C401 Products

US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE
The Army School System (TASS)

US Army Command and General Staff School
Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC) Common Core
C400: Apply US Army Doctrine
Advance Sheet for C401

Operational Concept of Unified Land Operations
1. SCOPE
This 6-hour lesson introduces you to the operational concept of Unified Land Operations (ULO). The
lesson presents key doctrinal concepts on military operations, Decisive Action, tenets and principles of
ULO, the operational art, the operations structure, mission command and operational terms and symbols
that will serve as the foundation for subsequent C400 lessons. At the end of this lesson, you should
understand the broad concept of ULO and how it nests within the framework of Unified Action (UA).
You will have an opportunity to demonstrate your understanding of these concepts through a series of
small group practical exercises.
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This lesson supports CGSOC TLO-7, Apply US Army Doctrine, as listed in the C400 Block Advance
Sheet.
ELO-CC-7.1
Action: Discuss the operational concept of Unified Land Operations (ULO).
Condition: In a classroom environment, given references, readings, faculty-facilitated discussion, and a
scenario-based practical exercise; serving as a plans officer in a simulated tactical headquarters with an
emphasis on the role of doctrine as a guide and common frame of reference.
Standard: Discussion of the operational concept of ULO includes –
1. Military operations
2. Decisive Action (Offense, Defense, Stability and DSCA)
3. Tenets and principles of ULO
4. Application of operational art including comparison of Joint and Army application
5. Operations structure
6. Mission Command: Command and Control of Army forces
7. Operational terms and symbols
Learning Domain: Cognitive Level of Learning: Comprehension
JPME I Learning Areas Supported:

1a. Comprehend the capabilities and limitations of US military forces to conduct the full range of military
operations in pursuit of national interests.
2b. Comprehend the interrelationship between Service Doctrine and Joint Doctrine.
3c. Comprehend the interrelationships among the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of war.
3. ISSUE MATERIAL
a. Advance Issue: (located in Blackboard C401 lesson material)

C401RE III Corps Scenario Overview (“Road to War”)
C401RF III Corps Nesting Diagram
C401RG III Corps Course of Action Statement and Sketch
b. During Class: Wi-Fi is available.
C401 Advance Sheet 1 (AY 20-21)

C401 Operational Concept of Unified Land Operations
4. HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
a. Study Requirements:
(1) First Requirement:

Read (all readings are located in the Blackboard Master Library):
C401RA ADP 3-0, Operations, US Department of the Army. Washington DC: Government
Printing Office, July 2019 (53 pages).
• Introduction, Introductory Figure Unified Logic Chart (1 page).
• Chapters 1-5 (52 pages).
C401RB ADP 6-0, Mission Command: C2 of Army Forces, US Department of the Army.
Washington DC: Government Printing Office, July 2019. Chapter 1 (23 pages).
C401RC FM 6-0, Commander and Staff Organization and Operations, Change 2, April 2016 (7
pages).
• Chapter 9, pages 9-8 and 9-12 to 9-13 (3 pages).
• Appendix B, pages B-3 to B-7, Paragraphs B-15 through B-29, including Tables B-2 and
B-3 (4 pages).
C401RD ADP 1-02, Terms and Military Symbols, Change 1, November 2019. Chapters 1 and 9
(tactical mission tasks only: attack by fire, block, breach, bypass, canalize, clear, contain,
control, defeat, destroy, disengage, disrupt, exfiltrate, fix, follow and assume, follow and
support, interdict, isolate, neutralize, occupy, reduce, retrain, secure, seize, support by fire,
suppress, and turn) (~2 pages).
Scan: (located in Blackboard C401 lesson material)
C401RE III Corps Scenario Overview (“Road to War”)
C401RF III Corps Nesting Diagram
C401RG III Corps Course of Action Statement and Sketch
(2) Second Requirement:
Discussion topics (come to class prepared to discuss):
1. Explain why the US Army conducts military operations specifically related to operational
environments and human behavior?
2. What are the Army’s strategic roles in the context of unified action and joint operations?
3. What are Unified Land Operations and Decisive Action? Why does the Army conduct
Decisive Action?
4. What is the purpose of Army elements of operational art?
5. Describe the relationship between operational art and tactical tasks.
6. What are the seven principles of the mission command approach to C2 and why are they
important?
7. What is the relationship between mission command, the C2 of Army Forces and the C2 WfF?
8. What are some examples of the integrating activities within the headquarters that
commanders, assisted by their staffs, use as they exercise mission command?
b. Bring to class or have electronic access: Lesson advance sheet, homework readings.
5. ASSESSMENT PLAN
a. You will be assessed on your comprehension of this lesson’s enabling learning objective through
the Individual Contribution to C400 assessment, C401 Quiz, and the C400 Final Exam.
• Your individual contribution to this lesson comprises 17% of your overall Individual
Contribution to C400 grade, which is 30% of your C400 block grade. (See separate rubric in
the C400 Block Advance Sheet).
C401 Advance Sheet 2 AY 20-21

C401 Operational Concept of Unified Land Operations
• The C401 Quiz assesses your comprehension of all the ELO standards identified in the
advance sheet. The C401 Quiz is an individual, open book/open notes, online, Blackboard,
multiple-choice assessment, and is 20% of your overall C400 Quiz grade (cumulative score
of 7 quizzes).
• The C400 Final Exam assesses your comprehension of selected ELO standards. While you
may not be tested on all the standards during the C400 Final Exam, you will not know which
standards will be included in the exam.
ELO/Standard Assessment
Military Operations CTGL, Quiz, C400 Final Exam
Decisive Action (Offense, Defense, Stability, and DSCA) CTGL, Quiz, C400 Final Exam
Tenets and principles of Unified Land Operations CTGL, Quiz, C400 Final Exam
Application of operational art including comparison of joint and
CTGL, Quiz, C400 Final Exam
Army application
Operations structure CTGL, Quiz, C400 Final Exam
Mission Command: Command and Control of Army forces CTGL, Quiz, C400 Final Exam
Operational terms and symbols CTGL, Quiz, C400 Final Exam
b. Quiz Description and Instructions:
The quiz for this lesson is individual, open book/open notes, comprised of 15 multiple-choice
questions and is conducted at the end of the C401 lesson. It is worth 20% of your overall C400 quiz
grade.
The quiz is conducted at the end of class. The lesson quiz may be accessed via the lesson content
area on Blackboard. You are strongly encouraged to use either Chrome or Mozilla Firefox web browsers
as these are the most stable platforms for Blackboard. Both can be downloaded for free onto personal
computers. Microsoft Edge and Internet Explorer are less stable and may result in connection problems
while taking the quiz. Quiz resets will not be granted.
You have 15 minutes to complete the timed quiz (≈60 seconds per question). Once you start the quiz,
you must complete it. You cannot start the quiz, stop it, and return to it later. Each question will be
presented individually. Once you complete a question and move to the next question, you will not be able
to return to the previous question. At the end of the allotted time, Blackboard will automatically save your
work and end the quiz.
The lesson quiz is designed to assess your comprehension of the lesson material. Some questions
require you to reflect on and make an assessment of the most appropriate response. Ensure you read the
entire question and each alternative before making your selection. Eliminate the alternatives you know are
incorrect, then focus on the remaining alternatives. Sometimes more than one alternative might seem
correct, but there is always a best or most relevant answer to the question – choose the best response.
Lastly, pay attention to negatives like “no,” “not,” “none,” and “never” because they can reverse the
meaning of a sentence.
Maintain your professional and academic integrity. Collaboration is not permitted for this quiz.
Additionally, do not screen shot, copy, or in any way capture images of this assessment, or share the
content with anyone.
C401 Advance Sheet 3 AY 20-21

UNCLASSIFIED AY21 v2 1
AY21 C400 Block Flow
C401 C402 C403 C404 C405 C407 C406 C408 C409

Operational The Sustainment Reconnaissance Offensive Stability Defensive US Army Defense
Concept of Operations for Tactical and Security Operations Operations Operations Problem Support of
ULO Process Forces in Operations Doctrinal Doctrinal Doctrinal Solving & Civil Authorities
ULO Doctrinal Concepts Concepts Concepts Decision Making Doctrinal
Concepts Process Concepts
6 4 4 4 6 2 6 4 2
38 Hours
The Future Force in Multi-Domain Operations
LTG Eric Wesley, AFC (22 January 2020)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RItpEV0enYU, start 36:43 and end 45:52

Hidden
Doctrine.
For discussion
only,
not doctrine!
ADP 3-0, Jul 2019

TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1, 6 Dec 2018 UNCLASSIFIED AY21 v2 5
AY21 C401 ELO-CC-7.1
Action: Discuss the operational concept of Unified Land Operations (ULO).
Condition: In a classroom environment, given references, readings, faculty-facilitated discussion,
and a scenario-based practical exercise; serving as a plans officer in a simulated tactical
headquarters with an emphasis on the role of doctrine as a guide and common frame of reference.
Standard: Discussion of the operational concept of ULO includes –
1. Military operations
2. Decisive Action (Offense, Defense, Stability and DSCA)
3. Tenets and principles of ULO
4. Application of operational art including comparison of Joint and Army application
5. Operations structure
6. Mission Command: Command and Control of Army forces
7. Operational terms and symbols
Learning Domain: Cognitive Level of Learning: Comprehension
C401 Operational Concept of ULO Lesson Outline
1. History and Role of Army Doctrine
2. Military Operations
3. Decisive Action
4. Tenets and Principles of ULO
5. Operational Art
6. Operations Structure
7. Mission Command: C2 of Army Forces
8. Operational Terms and Symbols
UNCLASSIFIED AY21 v2 7 
The Meaning and Role of Doctrine
• Meaning: fundamental principles, used for the conduct of operations. It is
authoritative but requires judgment in application.
• Role: serves as a starting point for thinking about and conducting operations.
Doctrine makes six contributions to the conduct of operations:
1. Provide a coherent vision of warfare.
2. Enhance operational effectiveness.
3. Provide a common frame of reference and cultural
perspective.
4. Provide a common professional language.
5. Discuss Army contributions to unified action.
6. State and foster desirable traits in Soldiers and leaders.
Doctrine should foster initiative and creative thinking by focusing on how
to think – not what to think.
ADP 1-01, Doctrine Primer, Jul 19, pp. 1-2 to 1-4
US Army 2019 Doctrine Hierarchy
• Retains the intent of the hierarchy implemented from 2011-2015, but each ADP/ADRP pair consolidated into a single
document.
• Still broad to specific from the top down; professionals should be familiar with all ADPs.
• Still separates fundamentals and TTPs.
• Easier to update; reduces the number of publications requiring revision by 16.
• Aligns with the approach used in joint doctrinal publications.
16 Army Doctrine Publications (ADP): ADP 1
The Army
ADP 1-01
Doctrine Primer
ADP 1-02
Terms and
Military
ADP 2-0
Intelligence
ADP 3-0
Operations
ADP 3-05
Special
Operations
ADP 3-07
Stability
ADP 3-19
Fires
Fundamental principles by which operating Symbols
forces and elements thereof guide their actions in ADP 3-28 ADP 3-37 ADP 3-90 ADP 4-0 ADP 5-0 ADP 6-0 ADP 6-22 ADP 7-0
support of national objectives. Authoritative but Defense
Support of Civil
Protection Offense and
Defense
Sustainment The Operations
Process
Mission
Command: C2
Army
Leadership and
Training
require judgment in application.

Authorities of Army Forces the Profession
64 Field Manuals (FM):

Tactics (the employment and ordered Field Field Field Field Field Field Field Field
Manual Manual Manual Manual Manual Manual Manual Manual
arrangement of forces in relation to each other)
and procedures (standard, detailed steps that
prescribe how to perform specific tasks).
264 Army Techniques Pubs (ATP): ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP
Techniques (non-prescriptive ways or methods

Army Technique Publication Army Technique Publication Army Technique Publication Army Technique Publication Army Technique Publication Army Technique Publication Army Technique Publication Army Technique Publication
used to perform missions, functions, or tasks).

