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Classification of Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Deep Learning
Classification of Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Deep Learning
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Nimmisha Shajihan
Bournemouth University
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Abstract—Nowadays most of the aged people are struggling learning and Natural language processing (NLP) can find
with a chronic disease which is Diabetes mellitus .This possible solutions in an efficient way. Additionally, robotics
dangerous disease can affect the heart functioning and can also added with AI which helps the doctors in a numerous
affect the eye functioning as well. Diabetes is one of the reasons way including surgery .Even though robots cannot replace
for the damage of retina and results in diabetic retinopathy. human doctors, however, they can assist them in many ways.
This infects the eye very badly and even causes blindness. AI with deep learning successfully sets a milestone in
Early detection of diabetic retinopathy can save people from different fields like dermatology, pathology, radiology,
even blindness by using laser technology. But early detection is ophthalmology etc [3].
a challenging one for the ophthalmologists with the traditional
methods. This paper review about the Diabetic Retinopathy AI plays a significant role in the field of ophthalmology
and the method of Deep Learning approach used to detect this as it depend mostly on image based diagnosis [4]. Eye
condition of eye accurately with less expense and time. diseases are generally combined with age related diseases
Convolutional neural networks are used to classify the stages of like diabetics. Early detection of this type of illness can
Diabetic Retinopathy. Moreover, the classification of DR prevent even the loss of eyesight. Deep Learning (DL) which
according to the severity of the condition of DR is also is mentioned earlier can be used to detect several eye
discussed. This all process can be done with the help of Fundus problems with the help of Fundus photography. Diabetic
photography retinopathy is a common disease which affects millions of
Keywords— Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Networks,
people as most of the aged people and even the adults are
Diabetic Retinopathy, Fundus photography suffering with diabetic mellitus. Conventional method of
treating diabetic retinopathy is time consuming, expensive
Introduction and low efficient as it doesn‟t have an accurate data for
Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes the most common classification of severity of disease[5]. Diabetic retinopathy
word in this rapidly developing world as the technology is results in swelling of blood vessels in retina and leads to
improving day by day. AI is the technology used to perform leakage of blood. Thus early detection of this chronic illness
tasks of human beings by the help of machines which are is vital [6]. Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a highly
developed with algorithms and programming. As AI is effective deep learning based method and it is cost effective
performing tasks which need human intelligence therefore image based analysis to detect eye diseases. Deep learning
the term itself contains the word „intelligence‟. The based algorithm can classify the DR according to the severity
suggestion of Artificial intelligence is not so recent. There of the condition.
are so many fields which need human hands replaces AI
since 1960s.AI is more powerful and attractive recently I. BRIEF OUTLINE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
because of the availability of strong and economical
computing hardware and software. Moreover, the researchers Millions of people around the world are affected with
are developing improved algorithms to perform chores which diabetes mellitus which results in serious health problems.
need human intelligence. AI is emerging faster into many One of the most common diseases affected due to diabetes is
fields and results even more perfection than the one with Diabetic retinopathy (DR). Retina of the eye damages by the
human hands. The most recent field in which AI researchers swelling of blood vessels which leads to leakage of fluid and
concentrating more is healthcare and medicine like image blood [7]. Some lesions like exudates, haemorrhages,
based diagnosing, online consultation and even in microaneuryms etc. occurs in the retinal area. This gradually
administration[1]. results in the loss of vision if the stage becomes worse. The
Health care can use AI for number of needs which could severity of this disease is classified into several levels. These
benefit in positive ways. Some of the multinational are:-
companies like IBM also contribute more on AI for the a) Non proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR): -
improvement of clinical sector . They developed a No symptoms are present in the retinal area which may or
technology named Watson for diagnosing cancer patients by may not lead to mild NPDR.
collecting data from patients, analyse from this information
and giving opinions with the help of data received from the b) Mild non proliferative Diabetic retinopathy: - At
concerned doctors. Most of the developing and developed least one microaneuryms exists in or around retina. All other
countries are now adapting AI for efficient healthcare lesions may or may not present .This simple phase of DR is
system. Thus AI can do the most complex work in a quick, affected by half of the diabetic people around the world.
efficient and cost effective manner even better than
humans[2].AI works together with machine learning, deep
b) Pooling layer: - Pooling layer is the most important By using the Kaggle dataset in this automated CNN
layer in this complex architecture. This layer prevent over complex architecture, an accuracy of 80 to 90 % can be
fitting by computation process. Pooling layer selects most obtained.
