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Senior General Physics 1 Q1 Module 1

science (Quezon National High School)

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Senior
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General Physics 1 – Grade 12

Redeveloped Division Initiated - Self-Learning Module
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Measurement and Vectors
Second Edition, 2021

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to
understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if
you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how
they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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Gen Physics
1
Measurement and
First Quarter Vectors
Week 1
Most Essential Learning Competencies

Objectives:
1. solve measurement problems involving conversion of units,
expression of measurements in scientific notation;
2. define accuracy from precision;
3. differentiate random errors from systematic errors;
4. estimate errors from multiple measurements of a physical
quantity using variance.
5. differentiate vector from scalar quantities
6. perform addition of vectors; and
7. rewrite a vector in component.

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following SI units of measurements is the largest?

a. milligram c. microsecond
b. kilometer d. the units are not comparable

2. Data allocation in cellphone load depends on the amount that you pay. If you are
using a prepaid sim card and you purchased cellphone load of 99 pesos with
data allocation of 2 Mb, how is this data expressed in scientific notation?
a. 2 x 102 bytes c. 2 x 106 bytes
b. 2 x 103 bytes d. 2 x 109 bytes

3. Given the speed of light as 3 x 10 8 m/s, how much time would it take for light to
travel 10,000 ft? 1 inch = 2.54 cm
a. 0.00001 s c. 0.00100 s
b. 0.00010 s d. 0.01000 s

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4. How is the number 0.009834 expressed in scientific notation?

a. 9.834 x 104 c. 9.834 x 103
b. 9.834 x 10-4 d. 9.834 x 10-3

5. How many meters are there in an inch?

a. 0.0254 c. 2.54
b. 0.254 d. 24.5

6. How many significant figures are there in 6712.460?

a. 3 c. 6
b. 4 d. 7

7. The following are physical fundamental quantities EXCEPT

a. force c. luminous intensity
b. length d. mass

8. What is the difference between 3.0 and 3.0000?

a. 3.0000 could be the result of an intermediate stop in a calculation; 3.0 has
to result from a final step.
b. 3.0000 represents a quantity that is known more precisely than 3.0.
c. There is no difference.
d. They convey the same information, but 3.0 is preferred for ease of writing.

9. Which of the following methods is more convenient to use in adding more than
two vectors?
a. Component Method c. Sine Law
b. Cosine Law d. Parallelogram Method

10. Which statement is NOT true?

a. Precise measurements are always accurate.
b. Accurate measurements are always precise.
c. Precise measurements can be inaccurate.
d. Inaccurate measurements can be precise.

11. Uncontrolled changes in air pressure while determining the boiling point of a
liquid give rise to _____________________________.
a. personal error c. relative error
b. random error d. systemati error

12. Which is a derived quantity?

a. electric current c. time
b. temperature d. voltage

13. If A and B are vectors and B = -A, which of the following is true?
a. The magnitude of B is equal to the negative of the magnitude of A.
b. A and B are perpendicular.
c. The direction angle of B is equal to the direction angle of A plus 180˚.
d. A + B = 2A

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14. The resultant of two vectors depends on the angle between them. Maximum
magnitude of the resultant is obtained if the angle between them is
a. at minimum (not zero). c. 90˚.
b. zero. d. 180˚.

15. A student walks 10 m, 37˚ north of east. What is the horizontal component of
the displacement of this motion?
a. 3.99 m c. 7.99 m
b. 5.0 m d. 10.0 m

What is It
Physics is a field of science that deals with the interaction of matter, force
and energy. Many disciplines are anchored on fundamental physics concepts.
Physics is both an exact and experimental science that leads to many useful
discoveries thru testing hypotheses where conclusions can be derived using precise
measurements of physical quantities. These physical quantities can be described
using single number or may require more than one number to describe.

Physical Quantities and Units

We use a number to describe a physical phenomenon quantitatively and this

number is called physical quantity. In physics, physical quantities are expressed in
terms of units of measurement which are defined by standards. These standards
are listed in the metric system, officially termed as International Standard or
Systéme International (SI).
The fundamental units, or base units, for the fundamental physical quantities
are meter, kilogram, second, kelvin, ampere, candela, and mole.

Table 1. SI Fundamental Units

Quantity Unit Symbo Definition

l
Length meter M This is distance travelled by light in a vacuum in
1/299,792,458 second.
Mass kilogram Kg It is the actual mass of platinum-iridium cylinder
kept at the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures in Sévres, France.
Time second S This refers to the duration for 9,192,631,770
cycles of the microwave radiation corresponding
to the transition between two lowest states of
cesium atom.
Temperature kelvin K It means fraction of 1/273.16 of the triple point
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of water.
Electric ampere A This is the constant current flowing in each of
current two long parallel wires, 1.0m apart, that produce
between these wires a force equal to 2 x 10-7
newton per meter length of each wire.
Luminous candela Cd One candela is the luminous intensity in a given
intensity direction of a source that emits a monochromatic
radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 Hz and that has
a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683
watts per steridian.
Amount of mole mol It refers to amount of substance that contains as
substance many atoms or molecules as there are atoms in
0.012 kg of carbon-12.