Headquarters Department of the Army Headquarters Department of the Army Headquarters Department of the Army Headquarters Department of the Army Headquarters Department of the Army Headquarters Department of the Army Headquarters Department of the Army Headquarters Department of the Army
http://www.armypubs.army.mil/ CADD Doctrine Overview Briefing, FM 3-0 Operations, Jan 19 ADP 1-01, Doctrine Primer, Jul 19, p. vi
ULO Historical Context
AirLand Battle Unified Land Operations
RES
Unified Land Operations Logic Chart
The conduct of joint operations is Unified Action
The synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and nongovernmental entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort (JP 1).
Operational Environment U.S. Army strategic roles in support of the joint force
Human context Win
Land operations Shape operational environments Prevent conflict Prevail in large-scale ground combat Consolidate gains
PMESII-PT
METT-TC The Army’s contribution to joint operations Unified Land Operations
(The Army’s Operational Concept)
To cope with an operational
The simultaneous execution of offense, defense, stability, and defense support of civil authorities across multiple domains to
environment, Army forces shape operational environments, prevent conflict, prevail in large-scale ground combat, and consolidate gains as part of unified
conduct— action.
Executed through… Decisive Action
Offensive Defensive Stability DSCA
Guided by… Mission Command (Approach)
To execute unified land operations, commanders

Organize effort within commonly understood constructs
Operations Structure
Develop operations characterized by – Cognitively link tactical Provide a broad process for Provide basic options for Provide an intellectual
actions to strategic conducting operations visualizing and describing organization for common
objectives operations critical tasks
Tenets Principles Operational Art Operations Process Operational Framework Combat Power
• Simultaneity • Mission command • End state and conditions • Plan • Area of operations • Warfighting functions:
• Depth • Develop the situation • Center of gravity ‒ Army design • Deep, close, consolidation, ‒ Command and control
• Synchronization through action • Decisive points methodology and support areas ‒ Movement and
• Flexibility • Combined arms • Lines of operations and ‒ MDMP • Decisive, shaping, and maneuver
• Adherence to law of war lines of effort ‒ Troop leading sustaining operations ‒ Intelligence
• Establish and maintain • Tempo procedures • Main and supporting efforts ‒ Fires
security • Phasing and transitions • Prepare ‒ Sustainment
• Culmination • Execute ‒ Protection
• Create multiple dilemmas • Operational reach • Assess • Information
for the enemy • Basing • Leadership
• Risk
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, p. vi
Major Themes
• ULO focused on large scale combat operations with the current force and capabilities.
• Organization: operations to shape and prevent, large scale combat operations to prevail and
consolidate gains.
• All battles are multi-domain battles and all domains are contested.
• Mission Command is the Army’s approach to command and control (C2); C2 is a warfighting
function and critical element of combat power.
• Operational framework includes support and consolidation areas. May change back to “rear
area”.
• Accounts for extended battlefield that includes cyber, EMS, space, and the information
environment across the ROMO.
• Addresses peer threats with capability advantages (IADS, integrated long range fires).
• Recognizes threat parity or regional superiority.
• Focuses on presenting the enemy multiple dilemmas and exploiting positions of relative
advantage.
• Addresses operations by echelon: theater army, corps, division, and brigade.
CADD, Doctrine Update, 12 Jun 2019
3. Decisive Action
5. Operational Art
Operational and Mission Variables
(Operational Environment)
Operational Variables: Mission Variables:
PMESII-PT – aspects of an operational METT-TC – information filtered from
environment, both military and nonmilitary, operational variables during mission analysis
including the population’s influence, that may to refine situational understanding
differ from one operational area to another
and affect operations.
Mission
Enemy
Political
Terrain and Weather
Military
Troops and Support Available
Economic
Time Available
Social
Civil Considerations
Information
Infrastructure
Physical Environment
Time
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, p. 1-2 to 1-3

Threats and Hazards
Hybrid Threat
Threat
Forces
Hazard
Regular Irregular
Adversary
Enemy Neutral
Criminal Terrorist
Are these threats? If so, what kind?

ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, para. 1-16 to 1-21
Threat Methods and Capabilities
Hybrid Threat
Forces
Threat Methods Regular Irregular
Information
Warfare
Criminal Terrorist
Threat
Capabilities
Anti- Area-
Access Denial
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, paras. 1-22 to 1-23

War as a Human Endeavor
All war is inherently about changing human behavior,

with each side trying to alter the behavior of the other
by force of arms… Commanders cannot presume
that superior military capability alone creates the
desired effects on an enemy.
Army Strategic Roles
…shape operational environments…
…to prevent conflict…
…prevail in large-scale ground combat…
…consolidate gains…
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, pp. 1-5 to 1-6

Land Operations
• Part of US Army’s primary mission - conduct prompt and sustained land
combat operations.
• US Army does this through operational concept of unified land operations.
• Landpower is the basis of unified land operations.
• Requires expeditionary capability and campaign quality.
• Often executed through close combat to defeat or destroy enemy forces and
seize and retain ground.

Readiness Through Training
• Foundation for combat readiness and
successful operations. 1. Plan the
training event
• Emphasizes experiential practice and

learning. 8. Conduct
retraining
2. Train and
certify leaders
• Accounts for other domains that can

influence the land domain.
• Instills discipline:
7. Conduct an
3. Reconnoiter
after action
 Operate within law of war and ROE. review
training sites
 Prepared for harsh reality of land combat.

• Allows soldiers and leaders to exercise
judgment and initiative under stress.
4. Issue the
6. Execute
event operation
• Seeks UA training opportunities. training
order
• Accounts for likely training 5. Rehearse

environments.
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, pp. 1-12 to 1-13 FM 7-0, Train to Win in a Complex World, Oct 16, pp. 3-3 and I-10 to I-11
3. Decisive Action
5. Operational Art
Elements of Decisive Action
Elements conducted outside* the United States. . .

The mission determines the relative weight of effort among the elements
Offense Offense
Defense
Defense Offense Defense
Stability Stability
Stability
Elements conducted within* the United States. . .

Offense
Defense
Defense Support Support Defense
Of Civil Authorities Of Civil
Authorities
Homeland Security Homeland Defense
*Note: JP 3-28, DSCA, Oct 18, p. I-2, defines the homeland as the Continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, U.S. territories, and surrounding waters and airspace.
Territories include the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Elements of Decisive Action
OFFENSE DEFENSE STABILITY DSCA
Types of Offensive Operations Types of Defensive Operations Stability Operations Tasks DSCA Tasks
• Movement to contact. • Mobile defense. • Establish civil security. • Provide support for domestic
• Attack. • Area defense. • Establish civil control. disasters.
• Exploitation. • Retrograde operations. • Restore essential services. • Provide support for domestic CBRN
• Pursuit. • Support to governance. incidents.
• Support to economic and • Provide support for domestic civilian
infrastructure development. law enforcement agencies.
• Conduct security cooperation. • Provide other designated support.
Purposes Purposes Purposes Purposes
• Dislocate, isolate, disrupt, and • Deter or defeat enemy offense. • Provide a secure environment • Save lives.
destroy enemy forces. • Gain time. • Secure land areas. • Restore essential services.
• Seize key terrain. • Achieve economy of force. • Meet the critical needs of the • Maintain or restore law and order.
• Deprive the enemy of resources. • Retain key terrain. population. • Protect infrastructure and property.
• Refine intelligence. • Protect the population, critical assets • Gain support for host-nation • Support maintenance or restoration
• Deceive and divert the enemy. and infrastructure. government. of local government.
• Provide a secure environment for • Refine intelligence. • Shape the environment for • Shape the environment for
stability tasks. interagency and host-nation success. intergovernmental success.
• Promote security, build partner
capacity, and provide access.
• Refine intelligence.
ADP 3-90, Offense and Defense, Jul 19 FM 3-90-1, Offense and Defense Vol 1, Mar 13 ADP 3-07, Stability, Jul 19 ADP 3-28, Defense Support of Civil
Authorities, Jul 19
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, p. 3-2
Joint Phasing, Army Strategic Roles, and Decisive Action
Shape US Army Strategic Roles
Stability Offense Win

Defense Shape Prevent Conduct large-scale Consolidate gains
ground combat
Deter
0 1 2 3 4 5
Stability Offense Shape Deter Seize the Dominate Stabilize Enable civil
initiative authority
Defense
Seize Initiative Joint Phases
Stability Offense
Defense
Dominate
Offense
Stability Defense
Stabilize
Offense
Stability Defense
Enable Civil Authority

Stability Offense
Defense
Derived from ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, fig. 3-1 and FM 3-0, Operations, C1, Dec 17, fig. 1-4
3. Decisive Action
5. Operational Art
Principles vs. Tenets
(Unified Land Operations)
Tenets Principles
• Tenets of operations are desirable • Principles are comprehensive and
attributes that should be built into all fundamental rules or assumptions of
plans and operations and are directly central importance that guide how an
related to the Army’s operational organization or function approaches
concept. and thinks about the conduct of
• The tenets of ULO describe the Army’s operations.
approach to generating and applying • By integrating the six principles of ULO,
combat power across the range of Army commanders increase the
military operations during decisive probability of operational and strategic
action. success.
1. Simultaneity 1. Mission command
2. Depth 2. Develop the situation through action
3. Synchronization 3. Combined arms
The underlined 4. Flexibility 4. Adhere to law of war
terms are
hyperlinked to 5. Establish and maintain security
hidden detailed
discussion slides. 6. Create multiple dilemmas for the
enemy
Simultaneity Hidden
(Tenets)
• Execution of related and mutually supporting tasks at the same

time across multiple locations and domains (land, air, maritime,
space, and cyberspace).
Develop operations
characterized by – • Requires creating shared understanding and purpose through
collaboration with all elements of the friendly force.
Tenets
• Simultaneity • Must balance tempo and momentum to achieve simultaneous
• Depth
•
•
Synchronization
Flexibility
results!
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, para. 3-67

Depth Hidden
(Tenets)
The extension of operations in space, time, or purpose to achieve

definitive results.
Develop operations
characterized by –
Tenets
• Simultaneity
• Depth
• Synchronization
• Flexibility

Synchronization Hidden
(Tenets)
• The arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose

to produce maximum relative combat power at a decisive place
and time.
Develop operations
characterized by – • The ability to execute multiple related and mutually supporting
Tenets
tasks in different locations at the same time, producing greater
•
•
Simultaneity
Depth
effects than executing each in isolation.
• Synchronization
• Flexibility

Flexibility Hidden
(Tenets)
The employment of a versatile mix of capabilities, formations, and

equipment for conducting operations.
Develop operations
Tenets
• Simultaneity
• Depth
• Synchronization
• Flexibility

Mission Command Hidden
(Principles)
• Mission Command: An approach to command and control.

 Competence
Develop operations
 Trust
Principles  Shared understanding

• Mission command
• Develop the situation
through action  Commander’s intent
• Combined arms
• Adherence to law of war
• Establish and maintain
security
 Mission orders
• Create multiple dilemmas
for the enemy
 Disciplined Initiative
 Risk acceptance
• A commander directs subordinates “what” to do—the results to

be attained, not “how” they are to achieve them.
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, paras. 3-38 to 3-45 ADP 6-0, Msn Cmd: C2 of Army Forces, Jul 19, pp. 1-6 to 1-14
Develop the Situation Through Action Hidden
(Principles)
• Commanders fight for information while in contact with the

enemy and gain information through close association with the
population.
Develop operations
characterized by – • Commanders and staff identify information gaps –
 Develop information requirements.
Principles
• Mission command  Assign information collection tasks.
through action
• Combined arms
• In execution, commanders make decisions quickly, even with
• Establish and maintain incomplete information, to maintain the initiative and dictate
tempo of operations.
security
for the enemy

Combined Arms Hidden
(Principles)
• The synchronized and simultaneous application of all elements

of combat power that together achieve an effect greater than if
each element was used separately or sequentially.
Develop operations
characterized by – • Uses the capabilities of all Army and joint weapons systems,
Principles
including cyberspace ops and multinational assets in
• Mission command
complementary and reinforcing ways.
through action
• Combined arms • Mass effects.
• Lethal and non-lethal means.
security
for the enemy

Adherence to Law of War Hidden
(Principles)
• Protect combatants, noncombatants, and

civilians from unnecessary suffering.
Develop operations
characterized by – • Provide protections for persons who fall into the
Principles
hands of the enemy, particularly prisoners of
• Mission command war, civilians, and military wounded, etc.
through action
• Combined arms
• Facilitate the restoration of peace.
security
for the enemy
• Assist military commanders in ensuring the
disciplined and efficient use of military force.
• Preserve the professionalism and humanity of

combatants.

Establish and Maintain Security Hidden
(Principles)
• Ensure freedom of movement and action.
• Deny the enemy the ability to disrupt operations.

