]

GENERATION, TRANSMISSION,
AND DISTRIBUTION OF
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
for SCIENCE Grade 9
Quarter 4 / Week 8

NegOr_Q4_Science 9_SLK Week 8_v2

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 FOREWORD

The main concern in this self- learning kit is to let you

understand the function of generators, transformers, and
transmission lines. This will also trace down the distribution of
electrical energy from the power plant down to the different
consumers.

This self-learning kit will enhance your knowledge about

tracing electrical energy from the different sources of electricity to
the electrical energy that you get from your wall outlet.

The concept of energy transformation happened in turbines

and dams which were discussed in the previous topics will relate
in this transformation of electrical energy from source to the end
users. So have fun in answering the questions in the different
activities provided in this self-learning kit.

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OBJECTIVES
K: Explain the function or importance of ac generators, step
up and step-down transformers along transmission lines.
S: Illustrate how power is transmitted at high voltage and low
current through long distances.
A: Present ways to minimize power loss in transmission lines.

LEARNING COMPETENCY
Explain how electrical energy is generated, transmitted, and
distributed (S9FE - IVh - j -46)

I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE – TEST
VOCABULARY REVIEW
Directions: Identify from the box the word or words being describe
by the following statements. Write your answer in a separate sheet
of paper/notebook.
Alternating current generator transformer
copper losses Electromagnetic induction Hysteresis losses

Eddy-current losses power transmission transmission line

magnetic flux Electric power distribution magnetic field

1. A device for changing an alternating voltage from low potential to a

high potential or vice versa.
2. The process by which an emf is set up in a conductor located in a
magnetic field, when the magnetic flux is cut by the conductor.
3. A current which has one direction during one part of a generating
cycle and the opposite direction during the remainder of the cycle.
4. A device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
5. These result from the resistance of the copper wires in the primary
and secondary turns.
6 Energy is consumed in reversing the magnetic polarity of the
transformer core.
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7. It is the movement of energy from its place of generation to a
location where it is applied to perform useful work.
8. When a mass of conducting metal is moved in a magnetic field or is
subjected to a changing magnetic flux, induced currents circulate
in the mass.
9. It is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries
electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. ...
Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through
secondary distribution lines.
10.It is used for the transmission of electrical power from generating
substation to the various distribution units. It transmits the wave of
voltage and current from one end to another.

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION

Transmission and distribution refer to the different stages of

carrying electricity over poles and wires from generators to a
home or a business. The primary distinction between the two is the
voltage level at which electricity moves in each stage.

After electricity has been generated, a system of electrical

wires carries the electricity from the source of generation to our
homes and businesses. These lines can be found overhead or
sometimes in the ground, and combined, transmission and
distribution lines make up what is commonly called “the grid.”
Transmission and distribution are two separate stages or systems
on the grid.

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 Transmission is the “interstate highway” of electricity
delivery. It refers to the part of electricity delivery that moves bulk
electricity from the generation sites over long distances to
substations closer to areas of demand for electricity. Consumers
may recognize transmission lines as the larger, taller poles/towers
carrying many wires over longer distances. Transmission lines move
large amounts of power at a high voltage level – a level that is too
much to be delivered directly to a home or
business. Transmission lines, transformers, substations, and other
equipment have voltages of 100 kV (100,000 volts) and above.

MAJOR STEPS OF A TYPICAL A-C POWER SYSTEM

1. Generation

The generated electrical energy is in the form of

an alternating current sinusoidal output waveform. ... AC
generators work on the principle of Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction which states that electromotive force -
EMF or voltage – is generated in a current-carrying conductor that
cuts a uniform magnetic field.
2. Transmission- Voltage is increased by a transformer to 132,000
volts. Power is then transferred to the long transmission lines
which supply distant substation near the consumer area.
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 The primary reason that power is transmitted at high
voltages is to increase efficiency. As electricity
is transmitted over long distances, there are inherent energy
losses along the way. The higher the voltage, the lower the
current. The lower the current, the lower the resistance losses in
the conductors.
From among the conductors, the best are silver, copper
and aluminum, in that order. However, silver is very costly.
Although aluminum is only 61% as good conductor as copper, it
is cheap, durable, and wet roof, and is thus also used for
transmission lines, like copper.