Conversion of Units
If the fundamental unit for time is second, why is the speed of a moving
vehicle expressed in kilometers per hour (kph)? This is further complicated in other
countries, like UK or Australia, where speed is expressed in miles per hour (mph) or
feet per second. How do we resolve this? This can be done thru conversion of units.
It is important to note that there is another system of measurement being
utilized by other countries, and it is called the English system. Some basic units in
this system are 1 inch = 2.54 cm and 1 pound = 4.448221615260 newtons.
You often hear that the prevailing speed in our national highway here in
Palawan is 60 km/hr (kph) but some vehicles go even faster. Let us express 60 kph
in meters per second.
60 km/hr x 1 km/1000 m x 1 hr/3,600 s = ?
Try to express 60 kph in mph. Solve it on your own paper.
Scientific Notation
Have you ever tried writing a very big number? How would you write the
total population of the world in numbers? Imagine writing the number seven billion,
how many places would that be? It is tedious to do! This is where scientific
notation comes in handy. It is a product of a number (mantissa) greater than or
equal to 1 and less than 10 and a power (or exponent) of 10. As an example, the
approximate current population of the world, is 7.5 billion = 7.5 x 10 9.
Table 2. Metric Prefixes for Powers of 10
Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol
1024 yotta- Y 10-24 yocto- y
1021 zetta- Z 10-21 zepto- z
1018 exa- E 10-18 atto- a
1015 peta- P 10-15 femto- f
1012 tera- T 10-12 pico- p
109 giga- G 10-9 nano- n
106 mega- M 10-6 micro- µ
103 kilo- K 10-3 milli- m
102 hecto- H 10-2 centi- c
101 deka- Da 10-1 deci- d
Accuracy and Precision
Science is based on experimentation that requires good measurements.
Measurement and experimentation are fundamental to physics. To test whether the
recognized patterns are consistent, physicists perform experiments with numerous

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measurements, leading to new ways of understanding observable phenomena in

nature. The validity of a measurement can be described in terms of its accuracy
and precision.
Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the correct value for that
measurement. On the other hand, precision states how well repeated
measurements of something generate the same or similar results.

A B C
D

In the figure above, A shows low accuracy, low precision; B shows low
accuracy, high precision; C shows high accuracy, low precision; and, D high
accuracy, high precision.

Random versus Systematic Errors

An error results because of the deviation of measured data from being

precise. Random errors are results unpredictable or inevitable changes during data
measurement. Noise from an electronic device, temperature variation during
volume of gas measurement, and uncontrollable presence of wind at determination
of the simple pendulum’s period are some examples of random errors.
On the other hand, systematic errors usually come from the measuring
instrument or in the design of the experiment itself. These errors limit the accuracy
of results.

Estimation of Error

When there is an expected or true value of a quantity, percentage error or simply

percent error is usually calculated. To obtain percent error, the formula is

Where xT is the true or accepted value and x is the measured value. Percent error is
usually considered in judging the accuracy of a measurement.

Percent difference is a measure of how far apart the different measured values
are from each other, and is therefore an indication of precision. Percent difference
is given by the equation

wherex1 andx2 are two measured values in an experiment.

Variance

Variance, which is derived from the word vary, measures the squared deviation
of each number in the set from the mean. This statistical measurement is another

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way to estimate errors from multiple measurements of a physical quantity. Variance

is calculated step-by-step as follows:
1. Calculate the mean of the set of measurements, .
2. Obtain the deviation of each measurement from the mean, x – x.
3. Square each deviation, (x – x)2.
4. Take the sum of all the squares of each deviation,
5. Divide the sum of the squares by the number of measurements in the set,
Variance is obtained by the formula
If the calculated variance results to zero, it means that all measurements are
identical. If the variance is so small, it means that the values are close to one
another and they are said to be precise.
In addition to variance, it is also important to note standard deviation(SD),
which is the square root of variance. Standard deviation is a measure of how
diverse or spread out a set of measurements is from their mean or average. A small
value of SD means that the measurements are close to their average, while a large
value signifies that measurements are diverse. The measured quantity in a set of
measurement is usually reported as , where x is the average and is the SD.
Vector and its Representation
Physical quantities can either be scalar or vector. Scalar quantities are those
that can be described with magnitude only. Time and temperature are scalar
quantities. On the other hand, vector quantities are quantities that can be
described by both magnitude and direction. Examples of vector quantities are
velocity, force, displacement, and acceleration.
In notation, a vector is denoted by an italicized capital letter in bold face with
a small horizontal half arrow pointing to the right above it.