Develop operations
characterized by – • Commanders protect populations, friendly forces, installations.
Principles
• Mission command
• US Army forces integrate with partner military, law enforcement, and civil
through action
capabilities.
• Combined arms
security
for the enemy

Create Multiple Dilemmas for the Enemy Hidden
(Principles)
• Simultaneous operations across multiple domains.
• Military deception.
Develop operations
characterized by – • Degrade enemy freedom of action.
Principles
• Mission command
• Reduce enemy flexibility and endurance.
through action
• Combined arms
• Upset enemy plans and coordination.
security
for the enemy

3. Decisive Action
5. Operational Art
US Army Operational Art
• The pursuit of strategic objectives, in whole or in part, through the
arrangement of tactical actions in time, space, and purpose.
• Applies to all types and aspects of operations.
• Differs from, but supports, the joint definition – the cognitive approach by
commanders and staffs – supported by their skill, knowledge, experience,
creativity, and judgment – to develop strategies, campaigns, and operations to
organize and employ military forces by integrating ends, ways, and means.

Joint Operational Design and Army Operational Art
Operational design supports operational art with a general methodology using elements of
operational design for understanding the situation and the problem.
Operational art spans the continuum from strategic direction to tactical actions. Through
operational art, commanders craft then translate their operational approach into a concept of
operations — (JP 5-0) — and ultimately into tactical tasks.
Current Situation End State
Described by current Described desired

conditions From their understanding of future conditions
the current situation, mission,
Army design methodology and desired end state, Commanders visualize the
and mission analysis help commanders conceptualize operation’s end state in
the commander and staff an operational approach to terms of desired future
develop understanding. attain the end state. conditions.
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, fig. 2-2

Hidden
Logic of Operational Art
Operational Art and Science To integrate… and generate, in… against… across…
apply, and Peer and Near-
Ends converge… Purpose Peer Threats to Achieve…
Army
Ways Space Army, Joint
Theater Strategic
Means Combat Time and
and… Roles
Power Multinational
Populations Objectives
Field And
Governments
Commanders across the operations process… that drives…

apply Plan Prepare Execute Assess Integrated Planning
expressed through an…
Operational
through… and… which produces…
Art and
Operational Design Army Design Methodology Operational Framework and
Science…
JTF ASCC Executable Orders
JFLCC ARFOR
Int. Tactical Command
which is informed by…
System Thinking
and the foundations….
Principles, Tenets, Elements of Operational
Design and Art, and Defeat and Stability
Mechanisms.
Developing an Operational Approach
Commanders consider various approaches, the types of defeat or stability
mechanisms that may lead to conditions that define the desired end state.
Thus, the operational approach enables commanders to begin visualizing and
describing possible combinations of actions to reach the desired end state,
given the tensions identified in the operational environment.

Defeat Mechanisms
(Application of Operational Art)
• When developing an operational approach, commanders consider methods to employ a
combination of defeat mechanisms and stability mechanisms.
• Defeat mechanisms:
 A method through which friendly forces accomplish their mission against enemy opposition.
 Focused combinations produce complementary and reinforcing effects not attainable with a single
mechanism.
 Dominated by offensive and defensive tasks.
Destroy
The application of lethal combat power on an enemy Employment of forces to obtain significant positional
capability so that it can no longer perform any function. advantage, rendering the enemy’s dispositions less
valuable, perhaps even irrelevant.
Isolate Enemy Dislocate
Denies an enemy from sources of support, denies Disrupts the enemy’s command and control system,
the enemy freedom of movement, and prevents the degrading the ability to conduct operations while
isolated enemy force from having contact with other leading to a rapid collapse of the enemy’s capabilities
enemy forces. Can be physical and psychological. or will to fight.
Disintegrate
Stability Mechanisms
(Application of Operational Art)
• When developing an operational approach, commanders consider methods to employ a
combination of defeat mechanisms and stability mechanisms.
• Stability Mechanisms:
 The primary method through which friendly forces affect civilians in order to attain conditions that
support establishing a lasting, stable peace.
 As with defeat mechanisms, combinations produce complementary and reinforcing effects that
accomplish the mission more effectively and efficiently than single mechanisms do alone.
 Dominated by stability tasks.
Compel
Use, or threatened use, of lethal force to establish Focuses on imposing civil order. Includes securing
control and dominance, effect behavioral change, or borders, routes, sensitive sites, population centers
enforce compliance with mandates, agreements, or civil and individuals. Also involves physically occupying
authority. key terrain and facilities.
Enduring
Support Peace Control
Actions to establish, reinforce, or set the conditions Actions to alter the opinions, attitudes, and ultimately
necessary for the instruments of national power to the behavior of foreign friendly, neutral, adversary,
function effectively. and enemy targets and audiences through
messages, presence, and actions.
Influence
Elements of Operational Design and Art
Elements of Operational Design Elements of Operational Art
• Termination • End state and conditions
• Military End State • Center of gravity*
Cognitively link tactical • Objectives • Decisive points*
actions to strategic
objectives • Effects • Lines of operations and lines of
Operational Art • Center of Gravity effort*
• End state and conditions
• Center of gravity • Decisive Points • Tempo
• Decisive points
• Lines of operations and • Lines of Operations / Effort
lines of effort • Phasing and transitions
•
•
Tempo
Phasing and transitions • Direct and Indirect Approach
• Culmination • Culmination* The underlined
• Operational reach • Anticipation terms are
hyperlinked to
• Basing
• Operational reach*
• Risk
• Operational Reach hidden detailed
discussion slides.
• Culmination • Basing
• Arranging Operations • Risk
• Forces and Functions * Common to elements of operational design
Note: Not all elements of operational art apply at all levels of warfare, but are
flexible enough to apply when pertinent.
JP 5-0, Joint Planning, Jun 17, pp. IV-19 to IV-40 ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, pp. 2-5 to 2-6
Endstate and Conditions
(Elements of Operational Art)
“The Starting Point”

“We’re lost, but we’re making good time” Yogi Berra
Cognitively link tactical

objectives
Operational Art
• Center of gravity
• Decisive points
• Lines of operations and
lines of effort
• Tempo
• Phasing and transitions
• Culmination
• Operational reach
• Basing
• Risk
A set of desired future conditions the commander wants to exist when

an operation end; outcomes endure.
Photo: Library of Congress. ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, paras. 2-24 to 2-26
Center of Gravity (COG)
• The source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of
action, and will to act.
• Loss of COG can ultimately result in defeat.
• Not limited to military forces, and can by physical or moral.
actions to strategic  Physical COG – can be a capital city or a military force; typically easier to identify,
objectives
assess, and target; can often be influenced solely by military means.
Operational Art  Moral COG – intangible or more difficult to influence; can be a charismatic or key
• End state and conditions leader, the powerful ruling elite, religious tradition, tribal influence, or a strong-willed
• Decisive points populace; military means alone usually prove ineffective at targeting.
•
lines of effort
Tempo
Within my capabilities, what
• Phasing and transitions Center of Gravity Army Forces are the most important CVs
• Culmination
• Operational reach and CRs that I can affect?
• Basing
• Risk Critical Capabilities Combined arms
Massing of Sustained
formations
CC indirect fires logistics
Critical Requirements
Terrain C2 Ammo Fuel
CR
Critical
Vulnerabilities Ammo Fuel Fuel
Bridge Pass Airfield Towers Satellite
dumps dumps trucks
CV
JP 5-0, Joint Planning, Jun 17, pp. IV-23 to IV-26 ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, paras. 2-27 to 2-30
Decisive Points (DPs)
• Decisive Point: a geographic place, specific key event,

critical factor, or function that, when acted upon, allows
commanders to gain a marked advantage over an adversary
or contributes materially to achieving success.
objectives
Operational Art
• Decisive points are keys to attacking or protecting centers of
•
•
End state and conditions
Center of gravity
gravity
• Decisive points
lines of effort • Some decisive points are geographic (e.g. port facilities,
• Tempo
•
•
Phasing and transitions
Culmination
distribution networks and nodes, or an enemy force)
•
•
Basing
Risk • Some decisive points may be events (e.g. commitment of the
enemy reserve or an election)
• Decisive points apply at both the operational and tactical
levels

Lines of Operation and Lines of Effort
• A line of operations (LOO) is a line that defines the directional

orientation of a force in time and space in relation to the
enemy and links the force with its base of operations and
objectives
objectives
Operational Art • A line of effort (LOE): A line that links multiple tasks and
•
•
Center of gravity missions using the logic of purpose rather than geographic
reference to focus efforts toward establishing operational and
• Decisive points
lines of effort
•
•
Tempo
Phasing and transitions strategic conditions
• Culmination
•
•
Basing
Risk • Major combat operations are typically designed using LOOs
• Irregular warfare typically requires lines of operations
complemented with lines of effort

Interior and Exterior Lines
(Lines of Operations)
Interior Lines Exterior Lines
• Operations diverge from a central position. • Operations converge on the enemy.
Advantages: Advantages:
+ Allows commander to move quickly, reposition or concentrate + Offer opportunities to encircle and annihilate an enemy force.
against enemy forces.. + Can concentrate against multiple enemy positions presenting
+ Shorter, more direct lines of communication. multiple dilemmas to the enemy
Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
‒ Usually defensive, allowing freedom of maneuver to the enemy. ‒ Possibility of extended, vulnerable lines of communication.
Interior Lines
Exterior Lines

Exterior Lines – Iraq 2003 Hidden

objectives
Operational Art
• Decisive points
lines of effort
• Tempo
• Culmination
• Basing
• Risk

Interior Lines – Pusan Perimeter 1950 Hidden

objectives
Operational Art
• Decisive points
lines of effort
• Tempo
• Culmination
• Basing
• Risk

Lines of Effort
• LOEs link multiple tasks and missions to focus efforts toward

establishing the conditions that define the desired end state.
• Lines of effort are essential in stability operations, where
physical, positional references to an enemy or adversary are
objectives
less relevant.
Operational Art
• Decisive points
lines of effort
• Tempo
• Culmination
• Basing
• Risk
ADP 5-0, The Operations Process, Jul 19, paras. 2-68 to 2-72 ADP 3-07, Stability, Jul 19, para 4-29 to 4-33 ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, paras. 2-37 to 2-38
Tempo
• Tempo is defined as relative speed and rhythm of military

operations over time with respect to the enemy.

• Reflects rate of military action, not necessarily rapidity.
objectives
•
Operational Art
• Can overwhelm an enemy’s ability to counter friendly actions.
• Decisive points
• Tempo can deny the enemy relative advantage, either

lines of effort
• Tempo
•
•
Culmination physical or temporal.
• Basing
• Risk

Phasing and Transitions
A phase is a planning and execution tool used to divide an

operation in duration or activity.

objectives
Operational Art
• Decisive points
lines of effort
• Tempo
• Culmination
• Basing
• Risk
Transitions mark a change of focus between phases or

between the ongoing operation and execution of a branch or
sequel.
Culmination
• Point in time and space at which a force no longer possesses

the capability to continue its current form of operations.

• Represents a decisive shift in relative combat power.
objectives
Operational Art
 Offense – when the force cannot continue the attack and must assume a
• End state and conditions defensive posture or execute an operational pause.
• Decisive points
•
lines of effort
Tempo
 Defense – when the force can no longer defend itself and must withdraw
•
•
Culmination
or risk destruction.
• Basing
• Risk
 Stability – can result from two possible conditions:

Operational Reach
• The distance and duration over which a force can successfully employ
military capabilities.
• A tether – a function of intelligence, protection, sustainment, endurance,

and relative combat power. It balances the natural tension between
objectives endurance, momentum, and protection.
Operational Art
• End state and conditions  Endurance – the ability to employ combat power anywhere for protracted
•
•
Center of gravity
Decisive points
periods. It stems from the ability to create, protect, and sustain a force.
lines of effort
• Tempo  Momentum – seizing the initiative and executing high-tempo operations that
• Culmination overwhelm enemy resistance.
• Basing
• Risk  Protection closely relates to endurance and momentum. Commanders anticipate
how enemy actions and environmental factors might disrupt operations and then
determine the protection capabilities required to maintain sufficient reach.

