Name: Avegail Karissa C.

Bulabog Grade & Section: 12-STEM A

Subject: Understanding Culture, Subject Teacher: Sir Isidro JR B. Andea
Society & Politics

Types of Political Ideologies

Conservatism, Liberalism, and Socialism are Classical ideologies that were
developed prior to or in the midst of the emerging industrial revolution. These are
some of the earliest political ideologies.
1. Conservatis  Characterised by its reluctance to or suspicion of change.
m Conservatives call to maintain tradition, underpinned by a
belief in human imperfection and attempts to uphold what
they view as the organic structure of society.
 Conservatism rejected the rapidly increasing changes that
were occurring in the French society, for example, the
rejection of hereditary monarchies. Therefore,
conservatism emerged in a bid to uphold the social order.
Whilst many ideologies seek reform, conservatism is
strong in its belief that change is not necessary.
 The core concepts of conservatism
are pragmatism, tradition, paternalism, libertarianism, 
and the belief in an organic state.
 Types of Conservatism: One-nation conservatism, The
New Right, Neo-liberalism, Neo-conservatism, Traditional-
conservatism.
2. Liberalism  One of the most influential and widely embraced ideologies
of the previous centuries. The western world has
embraced liberalism as the ruling ideology and the majority
of political parties in Britain and the US hold at least some
of its principles. 
 Born as a response to the ruling power of monarchies and
the privileges that the upper classes had. At its inception,
liberalism reflected the views of the middle-class and
became a part of the Enlightenment.
 Liberalism rejects what is viewed as traditional social ideas
and emphasizes the importance of personal freedom, and
the power of individual and collective rationality. This
emphasis on individual freedom and rationality has
contributed to its sustained embrace as an ideology.
 Types of Liberalism: Classical Liberalism, Neo-liberalism,
and Modern Liberalism.
3. Socialism  A political ideology that has historically opposed capitalism.
 The roots of socialism are in the Industrial Revolution and
it is heavily influenced by the theories and writings of Karl
Marx. However, the intellectual theory behind socialism
can be traced back to ancient Greece.
 Aims to establish a human alternative to capitalism and
believes in the concepts of collectivism and social equality
as the foundation for a better society. Socialist ideologies
also seek to abolish class divisions.
 The core ideas of socialism are collectivism, common
humanity, equality, workers’ control, and social
classes.
 Types of Socialism: Third-way socialism, Revolutionary
socialism, Utopian Socialism, Revisionist Socialism, Social
Democracy, and Evolutionary Socialism.
Other Political Ideologies:
4. Anarchism  A political ideology that places the rejection of the state at
its epicentre. Anarchism rejects all forms of coercive
authority and hierarchy in favour of the organisation of
society based on cooperation and voluntary participation.
 While most ideologies are concerned with how to manage
authority and rule in society, anarchism is unique in that it
rejects the presence of both authority and rule.
 The first traces of formal anarchist thought can be found in
ancient Greece and China, where numerous philosophers
questioned the necessity of the state and declared the
moral right of the individual to live free from coercion
 The core ideas of anarchism are liberty, economic
freedom, anti-statism, and anti-clericalism.
 Types of Anarchism: Anarcho-communism, Anarcho-
pacifism, Individualist anarchism, Collectivist anarchism,
Anarcho-syndicalism, Utopian anarchism, Anarcho-
capitalism, and Egoism.
5. Nationalism  An ideology based on the concept that a person’s loyalty
and devotion to the nation-state are more important than
any individual or group interest.  For nationalists, the nation
is of utmost importance.
 Hereditary monarchy and loyalty to a ruler were rejected,
and people went from being subjects of the crown to
citizens of a nation.
 Scholars frequently place the beginning of nationalism in
the late 18th century or early 19th century with the
American Declaration of Independence or with the French
Revolution. The consensus is that nationalism as a concept
was firmly established by the 19th century.
 The core ideas of nationalism are nations, self-
determination, nation-states, culturalism, racialism, and
internationalism.
 Types of Nationalism: Liberal nationalism, Ethnic
nationalism, Expansionist nationalism, Pan-nationalism,
Conservative nationalism, Conservative nationalism, Post/
Anti-colonial nationalism, Socialist nationalism.
6. Ecologism  Studies the relationship between living organisms and their
environments as the first law of ecology states that
everything is related to each other.
 The threats to the earth include global warming, climate
change, the loss of biodiversity, deforestation, and waste -
is what has placed ecologism at the forefront of twenty-first-
century politics. Ecologism as a political ideology is a
response to unregulated industrialisation.
 Ecology was once solely considered a branch of biology but
since the mid-twentieth century, it is also considered a
political ideology. Its main originators, the Norwegian
philosopher Arne Næss, the American sociologist Bill
Devall, and the American philosopher George
Sessions.
 The core ideas of ecologism
are ecology, holism, environmental ethics,
environmental consciousness, and postmaterialism.
 The types of Ecologism: Shallow ecology and Deep
ecology.
7. Multiculturalis  The process in which distinct identities and cultural groups
m are acknowledged, maintained, and supported in society.
Multiculturalism seeks to tackle challenges that arise out of
cultural diversity and minority marginalization.
  The key themes of multiculturalism are diversity within unity.
The emergence of multiculturalism has been strengthened
by the trend towards international migration since the end of
the Second World War, colonialism, and the collapse of
communism.
 The core ideas of multiculturalism are recognition,
identity, diversity, and minority/minority rights.
 Types of Multiculturalism: Conservative multiculturalism,
Cosmpopolital multiculturalism, and Liberal multiculturalism.
8. Feminism  A political term that emerged in the 1900s. It is an ideology
that fundamentally seeks to establish the social, economic,
and political equality of the sexes.
 This drives to seek equality not limited to those spheres, as
feminism observes that women are disadvantaged by their
sex in all spheres of life. Feminism seeks to combat all
forms of sex-based inequality.
 The origins of feminist theory can be found in the 18th
century with growth in the 1970s' and 1980s' equality
movements. According to Burton (2014), feminist theory
has its roots in Marxism but specifically looks to Engles'
(1884) work as one possible starting point.
 The core ideas of feminism are sex and gender, body
autonomy, equality feminism, the patriarchy, difference
feminism, and intersectionality.
 Types of Feminism: Liberal feminism, Radical feminism,
Postmodern feminism, Socialist feminism, Postcolonial
feminism, and Transfeminism.
9. Political  Not actually a political ideology in itself. Rather, it is a
Theology branch of political philosophy from which some political
ideologies emerge.
 Political theology refers to the relationship between politics,
power, and religious order. Political theology seeks to
describe the ways in which religion plays a role in the
political sphere.
 The history of political theology can be traced back to the
emergence of Christianity and the fall of the Roman Empire.
After the fall of the empire, churchmen were the only
educated class or organization of people left and therefore
the Church assumed positions of political power which
served as an amalgamation of both religion and politics.
 Political theology is concerned with answering questions
of authority, divinity, and sovereignty.
 Exploring the role and history of political theology can help
us to understand phenomena such as the emergence
of secularism or the rise in religious fundamentalism in
the modern day.
10. Republicanism The political ideology of a nation as a republic, with an emphasis
on liberty, rule by the people, and the civic virtue practiced by
citizens. Republicanism always stands in opposition to aristocracy,
oligarchy and dictatorship. More broadly, it refers to a political
system that protects liberty, especially by incorporating a rule of
law that cannot be arbitrarily ignored by the government.
Styles of Government
1. Democracy  A form of government that allows people to choose
leadership, with the primary goal to govern through fair
representation and prevent abuses of power.
 Results to a system that requires discourse, debate, and
compromise to satisfy the broadest possible number of
public interests, leading to majority rule.
 Advocate for fair and free elections, civic participation, human
rights protections, and law and order.