useful features. This layer generally check whether some of
the characteristics in the image are present or not, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
Rectified Linear Unit Level (ReLU) is an activation AI is emerging dramatically into the various fields of
function which is in the form of layer. This activation healthcare. In this rapidly growing world AI is playing a
function can improve the efficiency of the end result. major role in lifting up the health sector in a safe and robust
way. In addition, it requires less time, cheap and gives
c) Dropout layer: - This layer reduces the over fitting powerful results. In this paper, proposed an idea of
in fully connected layers by using regularization technique. identifying diabetic retina with the help of deep learning.
There is a chance of increased number of parameters. This Around 40 percentages of the diabetic patients are suffering
can be avoided by this dropout layer[14]. with diabetic retinopathy which even leads to blindness. This
d) Fully connected layer: - Fully connected layer issue can be resolve using the above mentioned CNN
comes after convolutional and pooling layers. All neurons of technology. Early detection is vital for this illness and can be
the last layer are connected to this layer‟s neurons. The main cured by laser technology. CNN based medical imaging
classification process is done in this layer. This layer looks diagnosis is more effective nowadays and can be solved
like one dimensional and is not connected to any other quickly and easily. There is no traditional and manual
layers. process like eye angiography is needed. The whole
classification of DR can be obtained using this method. By
using this technique, regular examination of patients with [4] Daniel Shu Wei TING MD PhD, Louis R PASQUALE MD, Lily
diabetes mellitus can be done as this method is cost effective. PENG MD PhD, Peter CAMPBELL MD MPH, Aaron LEE MD
MSc, Rajiv RAMAN MS DNB, Gavin Siew Wei TAN MD, Leopold
This brings a relaxation for both patients and concerned SCHMETTERER PhD,7-9 Pearse A. KEANE MD FRCO, Tien Yin
doctors. WONG MD PhD, ”Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning in
Ophthalmology” , October 2018
The ophthalmologists should try to utilise this
[5] Su Jeong Song, Tien Yin Wong “Current Concepts in Diabetic
fundus photography and AI system so that they can save Retinopathy” December 2014
more lives without going into dark. Moreover, local optical [6] G.S. Scotland, ”Costs and consequences of automated algorithms
centres can invest on fundus cameras so that they can versus manual grading for the detectionof referable diabetic
identify more number of diabetic retinopathy victims. retinopathy” Br J Ophthalmol, 94 (6) (2010), pp. 712-719
Additionally, in future three dimensional images of retina [7] Zsolt Torok, Tunde Peto, Eva Csosz, Edit Tukacs, Agnes M. Molnar,
could replace the current two dimensional images which may Andras Berta,Jozsef Tozser, Andras Hajdu, Valeria Nagy, Balint
results in more accuracy percentage. As this method is cost Domokos, and Adrienne Csutak “Combined Methods for Diabetic
Retinopathy Screening, Using Retina Photographs and Tear Fluid
effective, this method can adapt in rural areas. Thus obtain Proteomics Biomarkers” September 2014
large datasets to apply this method in future with upgraded [8] Y. Guo, Y. Liu, A. Oerlemans, S. Lao, S. Wu, M.S. Lew “Deep
algorithms. learning for visual understanding: a review Neurocomputing”, 187
(2016), pp. 27-48
ACKNOWLEDGMENT [9] A. V Vasilakos, Y. Tang, Y. Yao “Neural networks for computer-
aided diagnosis in medicine : a review” Neurocomputing, 216 (2016),
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my pp. 700-708
professor Dr Philip Davies and my advisor Festus Adedoyin [10] G.Gardner,D.Keating, T.H.Willamson, A.T.Elliott,
for the continuous support throughout this research. “Automaticdetection of diabetic retinopathy using an artificial neural
Moreover ,I thank my classmates for supporting me without network: a screening Tool”, Brithish Journal of
Opthalmology,(1996);80:940-944
any hesitation .
[11] Kaggle dataset[Online]. Available https://kaggle.com/c/diabetic-
retinopathy-detection
REFERENCES [12] S. Dutta, B.C. Manideep, S.M. Basha, R.D. Caytiles, N.C.S.N.
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