F = 30 N, east
Vector Addition
There are mathematical operations that can be performed on vectors but this
module will only cover addition of vectors. The sum of two or more vectors is called
resultant vector. Generally, vectors can be added graphically and analytically.
Graphical method can be done thru (a) parallelogram method or (b) polygon
method. Analytical method, on the other hand, can be done using (a) laws of sines
and cosines, and (b) component method.

Parallelogram Method: Steps

Two vectors, A and B, are used for this method.
1. Use a scale and draw the vectors (as arrows) from a common point. (a)
2. Make a parallelogram using the two vectors as sides. (b)
3. Draw a diagonal line from the common points. (c) This line is the resultant vector.
4. Measure the length of the resultant vector using the scale that was initially used.
This is the magnitude of the resultant.
5. With the use of a protractor, determine the direction.
A A A R

R=A+B
B B B
(a) (b) (c)

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The parallelogram method can be used to add three or more vectors. The
process starts with the first two vectors to determine the resultant vector. The first
resultant vector will be added to the third vector to obtain the next resultant vector.
The process continues until all the vectors are added.
Polygon Method
This method is also called head-to-tail method. This is more convenient to use
if you are adding three or more vectors. All vectors to be added are still
represented by arrows.
1. Starting from the origin, draw the first vector on Cartesian Coordinate System,
with its proper direction.
2. Connect the tail of the second vector to the head of the first vector. Then,
connect the tail of the third vector to the head of the second vector. Continue
connecting the vectors following the process up to the last vector.
3. The resultant vector will close the figure formed by the vectors. The resultant is
drawn from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector.
4. The magnitude of the resultant is measured using the scale that was initially
used.
5. With the aid of a protractor, the direction of the resultant can be determined.
A
B
R
C
D
R = A + B +C+D
Laws of Sines and Cosines
It is quite easy to add two vectors if the triangle formed is a right triangle.
The laws of sines and cosines are being used if the triangle formed by adding two
vectors is not a right triangle.
Law of Sines or Sine Rule is given by the equation .A, B, and C are angles
while a, b and c are sides.

Law of Cosines or Cosine Rule is given by the equations

When do we use Sine or Cosine Rule? Sine Rule is used when you are given with (a)
two angles and one side (AAS), or (b) two sides and an unknown angle (SSA).
Cosine Rule is used when you are given with (a) three sides (SSS), or (b) two sides
and a known angle (SSA).

Component Method

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A single vector V is usually divided into two vectors called components that
are perpendicular to each other. These components normally lie along the x-axis
(horizontal component, Vx) and y-axis (vertical component, Vy).
y

V V is the
vector

Vy Vy = VsinƟ

x Vx = VcosƟ
Vx
The signs of the horizontal and vertical components of a given vector vary
depending on the quadrant of the Cartesian coordinate system where the vector
lies. Thus, to represent a vector in component, it is written as V = (Vx, Vy).
Component method is used when more than two vectors are to be added. Adding
vectors using the component is achieved thru the following steps:
1. Express the given vectors into their horizontal and vertical components.
2. Obtain the algebraic sum of all the horizontal components, , as well as the sum
of all the vertical components, .

3. The magnitude of the resultant can be calculated using the Pythagorean

Theorem since the horizontal and vertical components are perpendicular to each
other.

4. To solve for the angle that the resultant makes with the horizontal, use
or

What I Can Do

Activity 1: Sharing the land area of the Philippines

The total surface area of the Philippines is 300,000 km square kilometers. Assuming
there are 110 million Filipinos in our country, what is the available surface area per
person?
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Activity 2: Taking the Components

Yuri walks 50 m, 48˚ south of west. Find the (a) horizontal and vertical components
of his movement.

What’s More

Activity 3: Merry-Go-Round

Consider a man pushing a merry-go-round as shown on the figure. He exerts

a force of 250 N at the edge of the merry-go-round and perpendicular to the radius,
which is 1.50 m. How much torque does he produce? Assume that friction acting on
the merry-go-round is negligible?

Activity 4: Exploring Mount Mantalingajan

You are hiking in Mount Mantalingajan, the highest peak in Palawan. You are
heading northeast from your base camp for 2.52 km. Then, you reach a river that is
too deep to cross, so you make a 90˚ left turn and hike another 3.17 km to reach a
bridge. How far away are you from your base camp?

