Sta. Monica Academy – AR of Pinamungajan, Cebu, Inc.

Augustinian Recollect Sisters

Poblacion, Pinamungajan, Cebu
Telefax No. (032) 468 – 9446
Email: sta.monicaacademypinacebu@yahoo.com

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Quarter 1
Module 3
Week 3

Lesson 1: Rock Metamorphism

Vision: STA. MONICA ACADEMY – AR of Pinamungajan, Cebu, Inc., envisions a life-giving and
innovating educational institution committed to transforming Monicanians into
Christ-centered Augustinian Recollect Stewards.
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What This Module is About
Welcome learners!

It is so timely to provide you with this module while you embrace the distance learning modality
in the new normal. As you face the pandemic, may you accept the challenges and embrace the reality
with optimism and allowing yourself to enjoy the opportunity to read more, learn more and develop
more of you r skills in this new learning setting.

This module introduces you to the concepts of rock metamorphism. There are different activities
that you need to explore and go over about this topic. In this module, you are expected to describe the
changes in rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature. Let us read and scan the next few
pages of this module to fully understand and explore the activities that are prepared for you.

The lesson contained in this module:

1. Rock metamorphism

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

 describe the physical and chemical changes in rocks due to changes in pressure and
temperature (metamorphism).

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

What I Know (Pretest)

Multiple Choice. Direction: Read and understand each of the statements below and choose the letter of the
correctanswerfrom the given choices. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

_____1. Which of the following processes will cause metamorphism?

A. a change in the chemical environment C. an increase in pressure
B. an increase in temperature D. all of these

_____2.In regional metamorphism, the source of increased temperature and pressure is _________.
A. a local intrusive heat source C. the increase in temperature with increasing depth of burial
B. impact metamorphism D. due to the increased rate of radioactive decay

_____3. In contact metamorphism, there is a ______________.

A. local heat source C. regional heat source
B. frictional heat source D. None of the above
_____4. The pressure and heat that drive metamorphism result from which three forces?
A. The internal heat of the Earth, the weight of overlying rocks, and horizontal pressures developed as
rocks become deformed
B. The weight of the overlying rocks, solar heating, and nuclear fusion
C. Horizontal pressures developed as rocks deform, bonding, and the heat released during
crystallization
D. Internal heat of the Earth, nuclear fission, and the heat released during chemical
Weathering

_____5. During metamorphism, changes in the bulk composition of rocks occur primarily as a result of _____?
A. increases in pressure C. reaction with hydrothermal fluids
B. increases in temperature D. all of these

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_____6. What type of metamorphism is caused by high temperature and high pressure imposed over a large
volume of crust?
A. burial B. contact C. regional D. cataclastic

_____7. A rock that has undergone cataclastic metamorphism would most likely display which of the following?
A. preserved sedimentary layering C. new minerals
B. pulverized rock fragments D. large olivine crystals

_____8. What is the most prominent textural feature of regional metamorphic rocks?
A. Foliation B. bedding C. cataclasis D. ripples

_____9. Which of the following statements about the metamorphism of shale is false?
A. with increasing metamorphism, the clay minerals breakdown to form micas
B. with increasing metamorphism, the grain size of the minerals gets smaller
C. with increasing metamorphism, foliation develops
D. with increasing metamorphism, the amount of water decreases

_____10. Hydrothermal metamorphism is very common in which of the following settings?

A. at continental collision zones
B. along shallow faults
C. at mid-ocean ridges
D. in mid-continental regions

Lesson Introduction to Metamorphism

1 of Rocks
What I Need to Know
This lesson deepens your understanding of how rocks are transformed due to changes in
pressure and temperature. The word "Metamorphism" comes from the Greek: meta = after, morph =
form, so metamorphism means the after form. Metamorphism is the change that takes place within a
body of rock as a result of it being subjected to conditions that are different from those in which it formed.
It is also defined as the mineralogical and structural adjustment of solid rocks to physical and chemical
conditions that have been imposed at depths below the near-surface zones of weathering. In geology,
this refers to the changes in mineral assemblage and texture that result from subjecting a rock to
conditions such as pressure, temperature, and chemical environment different from those under which the
rock originally formed.
Metamorphism therefore occurs at temperatures and pressures higher than 200°C. Rocks can
be subjected to these higher temperatures and pressures as they are buried deeper in the Earth. Such
burial usually takes place as a result of tectonic processes such as continental collisions or subduction.
Before the lesson proper, we will first review and get oriented to the words and
terminologies commonly used related to rock metamorphism. How do we dothis? Let us Perform
Activity 1: Find the WORD.
Activity 1: Find the WORD
What’s New
O S J M N N G R A N I T E K S COAL
D E G O E U O U A I I M Q U T CRUST
C D F T H L A I K E E G O G R DEPOSITION
V I A T S S T Y T T M E E E E GRANITE
A M E F U U B I A I N M C R S HEAT
IGNEOUS
V E D C D Q R M N G S A G U S LAVA
A N S F X G O C I G W O L S I MAGMA
L T G N I R E H T A E W P S Z MELTING
D A Q X P R A M G A M S Q E H METAMORPHIC
Z R X H O E P E T X R X K R D PRESSURE
H Y I C O M D A B U K R L P T ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY
G C K B S U E Z Y I N G S H Y STRESS
C S B X J H L Q O Q I A U A Z WEATHERING
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 V Z S O K Q C T F M A U Z P I
V Z T X C O A L I E B J Z H W
Activity 2: Metamorphism of Rocks

Instruction: Browse the internet through YouTube to view the concepts of Rock Metamorphism
through the following links provided below:

A. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7SiZSa5csA
B. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jt_bvROCJCc

What Is It
As the temperature and/or pressure increases on a body of rock, we say the rock undergoes prograde
metamorphism or that the grade of metamorphism increases. A metamorphic grade is a general term for
describing the relative temperature and pressure conditions under which metamorphic rocks form.