THE TRANSFORMER

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Types of Losses in a Transformer and Their Efficiency

An ideal transformer is very efficient so they don’t have

energy losses, which means the power supplied to the
transformer’s input terminal must be equivalent to the power
supplied to the transformer’s output terminal. So the input power
and output power in an ideal transformer are equal including zero
energy losses. But in practice, both the input and output powers of
the transformer will not equal due to electrical losses within the
transformer. It is a static device because it doesn’t have any
movable parts, so we cannot observe mechanical losses, but
electrical losses will occur like copper and iron.

There are different kinds of losses that will occur in the

transformer such as iron, copper, hysteresis, eddy, stray &
dielectric. The copper loss mainly occurs due to the resistance in
the transformer winding whereas hysteresis losses will occurred due
to the magnetization change within the core.
a. Iron Losses in a Transformer

Iron losses mainly occur through the alternating flux within the
transformer’s core. Once this loss occurs within the core then it is
called core loss. This kind of loss mainly depends on the
material’s magnetic properties within the core of the transformer.
The core in the transformer can be made with iron, so these are
called iron losses. This type of loss can be categorized into two
types like hysteresis as well as eddy current.

b. Hysteresis Loss

This kind of loss mainly occurs when the alternating current is

applied to the core of the transformer then the magnetic field will
be reversed. This loss mainly depends on the core material used in
the transformer. To reduce this loss, the high-grade core material
can be used. CRGO- Cold rolled grain-oriented Si steel can be
used commonly like the core of the transformer so that Hysteresis
loss can be reduced.

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 c. Eddy-Current Loss

Once the flux is connected to a closed circuit, then an e.m.f

can be induced within the circuit and there is a supply in the
circuit. The flow of current value mainly depends on the sum of an
e.m.f and resistance in the region of the circuit. The core of the
transformer can be designed with a conducting material. The flow
of current in the emf can be supplied within the body of the
material. This flow of current is known as eddy current. This current
will occur once the conductor experiences an altering magnetic
field.

When these currents are not accountable for doing any

functional task, then it generates a loss within the magnetic
material. So, it is called as an Eddy Current Loss. This loss can be
reduced by designing the core using slight laminations.

3. Area Substation-Voltage is stepped down to 26,400 volts. The

power is then delivered to various distributing substation by
underground cables or overhead lines.

4. Distributing Substation. Voltage is stepped down 2,300 volts for

distribution to consumers.

5. Utility pole- Voltage is stepped down to 230-115 volts. Power is

commonly supplied from the transformer on utility pole to the
consumer by a 3-wire single-phase system.

Activity 1
Directions. Identify the following losses in transformer. Write your
answer in your science notebook.
1.___________ This kind of loss mainly occurs when the alternating
current is applied to the core of the transformer then the
magnetic field will be reversed.
2.__________ Energy is consumed in reversing the magnetic polarity
of the transformer core.
3. _________ These result from the resistance of the copper wires in
the primary and secondary turns.
4.__________mainly occur through the alternating flux within the
transformer’s core.
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Activity 2. Know my sequence
Directions: Write the correct sequence or steps in a typical
alternating current (ac) power distribution system.
Write your answer in your notebook.

1._____ 2._____ 3.______4._______ 5.______

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST
IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Identify from the box the word/s is being described by
the following statements. Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.

Alternating current generator transformer

copper losses Hysteresis losses Eddy-current losses
magnetic field power transmission transmission line
magnetic flux 6600 volts 26,400 volts.
132,000 volts 230-115 volts
Electric power distribution
Electromagnetic induction

1. A device for changing an alternating voltage from low

potential to a high potential or vice versa.
2. The process by which an emf is set up in a conductor
located in a magnetic field when the magnetic flux is cut by
the conductor.
3. A current which has one direction during one part of a
generating cycle and the opposite direction during the
remainder of the cycle.
4. A device for converting mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
5. These result from the resistance of the copper wires in the
primary and secondary turns.
6. Energy is consumed in reversing the magnetic polarity of the
transformer core.