Basing
• Bases and base camps establish and maintain strategic reach for deploying forces and ensure
sufficient operational reach to extend operations in time and space.
• Strategic and operational reach initially depend upon basing in the area of responsibility and
overflight rights.
• Permanent base – location from which operations are projected or supported, generally in host
Cognitively link tactical nations where the US has long-term lease agreements and status-of-forces agreements.
objectives
• Non-permanent base camp – an evolving military facility that supports military operations of a
deployed unit and provides the necessary support and services for sustained operations.
Operational Art
Support area – the portion of the
• End state and conditions commander’s AO designated to facilitate the
• Decisive points positioning, employment, and protection of
• Lines of operations and base sustainment assets required to sustain,
lines of effort enable, and control operations.
• Tempo Support
• Culmination Operational Area
Intermediate staging bases – Movement
• Basing
• Risk tailorable, temporary locations
used for staging forces,
Intermediate Operational
sustainment and/or extraction
Staging Bases Maneuver
into/out of an operational area. Lodgment
OBJ
Lodgments –designated areas in a hostile or
potentially hostile territory that make the FOB
continuous landing of troops and materiel Forward operating bases (FOBs) –
possible and provide maneuver space for secured forward positions used to
subsequent operations; subsequently developed support tactical operations.
into base camps or potentially bases.
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, 2-59 to 2-64.
Risk
• Risk is the probability and severity of loss linked to hazards

(JP 5-0).
• Risk, uncertainty, and chance are inherent in all operations.
objectives
• Commanders accept risks and seek opportunities to create
Operational Art
and maintain the conditions necessary to seize, retain, and
•
•
Center of gravity
exploit the initiative and achieve decisive results.
• Decisive points
lines of effort • Understanding risk requires accurate staff estimates and valid
assumptions so commanders can assess and mitigate the
• Tempo
• Culmination
•
•
Operational reach
Basing risks throughout the operations process.
• Risk

Practical Exercise
In assigned groups, using the III Corps Nesting Diagram and the III Corps
course of action statement and Sketch, assess what you believe is the III Corps
commander’s operational approach. (10 minutes)
Express that approach in terms of defeat or stability mechanisms, how III Corps
subordinate unit tasks support that approach. (10 minutes)
3. Decisive Action
5. Operational Art
• Allows leaders to organize effort rapidly and effectively in
a manner commonly understood across the Army.
• Operations process – describes the command and staff
activities for developing and conducting operations.
• Operational framework –cognitive tool to
assist commanders and staffs in clearly
visualizing and describing the application
of combat power in time, space, purpose,
Operations Structure and resources in the concept of
Provide a broad process for
conducting operations
Provide basic options for
visualizing and describing
Provide an intellectual
organization for common operations.
operations critical tasks
• Combat power – total means of
Operations Process Operational Framework Combat Power
• Plan • Area of operations • Warfighting functions: destructive, constructive, and information
‒ Army design
methodology
• Deep, close, consolidation,
and support areas
‒ Command and control
‒ Movement and capabilities that a military unit or
‒ MDMP
‒ Troop leading
• Decisive, shaping, and
sustaining operations
maneuver
‒ Intelligence formation can apply at a given time.
procedures • Main and supporting efforts ‒ Fires
• Prepare ‒ Sustainment
• Execute ‒ Protection
• Assess • Information
• Leadership
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, pp 4-1 to 4-6

Operations Process
• A commander-led activity, informed by mission command.
• Consists of the major mission command activities performed
during operations:
Provide a broad process for
conducting operations  Planning, preparing, executing, and continuously assessing the
operation.
Operations Process
• Plan
 These activities may be sequential or simultaneous; usually involve a
‒ Army design
methodology
great deal of overlap.
‒ MDMP
‒ Troop leading
procedures
• Used by commanders to:
• Prepare
• Execute
• Assess
 Drive the conceptual and detailed planning
necessary to understand, visualize, and
describe their unique operational
environment.
 Make and articulate decisions.
 Direct, lead, and assess military
operations.
ADP 5-0, The Operations Process, Jul 19, pp. 1-4 to 1-6 ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, pp. 4-1 to 4-2
Operational Framework
• Cognitive tool that commanders and staffs use to visualize and
describe the application of combat power, in time, space, purpose,
and resources, as they develop the concept of operations.
• Organizes an area of geographic and operational responsibility for
operations
the commander and provides a way to describe the employment of
forces.
• Area of operations
• The operational framework has four components –
and support areas 1. First, commanders are assigned an area of operations for the conduct of
sustaining operations operations.
• Main and supporting efforts
2. Second, commanders can designate deep, close, support, and
consolidation areas to describe the physical arrangement of forces in time
and space.*
3. Third, within these areas, commanders conduct decisive, shaping, and
sustaining operations to articulate the operation in terms of purpose.
4. Finally, commanders designate the main and supporting efforts to
designate the shifting prioritization of resources.
* Note: While not clearly articulated in ADP 3-0 and FM 3-0, BCTs do not typically conduct operations in the deep area unless resourced with echelons above
brigade or joint enablers, and do not typically conduct consolidation area activities simultaneously with offensive/defensive operations. Divisions may conduct
simultaneous operations if adequately resourced with additional combat power.
FM 3-0, Operations, C1, Dec 17, pp. 1-25 to 1-36 ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, paras. 4-13 to 4-39
Area of Operations
(Operational Framework)
AREA OF INTEREST • Area of operations (AO) – assigned to
International Border units by higher HQ; should be large
BN AO
BCT AO enough to accomplish missions and
AREA OF INFLUENCE protect forces.
2/1ID
 Contiguous: Subordinate unit AOs share
1-4
1ID
1-4
boundaries; higher HQ allocates all of assigned
visualizing and describing AO to subordinate units.
1-4
operations PL 1-4 1-4 PL  Noncontiguous: Subordinate units receive
3-66 1-16 2-34 distinct AOs; higher HQ retains responsibility for
Operational Framework BN AO BN AO BN AO unassigned AO.
• Area of operations • Area of influence – area a commander is
2/1ID
3-66
2-34
1-16
2-34
3-66
1-16
1ID
and support areas directly capable of influencing by
• Decisive, shaping, and maneuver or fire support systems; ideally,
PL
the Area of Influence encompasses the
PL
entire AO.
• Area of interest (AoI) – area of concern to
the commander, including the Area of
SPT Influence, areas adjacent to, and
3-66 1-16 2-34 PL
extending into enemy territory; also
PL
Note: This is only an
1/1ID 1/1ID includes areas occupied by enemy forces
2/1ID
1/1ID
2-34
example. Each operation
will have different SPT
which could jeopardize the
1/1ID
accomplishment of the mission.

1ID
1
conditions (operational 1ID AREA
and mission variables) MAIN
that will affect the size 1/1ID
and shape of the AO, III CORPS
subordinate AOs, the Area
of Influence, and the AoI.
Deep, Close, Support, and Consolidation Areas
Deep, close, support, and consolidation areas to describe the physical
arrangement of forces in time and space.
 Deep area – where the commander sets conditions for future success in close
combat.
visualizing and describing  Close area – the portion of the commander’s AO where the majority of
operations
subordinate maneuver forces conduct close combat.
 Support area – the portion of the commander’s AO that is designated to facilitate
• Deep, close, the positioning, employment, and protection of base sustainment assets required
consolidation, and
support areas to sustain, enable, and control operations.
 Consolidation area – the portion of the land commander’s AO that may be
designated to facilitate freedom of action, consolidate gains through decisive
action, and set conditions to transition the AO to follow-on forces or other
legitimate authorities.
FM 3-0, Operations, C1, Dec 17, pp. 1-30 to 1-36 ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, p. 4-4
Example Division Deep, Close, Support, and Consolidation Areas
Noncontiguous Division AO Contiguous Division AO
Deep Area
CFL CFL
FLOT FLOT Close Area

X Deep then
Area G G Deep Area
(upon
FEBA/BHL withdrawal of
PL RED BHL/FEBA
PL RED guard force)
Close
X
Area EA ALPHA EA CHARLIE
XX
XX
II Close Area
PL WHITE
PL WHITE (MBA)
X
SUST EA BRAVO RES
EA DELTA
MAIN Support
X
Area
II MAIN
PL BLUE X X PL BLUE
SUST
Consolidation Consolidation area
Area Support
Area
FM 3-0, Operations, C1, Dec 17, pp. 1-30 to 1-35 ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, para 4-20 to 4-25
Hidden
Synchronizing Operations in the Deep and Close Areas
Phase Line FLOT Division CFL Phase Line Corps FSCL
Battalion Close Area
Raven UAS This is a representation of how
operations and assets might be
BCT
Deep Area? synchronized in time and space
BCT Close Area
at echelon.
Shadow UAS
DS FA Air
Interdiction
CAS
GS or GS-R
Division Close Area Division Deep Area
Gray Eagle UAS
Air
Interdiction
HIMARS
GS or GS-R Corps Close Area Corps Deep FightCorps Deep Area
ATACMS
Air
BN S-3 Interdiction
BCT S-3 BDE Plans
Aerial Exploitation
DIV CUOPS DIV FUOPS DIV Plans
Corps CUOPS Corps FUOPS Corps Plans
1 – 6 Hours 6 – 12 Hours 12 – 24 Hours 24 – 48Hours 48 – 96 Hours
5 – 10 km 10 – 30 km 30 – 50 km 50 – 100 km 100+ km
Decisive, Shaping, and Sustaining Operations
Decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations lend themselves to a
broad conceptual orientation in terms of purpose.
 Decisive operation (DO) – directly accomplishes the mission.
 Focal point around which commanders design an entire operation.
visualizing and describing  Multiple subordinate units may be engaged in the same DO across multiple
operations
domains.
Operational Framework  Shaping operation (SO) – creates and preserves conditions for success of
the DO through effects on the enemy, other actors, and the terrain.
and support areas
• Decisive, shaping, and  May occur throughout the operational area and involve any combination of forces
sustaining operations and capabilities across multiple domains.
 Commanders may designate more than one SO.
 Sustaining operation – enables the DO or SO(s) by generating and
maintaining combat power.
 Differ from DO and SOs in that they focus internally (on friendly forces) rather than
externally (on the enemy or environment).
 Sustaining operations occur throughout the area of operations, not just within a
support area.
 While not decisive themselves, failure to sustain may result in mission failure.
FM 3-0, Operations, C1, Dec 17, pp. 1-35 to 1-36 ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, p. 4-5
Example Division Decisive, Shaping, and Sustaining Operations
Decisive Operation:
Destruction of enemy Armor Battalion
securing MSRs.
PL RED PL WHITE PL BLUE PL BLACK
Note: BCT 1 and BCT 2 conduct the DO.
LOA
LD
Decisive Shaping Operation 1:
Zone Recon to obtain detailed
D
information on routes, obstacles, terrain,
OBJ 1 and enemy recon and main battle
ATK A
1 positions, conducted while executing a
D Guard security mission.
MAIN
Sustaining
OBJ 3 Shaping Operation 2:
SUST
G Destroy enemy reconnaissance
positions to prevent enemy from
2
DSA identifying friendly composition and
RES G disposition.
ATK B 3 Shaping Operation 3:
OBJ 4 Fixing enemy Mech Infantry Battalion to
D prevent reinforcement of enemy main
OBJ 2 effort.
ATK C
Shaping Sustaining Operation:
Provide resupply of CL III, V, IX and I.
LOA
LD

Main Effort and Supporting Efforts
Designating main and supporting efforts to establish clear

priorities of support and resources among subordinate units.
 Main effort (ME) – the designated subordinate unit whose mission at a
Provide basic options for given point in time is most critical to overall mission success.
operations  It is usually weighted with the preponderance of combat power.
Operational Framework  Typically, the ME shifts one or more times during execution.
• Deep, close, consolidation,  Receives priority of support and resources to maximize combat power.
and support areas
 A unit conducting a shaping operation may be the ME until the DO
• Main and supporting
efforts
commences.
 The unit with primary responsibility within the DO becomes the ME upon the
execution of the DO.
 Supporting effort (SE) – designated subordinate unit with missions that
support the success of the ME.
 Resourced with the minimum assets necessary to accomplish the mission.
 Success of ME often realized through success of SEs.
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, paras. 4-38 and 4-39

Example Division Main Effort and Supporting Efforts
Phase 1 (Prior to PL WHITE):
ME Guarding SBCT
SE ABCT 1
SE ABCT 2
SE ABCT 3
LOA
LD
Decisive
Phase 2 (After PL WHITE):
D
ME ABCT 1
PH1 SE OBJ 1
ATK A SE ABCT 2
1 SE ABCT 3
PH2 ME D SE SBCT
MAIN
Sustaining
OBJ 3
SUST
G
PH1 ME 2
DSA PH2 SE PH2 SE
RES G
PH1 SE
ATK B 3
PH2 SE OBJ 4
D
OBJ 2
PH1 SE
ATK C
Shaping
LOA
LD
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, paras. 4-38 and 4-39

Elements of Combat Power
Combat power – the total means of destructive, constructive,
and information capabilities that a military unit or formation can
apply at a given time.
Provide an intellectual
organization for common
critical tasks Commander’s apply combat power through the warfighting
Combat Power functions using leadership and information.
• Warfighting functions:
‒ Command and control
‒ Movement and  Commanders apply leadership through mission command. Leadership is
maneuver
‒ Intelligence a multiplying and unifying element of combat power.
‒ Fires
‒ Sustainment
‒ Protection
• Information  Information enables commanders at all levels to make
• Leadership
informed decisions on the application of combat
power and achieve definitive results.
 The warfighting functions provide intellectual

organization for common critical capabilities.