Types of Democracy:
Parliamentar The head of the state is different from the head of
y Democracy the government. A system of government in which
citizens elect representatives to a legislative
parliament to make the necessary laws and
decisions for the country. This parliament directly
represents the people.
Presidential There are three branches of government:
Democracy executive, legislative and judicial. The president is
the head of the executive branch of government
and the head of state. The people elect the
president as well as the representatives in the
Senate and House of Representatives, which make
up the legislative branch. Only the judicial branch is
not elected by the people; instead, they are chosen
by the president.
Direct Unlike other democracies, in a direct democracy,
Democracy electorates may determine policy without legislative
representatives, as opposed to electing
representatives as proxies. For example, any
citizen can challenge a law passed by parliament or
propose an amendment to the constitution, and a
referendum is mandatory to make changes to the
constitution.
6. Communism  Centralized form of government led by a single party that is
often authoritarian in its rule.
 Inspired by German philosopher Karl Marx, communist states
replace private property and a profit-based economy with public
ownership and communal control of economic production, such
as labor, capital goods, and natural resources. 
 Citizens are part of a classless society that distributes goods
and services as needed.
7. Socialism  A system that encourages cooperation rather than competition
among citizens.
 Citizens communally own the means of production and
distribution of goods and services, while a centralized
government manages it. 
 Each person benefits from and contributes to the system
according to their needs and ability.
8. Oligarchy  Oligarchies are governments in which a collection of individuals
rules over a nation. A specific set of qualities, such as wealth,
heredity, and race, are used to give a small group of people
power.
 Oligarchies often have authoritative rulers and an absence of
democratic practices or individual rights.
Types of Oligarchy:
Autocracy A form of government in which unlimited power is
held by a single individual.
 Plutocracy A form of oligarchy in which society is ruled and
controlled by a few wealthy citizens. Plutocracy
advocates for the control of the society by the
wealthy at the expense of democracy and equality.
Stratocracy A system of governance that is under military
control.
The military chiefs assume the control of the state,
although they do not impose rules on the citizens.
The government and the military are constitutionally
the same entity. The military’s state role is
supported by the constitution and the citizenry.
Aristocracy A government form in which a small, elite ruling class
— the aristocrats — have power over those in lower
socioeconomic strata.

