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Stoichiometry in Chemical
Reactions

A balanced equation is required before

applying stoichiometry in chemical
reactions.

Interpretation of a Chemical Equation

2 CO + O2 2 CO2
2 molecules + 1 molecule 2 molecules

2 moles + 1 mole 2 moles

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Stoichiometric Calculations

A. Moles of Reactant or Product in a Reaction

B. Number of Reactant and Product

Molecules

C. Mass of Reactants and Products

A. Moles of Reactant or Product in a Reaction

2 CO + O2 2 CO2
How many moles of CO2 can be produced from 1.5 mol CO as
shown in the reaction above?

Step 1: Based on the balanced equation, the ratio between moles of

CO to moles of CO2 is
2 mol CO: 2 mol CO2
Step 2: Multiply the given to the ratio of CO and CO2
2 mol CO2
1.5 mol CO x = 1.5 mol CO2
2 mol CO

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A. Moles of Reactant or Product in a Reaction

CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
If 2. 25 moles CH4 is used in the reaction, how many moles
of O2 will be needed for the reaction to occur?

Step 1: Based on the balanced equation, the ratio between moles

of CH4 to moles of O2 is
1 mol CH4: 2 mol O2
Step 2: Multiply the given to the ratio of CH4 and O2
2 mol O2
2.25 mol CH4 x 4.50 mol O2
1 mol 𝐂𝐇𝟒=

B. Number of Reactant and Product Molecules

C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced when 0.75 mol of
propane is combusted?
Step 1: Based on the balanced equation, the ratio of moles of C3H8 to CO2
is
1 mol C3H8 : 3 mol CO2
Step 2: Calculate the moles of CO2 and multiply its product to Avogadro’s
number.
3 mol CO2
0.75 mol C3H8 x = 2.25 mol CO2
1 mol C 3H8

6.02 x 𝟏𝟎^𝟐𝟑 CO2 molecules

2.25 mol CO2 x = 1.40 x 1024 CO2 molecules
1 mole CO2

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B. Number of Reactant and Product Molecules

(NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 2 NH3 + CaSO4 + 2 H2O

How many NH3 molecules are produced by the reaction of 4.0 mol Ca(OH)2 ?

Step 1: Based on the balanced equation, the ratio of moles of Ca(OH)2 to

NH3 is
1 mol Ca(OH)2 : 2 mol NH3
Step 2: Calculate the moles of NH3 and multiply its product to Avogadro’s
number.
2 mol NH3
4.0 mol Ca(OH)2 x = 8 mol NH3
1 mol Ca(OH)2

6.02 x 𝟏𝟎^𝟐𝟑 NH3 molecules

8 mol CO2 x = 4.8 x 1024 NH3 molecules
1 mole 𝑁𝐻3

C. Mass of Reactants or Products in the Reaction

CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O

If 2.25 moles of CO2 is used in the reaction, how many grams of CO2 will be
produced? (Molar mass= 44 g/mol)

Step 1: Multiply the number of moles of CO2 from the given to the molar
mass of it.
44 g CO2
2.25 mol CO2 x = 99 g CO2
1 mol CO2

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C. Mass of Reactants or Products in the Reaction

Fe2O3 + 3 CO 2 Fe + 3 CO2
What mass of CO is required to react with 25.13 g of Fe2O3? Molar mass
of CO is 28.01 g and for Fe 2O3 is 159.69 g.

Mass of Molar Mass Ratio of CO Molar Mass

Mass of CO
Fe 2O3 of Fe 2O3 to Fe 2O3 of CO

1 mol Fe2O3 3 mol CO 28.01 gCO

25.13 g Fe2O3 x x x = 13.22 g CO
159.69 g Fe2O 3 1 mol Fe2O 3 1 mol CO

Empirical Formula, Molecular

Formula, and Percentage
Composition

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Molecular and Empirical Formula

Molecular Empirical
Formula Formula
Also known as true This tells the
formula, this simplest whole-
indicates the actual number ratio of
number of each atoms in a
atom in a compound compound.

Hydrogen Peroxide

Molecular Empirical
Formula Formula

H2 O 2 HO

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Obtaining the Molecular Formula

of a compound

Multiply the whole

Divide the given
Identify the molar number answer from
molar mass to the
mass from the given Step 2 to the
calculated molar
empirical formula subscripts of the
mass.
empirical formula

What is the molecular formula of a compound with a molar mass of

60.0 g/mol and an empirical formula of CH4N?

STEP 1. Calculate the molar mass of CH4N.

Element No. of moles Molar mass (g) Total
Carbon 1 12.01 12.01
Hydrogen 4 1.008 4.032
Nitrogen 1 14.007 14.007
TOTAL 30.05 g or
30.05 g/mol

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What is the molecular formula of a compound with a molar mass of

60.0 g/mol and an empirical formula of CH4N?

Step 2: Divide the given molar mass to the calculated molar mass
to determine the value of n.

60.0 𝑔Τ𝑚𝑜𝑙
n= =1.99 or 2
30.05 𝑔Τ𝑚𝑜𝑙

What is the molecular formula of a compound with a molar mass of

60.0 g/mol and an empirical formula of CH4N?

STEP 3. Multiply the value of n to the subscripts of CH4N to get

the molecular formula.
Element No. of atoms n Total
Carbon 1 2 2
Hydrogen 4 2 8
Nitrogen 1 2 2

Molecular formula : C2H8N2

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Obtaining the Empirical Formula

of a compound

Multiply the values in

Divide each amount
Calculate the number step 2 by the smallest
of element in moles
of moles for each integer that makes
by the smallest given
atom the value whole
values
numbers.

Determine the empirical formula of a compound that contains

40.05% sulfur and 59.95 % oxygen.

Step 1: Calculate the number of moles for each atom.

40.05 g S ( 1 𝑚 𝑜𝑙 𝑆 ) = 1.249 mol S

32.065 𝑔

59.95 g O (1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂) = 3.747 mol O

16 𝑔

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Determine the empirical formula of a compound that

contains 40.05% sulfur and 59.95 % oxygen.

Step 2: Divide each amount of element in moles by

the smallest of the given values.

S= 1.249 / 1.249 = 1
O= 3.747/ 1.249 = 3

Determine the empirical formula of a compound that

contains 40.05% sulfur and 59.95 % oxygen.

Step 3: Multiply the values in step 2 by the smallest integer

that makes the values whole numbers:

S= 1 x 1= 1 O= 3 x 1 = 3

SO3

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Percentage Composition

The percent composition is the percent by mass of the elements that

make up a compound. The percent composition isobtained using
the formula:

% = (number of atoms of the element) (molar mass of the element) x 100

formula weight of the substance

Percentage Composition

• Example: Calculate the %composition of H and O in water. Itsmolecular

mass is18.02 g.

For H:
(2) (1.008 g)
% composition= x 100 = 11.19 %
18.02 g

For O:

(1) (16 g)
% composition= x 100 = 88.79 %
18.02 g

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