3. Decisive Action
5. Operational Art
Your Experience with Mission Command
1. Take three minutes and think back to some of your past commanders that
were either effective or ineffective. Write down some of your thoughts, good
or bad, on exercising mission command that you experienced. Use the seven
fundamental principles of mission command to focus your thoughts.
2. Take 10 minutes and share your ideas in groups of 4 (For DL, create 4
breakout rooms on MS Teams, assign lead).
a. Capture your most relevant thoughts and ideas on the whiteboard.
b. Attempt to organize or categorize the styles to see if a pattern emerges. Are you able to
group certain styles one side of the scale, and another group of styles to the other side of
the scale?
3. Share your work with the class (10 minutes).
Unified Land Operations Logic Chart
The conduct of joint operations is Unified Action
The synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and nongovernmental entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort (JP 1).
Operational Environment U.S. Army strategic roles in support of the joint force
Human context Win
Land operations Shape operational environments Prevent conflict Prevail in large-scale ground combat Consolidate gains
PMESII-PT
METT-TC The Army’s contribution to joint operations Unified Land Operations
To cope with an operational
environment, Army forces shape operational environments, prevent conflict, prevail in large-scale ground combat, and consolidate gains as part of unified
conduct— action.
To execute unified land operations, commanders

Develop operations characterized by – Cognitively link tactical Provide a broad process for Provide basic options for Provide an intellectual
actions to strategic conducting operations visualizing and describing organization for common
objectives operations critical tasks
Tenets Principles Operational Art Operations Process Operational Framework Combat Power
• Simultaneity • Mission command • End state and conditions • Plan • Area of operations • Warfighting functions:
• Depth • Develop the situation • Center of gravity ‒ Army design • Deep, close, consolidation, ‒ Command and control
• Synchronization through action • Decisive points methodology and support areas ‒ Movement and
• Flexibility • Combined arms • Lines of operations and ‒ MDMP • Decisive, shaping, and maneuver
• Adherence to law of war lines of effort ‒ Troop leading sustaining operations ‒ Intelligence
• Establish and maintain • Tempo procedures • Main and supporting efforts ‒ Fires
security • Phasing and transitions • Prepare ‒ Sustainment
• Culmination • Execute ‒ Protection
• Create multiple dilemmas • Operational reach • Assess • Information
for the enemy • Basing • Leadership
• Risk
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, p. vi
Mission Command Logic Chart
Nature of War
Military operations are inherently human endeavors representing a contest of wills, characterized by violence and continuous adaption by all participants, conducted in
dynamic and uncertain operational environments to achieve a political purpose.
Operations must account for the nature of war. As such the Army’s operational concept is…
Unified Land Operations
The simultaneous execution of offense, defense, stability, and defense support of civil authorities across multiple domains to shape operational environments, prevent conflict,
prevail in large-scale ground combat, and consolidate gains as part of unified action.
The Army’s operational concept is enabled by…
Mission Command
The Army’s approach to command and control that empowers subordinate decision-making and decentralized execution appropriate to the situation.
Enabled by the principles of . . .
Competence | Mutual trust | Shared understanding | Commander’s intent | Mission orders | Disciplined initiative | Risk acceptance
Command and control is fundamental to all operations...
Elements of Command
Command and Control Elements of Control
Command and control is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander
• Authority • Direction
over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of a mission.
• Responsibility • Feedback
• Decision making • Information
• Leadership • Communication
Executed through…
Command and Control Warfighting Function

The related tasks and a system that enables commanders to synchronize and converge all elements of combat power.
Tasks Command and Control System

• Command forces • People
• Control operations • Processes
• Drive the operations process • Networks
• Establish the command and control • Command posts
system
ADP 6-0, Msn Cmd: C2 of Army Forces, Jul 19, p. x

Mission Command and Command and Control
• Mission command is the Army's approach to command and control that empowers subordinate
decision-making and decentralized execution appropriate to the situation. (ADP 6-0)
• The mission command principles are:
 Competence (new)
 Mutual trust (modified) from “build cohesive teams through mutual trust”)
 Shared understanding (modified) from “create shared understanding”)
 Commander's intent (modified) from “clear commander’s intent”)
 Mission orders (modified) from “use mission orders”)
 Disciplined initiative (modified) from “exercise disciplined initiative”)
 Risk acceptance (modified) from “accept prudent risk”)
• Command and control is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated
commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. (JP 1)
• The warfighting function is now command and control – the related tasks and a system that
enables commanders to synchronize and converge all elements of combat power.
• The command and control tasks are:
 Command forces
 Control operations
 Drive the operations process
 Establish the command and control system
• Command and control system – arrangement of people, processes, networks, and command
posts that enable commanders to conduct operations.
ADP 6-0, Mission Command: C2 of Army Forces, Jul 19, p. vi-vii
Foundations (of Mission Command)
The Army’s contribution to joint operations Unified Land Operations
shape operational environments, prevent conflict, prevail in large-scale ground combat, and consolidate gains as part of unified
action.
• Mission Command is the Army’s approach to command and control.

 Empowers subordinate decision-making and decentralized execution appropriate to the
situation due to the “fog and friction” of war.
 Helps commanders capitalize on subordinate ingenuity, innovation, and decision-making
to achieve the commander’s intent when conditions change or current orders are no
longer relevant.
 Requires subordinates who seek opportunities and commanders who accept risk for
subordinates trying to meet their intent.
ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, p. 1-3

Mission Command and the Operations Process
“…the exercise of authority and direction by the
commander using mission orders to enable disciplined
initiative within the commander’s intent…”
Commanders direct all aspects of operations by:
 Establishing their commander’s intent.
 Setting achievable objectives.
 Issuing clear tasks to subordinate units.
Through the operations process, commanders direct forces by:
 Approving plans and orders.
 Establishing command and support relationships.
 Assigning and adjusting tasks, control measures, and task organization.
 Positioning units to maximize combat power.
 Positioning key leaders at critical places and times to ensure supervision.
 Allocating resources to exploit opportunities and counter threats.
 Committing the reserve.
ADP 5-0, The Operations Process, Jul 19, para. 1-45
Mission Orders
“…the directives that emphasize to subordinates the results to be attained, not
how they are to achieve them…”
 Follow the five-paragraph format and are as brief and simple as possible.
 Not a separate type of order . . . a technique.
 Should focus on the essential tasks a subordinate is to accomplish.
 Contain the proper level of detail in the context of a particular situation.
 Graphics that accompany mission orders should be drawn . . . that allows maximum
flexibility.
 Using mission orders does not mean commanders do not supervise during operations.
ADP 6-0, Msn Cmd: C2 of Army Forces, Jul 19, paras. 1-52 to 1-58
Mission Command Principles
Principles – comprehensive and fundamental rules or assumptions of central importance.
1. Competence 5. Mission orders
 Training and education  Directives that emphasize to subordinates the
 Self-development results to be attained, not how they are to achieve
them
2. Mutual trust
 Descriptive guidance vs. prescriptive guidance
 Shared confidence
6. Disciplined Initiative
 Essential to successful mission command
 Benefits of action outweigh risk of . . . overall
3. Shared Understanding operation
 Starts with the Army’s doctrine and professional  Action will further the higher commander’s intent
military education
 Urgency of the situation
 Create shared understanding throughout the
operations process 7. Risk acceptance
4. Commander’s intent  Judgement to the importance of objective, time
available, and anticipated cost
 A clear and concise expression of the purpose of
 Balance of protecting the force and accomplishing
the operation
the mission
 Provides focus to the staff
 Helps subordinate commanders act to achieve the
commander’s desired results without further orders
Command and Control
• The Army’s command and control doctrine supports its operations doctrine – the exercise of
authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached
forces in the accomplishment of the mission.
• No single activity in operations is more important then command and control
• Commander is the focal point
• The operations process is the Army’s framework for putting command and control into action
Command Relationship between Control

Command and Control
 Legal  Interrelated  Staffs aide the Commander
 Personal  Command resides with  Direction, feedback, information,
commanders communication
 Responsibility
 Effective command is impossible  More science
 More art without control
 Control is inherent in command
https://www.army.mil/e2/c/images/2015/06/29/400500/size0.jpg ADP 6-0, Msn Cmd: C2 of Army Forces, Jul 19, paras. 1-74 to 1-90
Command
(Authority and Responsibility)
Command Control
The authority that a commander in the armed forces lawfully exercises The regulation of forces and warfighting functions to accomplish the
over subordinates by virtue of rank or assignment mission in accordance with the commander’s intent.
• Authority – the delegated power to judge, act, or command

• Legal authority – ability to enforce orders under the Uniform Code of Military
Justice
• Personal Authority – arises from the actions of the commander and the
resulting trust and confidence generated by these actions
 Often more powerful than legal authority
 Commanders earn respect and trust by:
 Upholding laws and Army values
 Applying Army leadership principles
 Demonstrating tactical and technical expertise
• Responsibility – the obligation to carry forward an assigned task to a
successful conclusion
 Mission accomplishment
 Health, welfare, morale, and discipline of Soldiers
 Use and maintenance of resources
Command
(Leadership)
Command Control
• Army leaders motivate people both inside and outside the chain of command
to pursue actions, focus thinking, and make decisions that accomplish
missions
• Command Presence - creating a favorable impression in carriage,
appearance, and professional and personal conduct
 Location – rehearsals, leader’s recon, battlefield circulation
 Communication – briefings, commander’s intent, commander’s guidance, after action
reviews
 Person example
• Command Climate – the characteristic atmosphere in which people work; the
organization’s tone
 Directly attributable to the leader’s values, skills, and actions
 A positive climate facilitates team building, encourages initiative, and fosters collaboration,
dialogue, mutual trust, and shared understanding
ADP 6-0, Msn Cmd: C2 of Army Forces, July 19, paras. 2-57 to 2-58
Command
(Decision-Making)
Command Control
• Decision-Making – the process of selecting a course of action as the one most

favorable to accomplish the mission
• Analytical Decision-Making – a methodical, systematic process based on
generating several alternative solutions, comparing those solutions to a set of
criteria, and selecting the best COA
• Intuitive Decision-Making – the act of reaching a conclusion through pattern
recognition based on knowledge, judgment, experience, education,
intelligence, boldness, perception and character. Focuses on assessment of
the situation vice comparison of multiple options
• Judgment – developed from experience, training, study, and creative and
critical thinking and used to assess information, situations, or circumstances
to form sound opinions and make sensible decisions
Command
(Decision-Making During Execution)
• Commanders make execution decisions or adjustment decisions throughout
execution.
 Execution decisions:
 Involve planned action(s) anticipated in the order.
 Normally tied to decision points.
 Apply resources at times or situations already established in the order.
 Adjustment decisions:
 Modify the order to respond to unanticipated opportunities or threats.
 Often require implementing unanticipated operations and resynchronizing the warfighting functions.
 May include decisions to reframe the problem and develop an entirely new plan.
Adjustment
Reframing Decision
Execution
Decision
At what point on this diagram would CCIR Planning and Prep

