The Big Picture:

Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes.

Carl Woese and others classified all life on Earth into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea (which
prokaryotic organisms) and Eukaryota (eukaryotic organism)

The differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes are:

-Eukaryotic cells have a separate membrane-enclosed nucleus, whereas the DNA of prokaryotes
is freely floating in the cytoplasm.

-Eukaryotic cells have a complex system of membrane-bound organelles that divides the cell
into numerous enclosed regions – known as compartmentalization.

-Prokaryotes do not have any membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are the earliest and most primitive type of cell

They are simple unicellular organisms, with no internal compartmentalization, no nucleus and
no membrane-bound organelles and have all metabolic processes occur within the cytoplasm.

Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission(asexually) to produce two genetically identical cells.

1. -The chromosome is replicated semi-conservatively, beginning at the point of origin

2. -Beginning with the point of origin, the two copies of DNA move to the opposite ends
3. The cell elongates
4. -The plasma membrane grows inward and pinches off to form two separate, genetically
identical cells.
Numbe Organelle Function
r
1 Cell Wall encloses the cell, protecting it and helping to maintain its shape
External cell skin
2 Plasma Membrane Surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the
Internal cell skin cell.

3 Cytoplasm Medium that fills the cell and is the site of all metabolic reactions.
Gooey substance

4 Fili Filament of the cell wall that helps with adhesion (sticking to an unlike
Spikes outside the substance)
cell
5 70S Ribosome Organelle responsible for synthesizing proteins
Little red balls
6 Nucleoid Region Organelle that controls all activities of the cell, as well as reproduction
Blue messy DNA
7 Plasmid Small circles of DNA that carry a few genes; often these genes give the cell
Blue circles antibiotic resistance

8 Flagella Structure that is responsible for the locomotion of the organism by propelling
Whip outside the cell
 Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes are organisms with complex cells, in which the genetic material is isolated from the
cytoplasm by a membrane-bound structure called the nucleus

Compartmentalization refers to the formation of compartments within the cell by membrane-

bound organelles.
Numbe Cell structures Function
r
1 Plasma Membrane Surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the
cell.

2 Cytoplasm Medium that fills the cell and is the site of all organelles

3 Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell (generating chemical energy)

4 80S Ribosomes Organelle responsible for synthesizing proteins

5 Nucleus Organelle that controls all activities of the cell, as well as reproduction
6 Chromatin Holds all the genetic information of the organism
7 Nucleolus Responsible for producing ribosomes

8 Smooth Er Responsible for storing and synthesizing lipids

9 rough ER Responsible for storing and transporting proteins to the Golgi apparatus

10 Golgi Apparatus Processes and packages proteins to the vesicles

11 Golgi Vesicles Releases substances and proteins produced by the cell

12 Vacuole Help maintain the cell from waste produces

Found only on animal cells

1/13 Lysosome Maintains the cell from cellular waste

2/14 centrioles Play important role in nuclear division

Found only on plant cells

1 Cell wall encloses the cell, protecting it and helping to maintain its shape

2 chloroplast Are responsible for photosynthesis by capturing energy from the sun