰bwZK gZev` ‼hLv‽b iv‽óªi
¯^vaxbZv iÿv K‽i I e¨w³i DbœwZ mvab Kiv‽K ¯^vaxbZv iÿv K‽i I iv‽óªi DbœwZ mvab Kiv‽K
ivRbxwZi g~j mgm¨v wnmv‽e wPwþZ Kiv nq| ivRbxwZi g~j mgm¨v wnmv‽e wPwþZ Kiv nq|
D`vibxwZ‽Z e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv iÿvi Rb¨ miKv‽ii Kv‽Q ev¯Íeev‽`i ‼ÿ‽Î ‼h ‼Kvb g~‽j¨ AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯'v wU‽K
cÕ‽qvRbxq ÿgZv _vK‽e wKš` GKB mv‽_ ÿgZv hv‽Z _vKv A_©vr RvZxq wbivcËv iÿv Ges mvgwiK kw³i
Ace¨envi bv nq ‼mwUI cÕwZ‽iva e¨e¯'v _vK‽e| gva¨‽g ÿgZvi PP©v‽K mePvB‽Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR wn‽m‽e
we‽ePbv Kiv nq|
D`vibxwZ Ggb GKwU Rxeb `k©b hv gvby‽li ivR‰bwZK ev¯Íeev‽` ivóª me mgq Av‽cwÿKfv‽e ÿgZv I m¤ú`
mvgvwRK, ag©xq I A_©‰bwZK AvKvOÿvmg~n cÕwZdwjZ e„w×‽Z g‽bv‽hvMx _vK‽e| KviY ÿgZv I m¤ú` e„w×
K‽i| ‼c‽j iv‽óªi RvZxq cÕwZiÿv I GKB mv‽_ Ab¨vb¨
iv‽óªi Dci cÕfve evo‽e|
mv¤úªwZK D`vniY: mv¤úªwZK D`vniY:
BD‽iv‽c cwi‽ek myiÿvq evBmvB‽Kj K~UbxwZ| AvBGm `g‽b wmwiqvq ivwkqvi Awfhvb