Low-grade metamorphism takes place at temperatures between about 200 to 320°C, and relatively
low pressure. Low-grade metamorphic rocks are generally characterized by an abundance of hydrous
minerals. With the increasing grade of metamorphism, the hydrous minerals begin to react with other minerals
and/or break down to less hydrous minerals.

High-grade metamorphism takes place at temperatures greater than 320°C and relatively high
pressure. As the grade of metamorphism increases, hydrous minerals become less hydrous, by losing H2O,
and non-hydrous minerals become more common.

Types of Metamorphism

1. Contact Metamorphism
Contact metamorphism occurs adjacent to igneous intrusions and results from high temperatures
associated with the igneous intrusion. Because the temperature contrast between the surrounding rock and the
intruded magma is larger at shallow levels in the crust where pressure is low, contact metamorphism is often
referred to as high temperature, low-pressure metamorphism. The rock produced is often a fine-grained rock
that shows no foliation, called a hornfels.

2. Regional Metamorphism
Regional metamorphism occurs over large areas and generally does not show any relationship to
igneous bodies. It usually results in forming metamorphic rocks that are strongly foliated, such as slates,
schists, and gneisses. The differential stress usually results from tectonic forces that produce compressional
stresses in the rocks, such as when two continental masses collide. Thus, regionally metamorphosed rocks
occur in the cores of fold/thrust mountain belts or eroded mountain ranges. Compressive stresses result in the
folding of rock and the thickening of the crust, which tends to push rocks to deeper levels where they are
subjected to higher temperatures and pressures.

3. Cataclastic Metamorphism
Cataclastic metamorphism occurs as a result of mechanical deformation, like when two bodies of rock
slide past one another along a fault zone. Heat is generated by the friction of sliding along such a shear zone,
and the rocks tend to be mechanically deformed, being crushed and pulverized, due to the shearing.
Cataclastic metamorphism is not very common and is restricted to a narrow zone along which the shearing
occurred.

4. Hydrothermal Metamorphism
Rocks that are altered at high temperatures and moderate pressures by hydrothermal fluids are
hydrothermally metamorphosed. This is common in basaltic rocks that generally lack hydrous minerals.
The hydrothermal metamorphism results in the alteration to such Mg-Fe rich hydrous minerals as talc,
chlorite, serpentine, actinolite, tremolite, zeolites, and clay minerals. Rich ore deposits are often formed as a
result of hydrothermal metamorphism.

5. Burial Metamorphism
When sedimentary rocks are buried to depths of several kilometers, temperatures greater than 300oC
may develop in the absence of differential stress. New minerals grow, but the rock does not appear to be
metamorphosed. The main minerals produced are often the Zeolites. Burial metamorphism overlaps, to some
extent, with diagenesis, and grades into regional metamorphism as temperature and pressure increase.

6. Shock Metamorphism (Impact Metamorphism)

When an extraterrestrial body, such as a meteorite or comet impacts the Earth or if there is a very large
volcanic explosion, ultrahigh pressures can be generated in the impacted rock. These ultrahigh pressures can
produce minerals that are only stable at very high pressure, such as the SiO2 polymorphs coesite and
stishovite. 4
What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Summarize Me

Answer the following questions based on what you learned from the topic in rock metamorphism. Answer it
briefly and concisely

1. How does a metamorphic rock change into another type of rock?

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

2. An igneous rock can become a metamorphic rock. How can this happen?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Fill in the blanks with the correct concepts about the metamorphism of rocks. (2 points each)

1. In __________ metamorphism there is a local heat source.

2. Cataclastic metamorphism would be expected along a ________ plate boundary.
3. In regional metamorphism the heat source is the ___________ temperature expected with increasing
depth of burial.
4. The change from diagenesis to metamorphism marks the boundary between __________ and
metamorphic rocks.
5. Contact metamorphism is commonly associated with which plate boundary? _________
6. High pressure and low-temperature regional metamorphism are characteristic of what plate boundary?
7. Alignment of planar minerals (such as micas) produces __________.
8. A foliated metamorphic rock in which the oriented micas are not visible but are large enough to reflect
light is a _________.
9. With increasing temperature and pressure the realm of metamorphism grades into _____________
processes.
10. Silicate liquids are not present during metamorphism - True or False __________

Summary

1. Any kind of rock can change into a new rock. The original rock can either be sedimentary,
igneous, or even a metamorphic rock. This is what we call metamorphism.

2. The word metamorphic is a Greek word that means “to change form”.

3. The types of metamorphism are contact, regional, cataclastic, hydrothermal, burial, and
shock metamorphism.

4. Contact metamorphism involves intense heat while regional metamorphism involves

high pressure.

5. As temperature and/or pressure increases "old minerals" may change (typically they increase
in size) or new minerals may form.

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References

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