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 7. It is the movement of energy from its place of generation to
a location where it is applied to perform useful work.
8. When a mass of conducting metal is moved in a magnetic
field or is subjected to a changing magnetic flux, induced
currents circulate in the mass.
9. It is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries
electricity from the transmission system to individual
consumers. Often several customers are supplied from one
transformer through secondary distribution lines.
10. It is used for the transmission of electrical power from
generating substation to the various distribution units. It
transmits the wave of voltage and current from one end to
another.
11. It is a measurement of the total magnetic field which passes
through a given area.
12. It is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on
moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic
materials.
13. The voltage output at utility poles.
14. The voltage output at ac generators in a typical power
generation system.
15. The voltage output in a stepped down transformer in the
area substation.

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REFERENCES

Department of Education (2014). Science 9 Learner’s Module 1st

Edition, FEP Printing Corp., Pasig City, Phils.

Mc Dougall, Lithe (2005). Science, Houghton Mifflin Com.,

Evanston. IL

People, S. (1996). Coordinated Science Physics, 2 nd Ed. Oxford

University Press

Renuga (2011). Lower Secondary Physics, Secondary 1 & 2

Science, Farfield Publishers, Singapore

Santisteban, C.J. (2007). Breaking Through Physics. CPE Publishing,

Inc., Pasig City

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD

OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent/ CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS– Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

VICENTE B. MONGCOPA

Writer/Illustrator

STEPHEN C. BALDADO
HELBERT P. OJARIO
Lay-out Artists
_____________________________
ALPHA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
ADELINE FE D. DIMAANO
FLORENTINA P. PASAJINGUE
BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
ALLAN Z. ALBERTO
EUFRATES G. ANSOK, JR.
ROWENA R. DINOKOT
CHRISTINE A. GARSOLA
LESTER C. PABALINAS

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to
information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright
and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

NegOr_Q4_Science 9_SLK Week 8_v2

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 15. 26,400 volts
14. 6,600 volts
13. 230-115 volts

SYNOPSIS
12. magnetic field
11. magnetic flux
10. Transmission lines
9. Distribution
Have you ever asked yourself how electricity 8. Eddy-current losses
reaches your houses? This undergoes several steps. 7. Power Transmission

These are power generation, transmission, and

6. Hysteresis losses
5. Copper losses
distribution. This is how power is generated from 4. Generator
power plants with the principles of generator, how 3. Alternating current

electricity is transmitted from the power station to

Induction
2. Electromagnetic
the transmission lines with the use of transformers 1. Transformer
and how electricity is distributed to the different Post-test:

consumers of electricity.
5.Utility pole
4. Distributing substation
3. Area Substation
By knowing these concepts, you can think of 2. Transmission

possible ways to reduce electricity bill or save

1. Generation
Activity 2
electrical energy. 4. Eddy-current losses
3. Copper losses
2. Hysteresis Losses
1. Hysteresis losses
Activity 1
12. magnetic field
11. magnetic flux
10. Transmission lines
9. Distribution
8. Eddy-current losses
7. Power Transmission
6. Hysteresis losses
5. Copper losses
4. Generator
3. Alternating current
Induction
2. Electromagnetic
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 1. Transformer
Vocabulary Review:
ANSWER KEY:

Vicente B. Mongcopa holds Bachelor’s Degree in Physics

from Foundation University Last March 1985 at
Dumaguete City. He finished his master’s degree in
Educational Management at Southern Philippines
Foundation Last 2016 at Lahug, Cebu City. Has been a
facilitator and a writer to the different In- Service Trainings
and Division Seminars and Workshops in Science.
Presently a Master Teacher I at Negros Oriental High
School teaching Physics.

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