What I Have Learned

Activity 5: Scalar versus Vector Quantities
In a mininum of five sentences, differentiate scalar quantity from vector
quantity. Provide at least two examples of each type of physical quantity.

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Activity 6: Adding Vectors

Enumerate the different methods in adding (or subtracting) vectors. Provide
the advantage/s of using each method as well as the disadvantages (if there are
any).

Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Robert Wadlow is considered the tallest man ever, according to Guiness Book of
World Records, with an unprecedented height of 272 cm. How tall is he in inches?
a. 136 inches c. 108.8 inches
b. 123.6 inches d. 107.09 inches

2. The world’s fastest train is a maglev bullet train that can reach a speed of 600
km per hour. Mainland Palawan is approximately 450 km long. Hypothetically, if
you are to travel the mainland Palawan via the said fastest bullet train, how long
would it take you to reach the end point if you came from the other end point?
a. 0.25 hour c. 0.75 hour
b. 0.50 hour d. 1.00 hour

3. The following are vector quantities EXCEPT:

a. acceleration c. speed
b. velocity d. displacement

4. A density of 5400 kg/m3 is equal to _____________ g/cm3.

a. 5.4 c. 540
b. 54 d. 5400
5. Which of the following is a derived quantity?
a. force c. temperature
b. mass d. time

6. If a ball is thrown with a velocity of 25 m/s at an angle of 37˚ above the

horizontal, what is the vertical component of its velocity?
a. 15 m/s c. 20 m/s
b. 18 m/s d. 25 m/s

7. Which statement is TRUE concerning scalar quantities?

a. Scalar quantities have both magnitude and direction.

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b. Scalar quantities can be added to vector quantities using rules of

trigonometry.
c. Scalar quantities can be added to other scalar quantities using rules of
trigonometry.
d. Scalar quantities can be added to other scalar quantities using ordinary
addition.

8. A student adds two displacements with magnitudes of 3.0 m aind 4.0 m,

respectively. The angle of separation between the vectors is 45˚, what is the
resultant vector?
a. 1.3 m c. 6.8 m
b. 5.0 m d. 7.8 m

9. The magnitude of the resultant vector of two vectors is greatest when the angle
between them is __________________.
a. 0˚ c. 90˚
b. 45˚ d. 180˚

10. Which method of adding vectors is otherwise known as the head-to-tail

method?
a. component method c. parallelogram method
b. graphical method d. polygon method.

For questions 11-12, please refer to the problem beloq.

You found a treasure map and it said: Start at the well, go 100 m straight
south, then 30 m, 40˚ north of west, then 25 m straight east, and finally 45 m, 75˚
south of east. Use the component method of vector addition in asnwering the
following questions (11 and 12).

11. How far (magnitude of displacement) from the well is the hidden treasure?
a. 100.14 m b. 124.94 m c. 140.5 m d. 200 m

12. What is the direction angle of the displacement?

a. 0˚ E b. 45˚ NE c. 74.13˚ SE d. 83.72 SE

13. You went outside of your house and jogged 5 km 50˚ North of East. What is the
horizontal component of this motion?
a. 3.20 km b. 3.21 km c. 3.22 km d. 3.23 km
14. Refering to the previous problem (13), what is the vertical component of the
motion?
a. 3.80 km b. 3.81 km c. 3.82 km d. 3.83 km

15. How many kilometers are there in an inch?

a. 2.54 km b. 2.54 x 10-3 km c. 2.54 x 10-5 km d. 2.54 x 10-
6
km

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Answer Key

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What I Know
1. D 11. B
2. C 12. D
3. A 13. C
4. D 14. B
5. A 15. C
6. D
7. A
8. B
9. A
10. A

Assessment
1. D 6. A 11. B
2. C 7. D 12. D
3. C 8. B 13. B
4. A 9. A 14. D
5. A 10. D 15. C

References

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Bauer, W. and Westfall, G., 2016. University physics with modern physics. 2nd ed.
McGraw Hill Education.
Esguerra, J.P., Bacabac, R., Cordovilla, J., Roxas-Villanueva, R.M., and Magali, J.K.,
2018. General Physics 1. 1st ed. Prinpia Co., Ltd.
Silverio, A., and Ramos, J.D., 2017. General Physics 1. Phoenix Publishing House.
Urone, P.P., Hinrichs, R., Gozuacik, F., Pattison, D., and Tabor, C., 2020. Physics.
OpenStax Org

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO Palawan

Curriculum Implementation Division Office

2nd Floor DepED Palawan Building
Telephone no. (048) 433-3292

Learning Resources Management Section

LRMS Building, PEO Compound
Telephone No. (048) 434-0099

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