Order
Planned Execution Envisioned
DP Endstate
inform the commander of a potential decision?
Execution
Decision
Reframing Adjustment
Decision
FM 6-0, Cdr and Staff Org and Ops, Change 2, Apr 16, pp. 14-1 to 14-2 ADP 5-0, The Operations Process, Jul 19, paras. 4-27 to 4-38
Command
(Branches and Sequels)
• Branch – contingency options built into the base plan used for changing the mission,
orientation, or direction of movement of a force to aid success of the operation based on
anticipated events, opportunities, or disruptions caused by enemy actions and reactions.
• Sequel – a subsequent major operation or phase based on the possible outcomes of the
current major operation or phase:
 Success
 Stalemate
Sequel
 Defeat
Branch Branch
Adjustment Adjustment
Reframing Decision Reframing Decision
Execution Execution
Decision Decision
Success
Planning and Prep Current Ops Planned Execution Current Ops Planned Execution Envisioned
Order DP Stalemate Order DP
Endstate
Defeat
Execution Execution
Decision Decision
Reframing Adjustment Reframing Adjustment

Decision Decision
FM 1-02.1, Operational Terms, Nov 19, p. 1-12 and 1-93

Control
Command Control
• Control functions increase in complexity at each higher echelon

• Based on objectivity, facts, empirical methods, and analysis
• Requires a realistic appreciation of time and distance factors
• Used to understand physical and procedural constraints –
 Movement rates  Rules of engagement
 Fuel consumption  Legal considerations
 Weapons effects  Other factors
ADP 6-0, Msn Cmd: C2 of Army Forces, Jul 19, p. 3-1

Control
(Key Elements)
• Direction (primary means through plans and orders)

• Feedback (received during operations)
• Information (assess in the context of a particular situation)
• Communication (channels and structure)
Commander
Command and
Control System
Forces
Reciprocal nature of control
ADP 6-0, Msn Cmd: C2 of Army Forces, Jul 19, pp. 3-1 to 3-9
Control Hidden
(Direction)
• Involves establishing objectives, assigning tasks, providing instruction on how

forces will cooperate.
• Communicate direction through plans and orders
• Other keys tools that support direction
 Execution matrices
 Decision support template
 Control measures (plans, orders, laws, regulations, SOP,

graphic)
ADP 6-0, Msn Cmd: C2 of Army Forces, Jul 19, paras. 3-9 and 3-10
Control Hidden
(Feedback)
• Information commanders receive during operations.

• Used to compare the actual situation with the plan (decide if requires changes
or adjustments)
• Takes on many forms
 Information
 Knowledge
 Experience
 Wisdom
• Comes from many sources
 Subordinates
 Higher headquarters http://media.defense.gov/2013/Jun/03/2000023425/-1/-1/0/071026-F-ZZ000-001.JPG
 Adjacent, supporting, supported forces

• Arrives continuously (before, during, and after operations)
ADP 6-0, Msn Cmd: C2 of Army Forces, Jul 19, paras 3-1 to 3-13
Control Hidden
(Information)
• Must determine relevance to the commander

• Relevant information provides the basis for creating and maintaining a
common operational picture
• Staffs use operational and mission variables to group relevant information
• Commander’s determine information requirements and set information
priorities
• Commander’s describe the relevant information they need to inform decision-
making by establishing CCIR
• Knowledge management (must flow, align people, processes, tools)
• Information management (provides the timely and protected distribution of
relevant information to commanders and staff elements)
Control Hidden
(Communication)
• Communication – links information to decisions and decisions to action
• More than simple transmission of information – a means to exercise control over forces
• Decisions cannot be executed without clear communication
• Channels – the various transmission paths information moves throughout a force
 Command channels – direct chain-of-command transmission paths used by commanders and authorized staff
officers for command-related activities
 Staff channels – staff-to-staff transmission paths between headquarters used for control-related activities (planning
information, status reports, controlling instructions, and other information to support mission command)
 Technical channels – transmission paths between two technically similar units or offices typically used to control
performance of technical functions such as network control
• Structure –
 Used by commanders to compare the actual situation to their visualization
 Many forms – information, knowledge, experience, and wisdom
 Many sources – subordinates, higher HQ, other forces or agencies
 Helps commanders and staffs gain understanding
Command and Support Relationships
Command Relationships Support Relationships
Organic –forces assigned to and forming an essential Direct Support (DS) – a relationship requiring a unit to
part of a military organization; listed in its table of support another unit and authorizing it to answer directly
organization. to the supported unit’s request for assistance; supporting
Assigned – relatively permanent placement in an unit retains its command relationship with its parent unit,
organization (typically years); based on the needs of the but is positioned by and has priorities of support
Army; formalized by orders rather than organizational established by the supported unit.
documents; includes administrative control (ADCON) General Support (GS) – support which is given to the
unless otherwise directed. supported unit as a whole and not to any particular sub-
Attached – relatively temporary placement in an unit; positioned and have priorities established by their
organization (months); gaining unit is responsible for parent unit.
attached unit’s administration and sustainment. Reinforcing (R) – a relationship requiring a force to
Operational Control (OPCON) – temporary placement support another supporting unit; only like units (for
for assigned mission (days); gaining unit can task- example - artillery to artillery); reinforcing unit retains
organize and direct forces but is not responsible for command relationship with parent unit, but is positioned
logistics, administration, discipline, internal organization, by and has priorities of support established by the
or training. reinforced unit, then the parent unit.
Tactical Control (TACON) – temporary placement for General Support-Reinforcing (GSR) – relationship
assigned mission (days); gaining unit can direct but assigned to a unit to support the force as a whole and to
cannot task-organize the TACON unit; often used reinforce another similar-type unit. positioned by parent
between other Services and multinational forces, but unit and has priorities first established by its parent unit,
rarely between Army forces. and then by the reinforced unit.
FM 6-0, Cdr and Staff Org and Ops, C2, Apr 16, pp. B-3 to B-7 FM 3-0, Operations, C2, Dec 17, pp. A-3 to A-7
Example of Command Relationships
+
US
4ID
1 3 2 2 DIVARTY 26 75 35
4ID 4ID 4ID 25ID 4 MANG MONG
Assigned Assigned Assigned OPCON Assigned Attached Attached Attached
GB DE
1-27 12 9
2/25ID
TACON TACON TACON
In this example, the 4th Infantry Division (4ID) is conducting offensive operations and is the decisive operation
within the corps AO. Due to mission requirements, 4ID is task organized as shown.
 1/4ID SBCT, 3/4ID ABCT, 2/4ID IBCT and 4 DIVARTY are assigned to 4ID by FORSCOM order based on needs of the Army.
 26 MEB, 75 FA Bde, and 35 EN Bde are attached to 4ID for the duration of the deployment.
 2/25ID IBCT is OPCON to 4ID until the completion of the mission. 25ID retains responsibility for administration and sustainment.
 The 4ID commander can further task organize any assigned, attached, or OPCON subordinate units within the division.
 The multinational forces –12 AIB (GB) and 9 Pzr (DE) – are TACON to 4ID; the 4ID commander can employ these brigades in
tactical missions, but cannot further task organize them. 1-27 IN is TACON to 3/4ID ABCT and, likewise, cannot be further task
organized.
Example of Support Relationships
III
4ID 75
Assigned
2-4
75
1 2 3 DIVARTY
3ID Assigned 4ID Assigned 4ID Assigned 4 1-14
75
1-41 2-77
Direct Support 3-29 2-18
100
1/3ID 2/4ID (Ph II Only) 3/4ID 75 SPT
75
General Support 3-13

75
Reinforcing 3-6
1/10MD
In this example, 4ID is conducting offensive operations. It has the following FA units providing support:
 1-41 FA, 2-77 FA and 3-29 FA are assigned to their parent BCTs (command relationship, not support relationship)...
 …but in this example, 2-77 FA has a direct support relationship with 3/4ID ABCT for a specific phase, and answers directly to 3/4ID ABCT’s
requests for fires during that phase.
 4 DIVARTY is assigned to 4ID (command relationship); provides general support to 4ID and the BCTs based on priorities established by 4ID.
 3-6 FA reinforces 1-41 FA. The battalion retains its command relationship with 4 DIVARTY but 1-41 FA positions it and establishes its
priorities of support.
 75th FA Bde, in a general support – reinforcing role, supports III Corps as a whole, and reinforces 4 DIVARTY. 75th FA Bde is positioned by
III Corps and has priorities first established by III Corps, and then by the reinforced unit, 4 DIVARTY.
Command and Control Warfighting Function
Tasks System
• Command forces • People
• Control operations • Processes
• Drive the operations process • Networks
• Establish the command and control system • Command Posts
Hidden
Command and Control System
• People (C2 system is based on people)
• Processes (series of actions or steps taken to achieve a specific; integrating

processes)
• Networks (end user applications; information services and data; network

transport and management)
• Command posts (provide the physical location the people, processes, and
networks)
ADP 6-0, Msn Cmd: C2 of Army Forces, Jul 19, paras. 1-100 to 1-106 and 4-1 to 4-74
Exercising Command and Control
(Tactics and Procedures)
• Command Post Organization (functional and integrating cells)
• Planning Horizons (Plans, FUOPS, CUOPS)
• Boards, Bureaus, Cells, Centers, and Working Groups (B2C2WGs)
• Battle Rhythm
• Information and Knowledge Management
FM 6-0, Cdr and Staff Org and Ops, C2, Apr 16, pp. 1-1 to 1-15
Command Post Organization
(Structure)
Functional Cells
Intelligence Movement Fires Protection Sustainment Other Staff

And Sections
Maneuver
Integrating Cells
Current
Operations
Future
Operations
Plans
= Staff sections and elements of staff sections
Functional Cells
(Organized by WfF)
Intelligence Cell
 Coordinates activities and systems that facilitate understanding of the threats, terrain and weather, and other aspects of the OE.
 Led by G-2 intelligence officer.
Movement and Maneuver Cell
 Coordinates activities and systems that move forces to achieve a position of advantage in relation to the enemy.
 Led by G-3 or a deputy G-3 operations officer.
Fires Cell
 Coordinates activities and systems that provide collective and coordinated use of Army indirect fires, joint fires, and air and missile
defense through the targeting process
 Includes elements of fire support, Air Force and electronic warfare.
 Led by the chief of fires.
Protection Cell
 Coordinates the activities and systems that preserve the force through risk management. Includes protecting personnel, physical
assets, and information.
 Elements include CRBNE, engineer, personnel recovery, and provost marshal.
 Led by the chief of protection.
Sustainment Cell
 Coordinates activities and systems that provide support and services to ensure freedom of action, extend operational reach, and
prolong endurance.
 Led by the chief of sustainment or logistics officer (G4).
Command and Control – The entire CP assists the commander in the command and control. Therefore,
commanders do not form a specific command and control functional cell.
Integrating Cells
(Organized by Planning Horizon)
Planning horizons are long-, mid-, and short-range and are situation dependent.
Plans Cell
 Responsible for planning operations for the long-range planning horizons
 Normally focuses planning on operations beyond the scope of the current order (sequels)
 Oversees military deception planning
 Consists of a core group of planners from all staff sections as required. Led by the G-5
Future Operations (FUOPS) Cell

 Responsible for planning and assessing operations for the mid-range planning horizon
 Focuses on adjustments to the current operation (branch plans) based on anticipated events
 Divisions and higher echelons have a FUOPS cell, battalion and brigade headquarters do not
 Consists of a core group of planners from all staff sections as required. Led by the deputy G-3 (FUOPS
Chief)
Current Operations (CUOPS) Cell

 Focal point for the execution of operations
 Assesses current situation while regulating forces and warfighting functions IAW the mission, commander’s
intent, and concept of operations
 Displays the common operational picture and conducts shift changes, assessments, and other briefings
 Led by the G-3, supported by the chief of operations, staff section watch officers and liaisons from
subordinate and adjacent units
Planning Horizons
Long-Range Planning Mid-Range Planning Short-Range Planning
Months-Weeks Weeks-Days Days-Hours
Plans Future Operations Current Operations

• Develops initial OPLAN and • Refines and modifies OPLANs • Issues OPORDs, FRAGOs, and
OPORD. and OPORDs based on WARNOs.
current situation.
• Develops branch plans. • Monitors, evaluates, directs,
• Develops branch plans. and controls execution of
• Plans for follow-on phases
orders.
(sequels). • Assesses mid-range progress
of operations. • Conducts limited short-term
• Assesses long-range
planning.
progress of operations.
• Conducts operations update
and assessment brief.
“What next?” “What if?” “What is”
OPLAN/ OPLAN/ OPORD