Members of the aristocracy are usually chosen based

on their education, upbringing, and genetic or family
history. Aristocracies often connect wealth and
ethnicity with both the ability and right to rule.

Timocracy Timocracy refers to a governance system in which

only property owners can participate in government
and state activities. In extreme timocracies, the
wealthy take total control of the government in
disregard for civic and social responsibility. A
timocracy turn into a plutocracy when the wealthy
gain control of the means of production.
17. Monarchy  A power system that appoints a person as head of state for life
or until abdication.
 Authority traditionally passes down through a succession line
related to one's bloodline and birth order within the ruling royal
family, often limited by gender.
 There are two types of monarchies: constitutional and absolute.
Constitutional monarchies limit the monarch's power as outlined
in a constitution, while absolute monarchies give a monarch
unlimited power.
18. Theocracy Refers to a form of government in which a specific religious ideology
determines the leadership, laws, and customs. In many instances,
there is little to no distinction between scriptural laws and legal codes.
Likewise, religious clergy will typically occupy leadership roles,
sometimes including the highest office in the nation.
19. Colonialism  A form of government in which a nation extends its sovereignty
over other territories. In other words, it involves the expansion of
a nation's rule beyond its borders.
 Colonialism often leads to ruling over indigenous populations
and exploiting resources. The colonizer typically installs its
economy, culture, religious order, and government form to
strengthen its authority.
20. Totalitarianism  An authoritarian form of government in which the ruling party
recognizes no limitations whatsoever on its power, including in
its citizens' lives or rights.
 A single figure often holds power and maintains authority
through widespread surveillance, control over mass media,
intimidating demonstrations of paramilitary or police power, and
suppression of protest, activism, or political opposition.
21. Military  Dictators dismiss due process, civil liberties, or political
Dictatorship freedoms. Dissent or political opposition can be dangerous or
even deadly for the country's citizens.
 The head of state typically comes to power in a time of
upheavals, such as high unemployment rates or civil unrest.
They usually lead the nation's armed forces, using it to establish
 their brand of law and order and suppress the people's rights.
 Dissent or political opposition can be dangerous or even deadly
for the country's citizens.
22. Federalism A mixed or compound mode of government that combines a general
government (the central or federal government) with regional
governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit
governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between
two.
23. Republicanism When something is a true republic as in republicanism, it means
the citizens have the power. They have the voting power and the
power to make changes in their government. 
24. Tribalism Indigenous tribes around the globe use a form of government
called tribalism. In this form of government, you follow the dictates
and rules of your tribe, which is made of specific people groups or
those with the same ideals. There can be a council of elders
making decisions, but not always. While tribalism is becoming less
and less common, tribes in Africa still use this form of government.
25. Capitalism While capitalism is actually a type of economy, many times, it
works to drive a government and political power. In capitalism, the
government doesn’t run the economy; instead, private-ownership
corporations and businesses do.