OPORD OPORD FRAGORD
∼∼∼∼∼∼ Transition FRAGORD Transition ∼∼∼∼∼∼ Execution
∼∼∼∼∼∼ ∼∼∼∼∼∼ ∼∼∼∼∼∼
∼∼∼∼∼∼ ∼∼∼∼∼∼ ∼∼∼∼∼∼
Command Post Organization (Division)
WfFs (CoS Synch) INTEL M2 FIRES SUSTAINMENT PROTECTION
G2 G3 DIVARTY Cdr G4 Chief of Protection
•Intel OPS •G5 •Joint Fires Section •G1 •Engineer

•Analysis Control •IO •Air and Missile Defense •G4 •Provost Marshal
Element (ACE) •PA (AMD) •G8 •CBRN
•Counter / Human Intel •MISO •FA Intel Office •Surgeon •Safety
Expl (G2X) •G9 (CA) •OPSEC
•Chief C/EM •Pers Recovery
•Intel Integration Spt Cell •AVN (Chief) •Fires Integration Spt •G1 Integration Spt Cell •Protection Integration
Current
•A2C2 Cell •G4 Integration Spt Cell Spt Cell
Operations
•SPACE
Integration
•GIO&S
Cell •ENG (Chief)
(COIC) •Special OPS
•Intel Planners •Plans Element •Fires Planners •Functional Planners •Functional Planners
Future
•(Augmented as
Operations
Required)
G3
Cell
(FUOPS)
•Intel Planners •Plans Element •Fires Planners •Functional Planners •Functional Planners
Plans •Force Integration
Integration Element
Cell (G5)
• Meetings
Intel Fusion WG Plans Update Mtg Targeting WG Sustainment WG Protection WG
B2C2WG • Working Groups
• Boards
SUB & CUB (CoS/CDR)
Sustainment IO WG (G7)
Intel Sync WG Targeting Board
Board C/EM WG (Chief C/EM)
CA WG (G9)
3. Decisive Action
5. Operational Art

Mission Statement
(OPORD paragraph 2)
• Mission Statement – a short sentence or paragraph that describes the

organization’s essential task(s) and purpose (action to be taken and reason
for doing so).
• Contains five elements – who, what, when, where, and why – which answer:
1. Who will execute the operation (unit or organization)?
2. What is the unit’s essential task (tactical mission task)?
3. When will the operation begin (by time or event) or what is the duration of the operation?
4. Where will the operation occur (area of operations, objective, grid coordinates)?
5. Why will the force conduct the operations (for what purpose)?
Example: 173d ABN BDE (who) seizes (what/task) JACKSON INTERNATIONAL

AIRPORT (where) NLT 030600AUG19 (when) IOT allow follow-on forces to air-land
into AREA OF OPERATIONS SPARTAN (why/purpose).
Mission Statement Taxonomy (Basic)
“Who” “What” “Where” “When” “Why”
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Unit or Tactical Mission Task Location or Time Purpose
Organization (FM 3-90-1, App B and ADP 1-02) Enemy Force (Begin Mission Includes:
(AO, OBJ, EA, Grid DTG, NET DTG, 1. Intro phrase “in order to”
Actions By Effects On
Location, or other NLT DTG, 2. Action verb (not a
Friendly Force* Enemy Force*
method of identifying Duration, O/O, tactical mission task)
• Attack by fire • Block location; enemy unit) BPT.)
• Allow
• Breach • Canalize
• Cause
• Bypass • Contain Note: Time may
• Create
• Clear • Defeat also be placed at
• Deceive
• Control • Destroy the beginning of
• Deny
• Disengage • Disrupt the mission
• Divert
• Exfiltrate • Fix statement.
• Enable
• Follow and assume • Interdict
• Envelop
• Follow and support • Isolate
• Influence
• Occupy • Neutralize
• Open
• Reduce • Suppress
• Prevent
• Retain
• Protect
• Secure
• Support
• Seize
• Surprise
• Support by fire
*Note: Some tasks may fit either category. 3. Desired result.
173D ABN BDE (IBCT) seizes JACKSON not later than D- in order to allow follow-on
INTERNATIONAL day, H+3 forces to air-land into AREA
AIRPORT OF OPERATIONS
SPARTAN.

Mission Purpose
• Purpose – the desired or intended result of the tactical operation stated in
terms relating to the enemy or to the desired situation.
• The “why” of the mission statement, normally expressed in a descriptive
phrase.
• Puts the tactical mission task into context by describing the reason for
performing it.
• Extremely important to mission command and mission orders.
…in order to:

Allow Deceive Enable Open Support
Cause Deny Envelop Prevent Surprise
Create Divert Influence Protect
FM 6-0, C2, Cdr and Staff Org and Ops, Apr 16, p. 9-13
Specified, Implied, and Essential Tasks
• Specified task – specifically assigned to a unit by its higher headquarters.
 Found in paragraphs 2 and 3 of the higher HQs’ order or plan.
 May also be in paragraphs 4 and 5, and in annexes and overlays.
 May also be assigned verbally during collaborative planning sessions or in directives from
the higher commander.
• Implied task – must be performed to accomplish a specified task or mission
but is not stated in the higher HQs’ order.
 Derived from a detailed analysis of the higher HQs’ order, the enemy situation, the terrain,
and civil considerations.
 Analysis of each specified task might disclose implied tasks.
• Essential task – specified or implied task that must be executed to accomplish
the mission.
 Always included in the unit’s mission statement.
• On-order (O/O) mission – to be executed at an unspecified time.

• Be-prepared (BPT) mission – assigned to a unit that might be executed.
FM 6-0, Cdr and Staff Org and Ops, C2, Apr 16, p. 9-8
Example Mission Statements
Offense:
1. On order, 3/4ID destroys 77MIB on OBJ JACKSON and LEE in order to
protect 4ID’s southern flank.
2. 3/4ID secures crossing sites along PL BLUE NLT 050600NOV18 IOT allow
uninterrupted forward movement of division main effort.
Defense:
1. 4ID destroys 77 MID and 84 MID forces between PL RED and PL PURPLE
NLT 030600AUG18 in order to prevent enemy seizure of LAWRENCE.
2. On order, 1/1ID fixes 84 MID in EA HAMMER IOT prevent enemy maneuver
on division main effort strike force.
Stability:
1. NLT D+21, 4ID controls AO IVY IOT provide a secure environment for post-
conflict reconstruction, stabilization, and capacity building.
FM 6-0, C2, Cdr and Staff Org and Ops, Apr 16, p. 9-13
Tactical Mission Task Symbols (1 of 2)
Note: Enemy icons are not part of the symbols; they are for orientation only.
• Tactical mission task – a specific activity performed by a unit while Contain: Stop, hold, or surround an enemy or cause them
executing a tactical operation or form of maneuver. to center their activity on a given front and prevent the
C
• The “what” in a mission statement. withdrawing of any part of their forces.
• Describes the results/effects the commander wants to achieve.
Attack By Fire: Uses direct fires, supported by indirect Control: Maintain physical influence over a specified area Symbol not in
current ADP 1-02
fires, to engage an enemy without closing with him to to prevent its use by an enemy or to create conditions for
destroy, suppress, fix, or deceive him. successful friendly operations. C
Block: Denies the enemy access to an area or prevents his Symbol not in Defeat: Occurs when an enemy force has temporarily or
current ADP 1-02
advance in a direction or along an avenue of approach. permanently lost the physical means or the will to fight.
No symbol
May also be an obstacle effect. B
Breach: Employs all available means to break through or Destroy: Physically renders an enemy force combat-
secure a passage through enemy defense, obstacle, B ineffective until it is reconstituted. D
minefield, or fortification.
Bypass: Directs a unit to maneuver around an obstacle, Disengage: Break contact with the enemy to allow the
position, or enemy force to maintain momentum while conduct of another mission or to avoid decisive
B
avoiding combat with an enemy force. engagement. DIS
Canalize: Restricts enemy movement to a narrow zone by Disrupt: Integrates direct and indirect fires, terrain, and
exploiting terrain coupled with the use of obstacles, fires, or obstacles to upset an enemy’s formation, tempo, timetable,
C D
friendly maneuver. or cause his forces to commit prematurely.
Clear: Remove all enemy forces and eliminate organized Exfiltrate: A commander removes Soldiers or units from Symbol not in
current ADP 1-02
resistance in an assigned area. areas under enemy control by stealth, deception, surprise,
C or clandestine means. EX
FM 3-90-1, C2, Offense and Defense, Vol 1, Apr 15, App B ADP 1-02, Terms and Military Symbols, C1, Nov 19, chaps 1 and 9
Tactical Mission Task Symbols (2 of 2)
Note: Enemy icons are not part of the symbols; they are for orientation only.
Fix: Prevent the enemy from moving any part of his force Reduce: The destruction of an encircled or bypassed
from a specific location for a specific period of time. F enemy force.
No symbol
Follow and Assume: A second committed force follows a Retain: Ensure that a terrain feature already controlled by a
force conducting an offensive operation and is prepared to friendly force remains free of enemy occupation or use.
A R
continue the mission if the lead force is fixed, attritted, or
unable to continue.
Follow and Support: A second committed force follows Secure: Prevent a unit, facility, or geographical location
and supports a lead force conducting an offensive A from being damaged or destroyed as a result of enemy
S
operation. action.
Interdict: Prevent, disrupt, or delay the enemy’s use of an Seize: Take possession of a designated area using
area or route. overwhelming force. A
I S
Isolate: Seal off, both physically and psychologically, an Support By Fire: A maneuver force moves to a position
enemy from his sources of support, deny freedom of where it can engage the enemy by direct fire in support of
I
movement, and prevent enemy unit contact with other another maneuvering force.
enemy forces.
Neutralize: Render enemy personnel or material incapable Suppress: Temporary degradation of the performance of a
of interfering with a particular operation. N force or weapon system below the level needed to S
accomplish its mission.
Occupy: Move into an area so that the force can control Turn: An obstacle effect that integrates fire planning and
the entire area. Both movement to and occupation of the O obstacle effort to drive an enemy formation from one T
area occur without enemy opposition. avenue of approach to an adjacent avenue of approach or
into an engagement area.
FM 3-90-1, C2, Offense and Defense, Vol 1, Apr 15, App B ADP 1-02, Terms and Military Symbols, C1, Nov 19, pp. 9-2 to 9-3
The Rookie vs. The Professional
The Rookie: The Professional:
Take Down Defeat
Pin Control
Thread the needle Breach
Seamless Seize
Take Out Destroy
Wipe Out Neutralize
Pinch Canalize
Grab Isolate
Collapse Reduce
Strike Attack by Fire
Mop Up Clear
Clean Sweep Turn
Chop Disrupt
Whack Block
Slice Suppress
… and COUNTLESS Others…
Practical Exercise
1. Using the III Corps course of action statement and sketch, in groups of 4,
take 10 minutes to complete the following on the whiteboards:
a. Identify three specified tactical tasks given to a unit in the statement.
b. Draw the symbol for that task and define it.
c. Based off your reading of the statement develop at least one implied task for each based
on the identified specified tasks.
2. Be prepared to brief your work to the staff group.

Hidden
Optional PE (Case Study Method)
Optional PE Case Study Reading: “Patton’s Staff and the Battle of the Bulge,”
by LTC Paul E. Munch, Military Review, 1980 (9 pages) [16 minutes to read]
Read to demonstrate the relationship between a commander and his staff within
the context of the 6 principles of mission command. Read to demonstrate the
use of the Mission Command Warfighting function in Patton’s headquarters.

Hidden
Practical Exercise (Mission Command)
• In groups of four, using ADP 6-0, the C401 lesson material and LTC Munch’s
article, “Patton’s Staff,” apply the doctrinal concepts of mission command.
• Take 15 minutes and, on the whiteboards, produce two deliverables:
1. Organize Patton’s application of the Principles of Mission Command.
Principle Example from the article
2. Sketch Patton’s battle rhythm, 0700-1700 hrs.
0700 1700
Challenges in an Operational Environment Hidden
Peer Threats Other Considerations
Information warfare Preclusion Contested domains and LOCs Antiaccess and area denial
Isolation Sanctuary Urbanization Degraded mission command systems
Systems warfare Human aspects Messaging
US Army strategic roles in support of the joint force
Win
Shape Prevent Conduct large-scale ground combat Consolidate gains
0 1 2 3 4 5
Shape Deter Seize the initiative Dominate Stabilize Enable civil authority
Joint Phases
Addressed through Unified Land Operations (The Army Operational Concept)
Unified land operations are simultaneous offensive, defensive and stability or defense support of civil authorities tasks to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative in order to
shape the operational environment, prevent conflict, consolidate gains, and win our Nation’s wars as part of unified action.
Executed through Decisive Action
Guided by Mission Command (Approach)
Conducted by Echelons
Synchronizing the Elements of Combat Power Across all domains

Command and Control Fires Leadership Air
Maritime Land Cyber
Movement and Maneuver Sustainment Information
Space
Intelligence Protection
To achieve and exploit positions of relative advantage Examples of relative advantage include:
- The physical and geographical
Understanding - Warfighting function and information overmatch
Intelligence Enable To Dislocate, isolate, disrupt,
Targeting - Relationships and influence
Reconnaissance tasks destroy enemy forces
Messaging - Legitimacy, ideas, and popular perception
Surveillance tasks Achieve objectives
Movement - Time
Security operations Accomplish missions
Fires - Freedom of Action
- Moral
- Will FM 3-0, Operations, C1, Dec 17, p. x

POC: Mr. W. Kenna McCurry, DTAC, william.k.mccurry2.civ@mail.mil UNCLASSIFIED AY21 v3 1
Fort Leavenworth Decisive Action Training Environment ( FLKS DATE)
PIRTUNI
ATROPIA
DONOVIA

The Political Environment
PIRTUNI DONOVIA
ATCHISON
Donovia’s political goals are to support the

True Pan-Donovian Movement (TPDM) by
establishing a Donovian enclave in the LEAVENWORTH
eastern Pirtuni provinces of Atchison,

Leavenworth and Johnson. Donovia wants
to control these provinces IOT increase its
influence in Pirtuni, intimidate pro-western
Pirtunis, and discourage Western countries
from interfering in Pirtuni.
JOHNSON
Boundaries and GCMs are representational only.

The Opening Engagements: D to D+2 Donovia’s Western Army launched a sudden invasion of
Pirtuni while conducting a multi-division-level exercise.
PIRTUNI DONOVIA
ATCHISON
SO1: 61 Mech Inf Div (APC) destroyed 421 61
Pirtunian Mech Bde vic ST JOSEPH &
D 421 650
ATCHISON IOT support the TPDM in ATCHISON 42
province.
Western Army Reserve:
1. 650 Mech Inf Bde (IFV) (Sep)
2. 640 Tank Bde (Sep)
LEAVENWORTH
D 428
42 640
SO2: 64 Mtzd Inf Div destroyed 428 Pirtunian Tk
Bde vic LEAVENWORTH IOT support the TPDM 64
in LEAVENWORTH province.
66
D 422
DO: 60 Mech Inf Div destroyed 422 Pirtunian 42 66 DTG
60 Is
Mech Bde and seized JOHNSON province IOT 30K east
allow DONOVIA to control eastern PIRTUNI. JOHNSON

Pirtuni forces are shaded green for clarity.
Situation D+3 to D+15 Donovia’s Western Army conducts an area defense in the
Pirtuni provinces of ATCHISON, LEAVENWORTH, & JOHNSON.
PIRTUNI DONOVIA
ATCHISON 615
611
614
The True Pan-Donovian Movement (TPDM) ICW
the Donovian 3263 SPF BDE have attacked relief
650
convoys, govt. offices, economic targets, and 431
612
43
non-Donovian ethnic communities throughout 362
eastern & central Pirtuni. 640
645 368
LEAVENWORTH
4ID conducts RSOI and moves into TAA UTAH 167
63
vicinity LAKE PERRY. 366
641
TAA 66
1ID conducts RSOI and moves into TAA OMAHA UTAH

364
vicinity LAKE CLINTON.
435 601
43 604
62
Elements of the Pirtunian 43ID conduct covering 433
43 602
operations in eastern PIRTUNI with an AR Bde
TAA 432 JOHNSON
reserve. 43
OMAHA 603

Anticipated Situation at D+16
PL WHITE
PL YELLOW
Donovia’s Western Army conducts
PIR
defense to control key terrain in the
442
44 Pirtuni provinces of ATCHISON,
611 LEAVENWORTH, and JOHNSON.
PL PURPLE
PIR
441
44
PIR 612 615

445 PIR
44 443
44 650
614
44ID (PIR)
4ID (USA)
III CORPS (USA) has completed RSOI PL GOLD
362
and relief in place with 43ID (PIR). 1ID 640

1
(USA), 4ID (USA), and 44ID (PIR) ready 4ID
to transition to offensive operations. TAA 645

368
63
UTAH 641 366
3 167
4 3/4
66
1/3 4ID (USA)
1
3
2CR 1ID (USA) 64
601
62
60
2 364
4ID
PIR 602
43 2 604
1
TAA
OMAHA
PL WHITE
(FSCL)
PL BLUE
PL RED
1 603
Boundaries and GCMs are representational only. 1
III CORPS (USA)
Version 5.2
C400 / MOD 0 Scenario Integration
(Operations-Classroom Timeline Crosswalk)
III Corps Planning and Execution Timeline
Div MDMP
BCT Parallel Planning BCT MDMP 3/4ID Recon/Sec Ops (C404 PE)
D-Day D+1 D+15 D+16 D+17 D+18 D+19 D+20 D+21 D+22 D+23 D+24
*C400 PE Conceptual Concepts:
MOD 0 MDMP
C403: Using Corps products and anticipated operations, be able to portray assets, capabilities, and responsibilities
between corps, division, brigade and battalion sustainment echelons focused on supply, maintenance, and
medical (35MM).
C404: IAW 4ID initial info collection plan issued w/4ID WARDORD #1, confirm info collection asses and
capabilities, ID potential BCT recon ops and security ops, and recommend recon and security guidance.
C405: Just received 4ID WARNORD 3; 3/4ID ABCT cdr called a quick huddle; wants to describe tactical problem,
ID potential offense tasks/forms of maneuver, ID necessary recon and security ops, determine initial GCMs,
ID planning considerations by WfF, ID potential transitions, and understand the enemy.
PE: Detailed
C406: Just received 4ID WARNORD 3; 1/4ID SBCT cdr called a quick huddle describe tactical problem, ID
Planning potential defense tasks/forms of defense, ID necessary recon and security ops, determine initial GCMs, ID
(Instructor planning considerations by WfF, ID potential transitions, and understand the enemy.
PEs: Conceptualization of Doctrinal Concepts* Led) LEGEND
Lesson Links to Scenario Events Red – Enemy Action
Purple – Corps product/action
(No scenario timeline linkage for C407 Stability or C408 Green – 4ID Planning Products/Events
Army Problem Solving and Decision-Making Processes.) Black – 4ID Execution
Blue – Lesson

C400 / MOD 0 Scenario Integration
(Terrain Orientation)
M000
C400 – Conceptual concepts

M000 – Detailed Planning

Indicates Loss
Annex A (Task Org) to III Corps

III Corps Task Organization Indicates Gain
OPORD III-21-010 (FLKS DATE) III
‒ ‒ − ±
PIR PIR
1ID 4ID 43 44 2CR 75 17 E-MI 504 36 67 MP 89 SUST 3
III III III III III III NENG III
−
PIR PIR C
1 1 431 441 1 2-4 5-3 E-MI 163 20 22 MP 504 SPT 18
1ID 3ID 43 44 2CR 75 17 504 36 48 42 16
(MLRS) (HIMARS)
PIR PIR
2 1 432 442 2 2-20 SPT 308 E-MI 303 62 20 MP 720 SPT 77
1ID 4ID 43 44 2CR 75 17 504 36 36 89 210
(MLRS)
PIR PIR DS to 1ID
2 3 433 443 3 SPT 100 256 71 MP 340 39
4ID 4ID 43 44 2CR 75 17 and 4ID USACE 333 16
̶ ̶ (Detention)
PIR PIR EOD
CAB CAB AT AT 4 258 59 242 718
1ID 4ID 43 44 2CR 75 83/48 71 643
PIR PIR
DIVARTY DIVARTY RECON RECON FAS 92 MP 385 196
1ID 4ID 43 44 2CR 83/48 67 113SusBde
PIR PIR C
DS
USAF USAF 435 445 21 1-14 SPT 734
10ASOS 13ASOS 43 44 83/48 75 67
(HIMARS)
PIR PIR
1-188 5-4 436 446 EN 3-13 234
NDNG 10AAMDC 43 44 2CR 75 67
(Avenger) (Avenger) (MLRS)
PIR PIR GSR to 1ID
E-MI 163 E-MI 303 EN EN SPT SS
504 504 43 44 2CR and 4ID
‒
PIR PIR A
110 26 CM CM 6-17 1 CA 308 50
MONG MANG 43 44 H CAB/4ID 353 35
PIR PIR GS
2
SUST 1 SUST 4 SUST 438 SUST 448 TACON 47 CSH CA 418
1ID 4ID 43 44 62 308
PIR PIR 3
CA 407 CA 415 SIG SIG 627 FHC CA 432
308 308 43 44 1 308
PIR PIR
17 14 MED MED 56 CA 407
7POG 7POG 43 44 62 308
DS to 1ID
DS and 4ID
CA 415
308
Word document task organization table has UIC labels to facilitate FMS Web lookup.
POC: Mr. W. Kenna McCurry, DTAC, william.k.mccurry2.civ@mail.mil UNCLASSIFIED AY21 1
Indicates Loss

4ID Task Organization Indicates Gain
OPORD III-21-010 (FLKS DATE) 4ID

III
4ID
III
4ID
III
4ID
III
MAIN TAC CMD
1 1 3 CAB DIVARTY USAF 5-4 E-MI 303 26 14 SUST 4 CA 415

3ID 4ID 4ID 4ID 4ID 13ASOS 10AAMDC 504 MANG 7POG 4ID 308
OPCON DS
GS C
2-7 IN 4-9 1-8 IN 2-4 1-161 A E-MI CI&H 22 301 ST HQ
1/3 1/4 3/4 CAB/4ID 130 5-4 303 48 14 4
(M109A8)
ASLT
1-64 AR 2-23 1-66 AR 3-4 3-13 3-69 AR B E-MI C&E 4 304 SPT 68
1/3 1/4 3/4 M CAB/4ID 75 1/3 5-4 303 36 14 4
(MLRS) (CSSB)
GSR TACON DS
4ID Res
A TA
5-7 1-38 1-68 AR 4-4 TA/HQ C 5 315 SPT 87
1/3 1/4 3/4 H CAB/4ID DIVARTY 5-4 36 14 3/3ID
(CSSB)
DS DS
TACON to III
1-41 2-1 4-10
A
6-17 CORPS EOD
79 112
1/4 3/4
AG
1/3 H CAB/4ID 71 593
A Attack (MMT)
AAMDC Air and Missile Defense Command DS
ASLT Assault
C Chemical
CBT
10 2-12 3-29 F CA Civil Affairs 97 230 FMSU
C&E Collection and Exploitation MP
1/3 1/4 3/4 CAB/4ID 89 4
(Gray Eagle) CI&H Counterintel & Human Intel (HUMINT)
CAB Combat Aviation Brigade
CMD Mobile Command Post
DS Direct Support
CBT CBT E-MI Expeditionary Military Intelligence
SPT 31/3 299
1/4
588
3/4 SPT 404
CAB/4ID
EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal MP 720
89
PS 22
4
FMSU Financial Management Support Unit
GS General Support
ID Infantry Division
M Medium
MANG Massachusetts National Guard
SPT 41/4 SPT 64
3/4
MMT Military Mail Terminal SPT 126
26
534
4
MP Military Police
OPCON Operational Control
POG Psyops Group
SPT Support
SUST Sustainment
TAC Tactical Command Post 26
TACON Tactical Control 26

Indicates Loss

1ID Task Organization Indicates Gain
OPORD III-21-010 (FLKS DATE) 1ID

III
1ID
III
1ID
III
1ID
III
MAIN TAC CMD
1 2 2 CAB DIVARTY USAF 1-188 E-MI 163 110 SUST 1 CA 407 17

1ID 1ID 4ID 1ID 1ID 10ASOS NDNG 504 MANG 1ID 308 7POG
OPCON DS
A C
1-16 IN 1-18 IN 1-12 1-1 ARB 1-14 A E-MI CI&H 83 ST HQ 341
1/1 2/1 2/4 H CAB/1ID 75 1-188 163 48 1 17
(HIMARS)
GSR
GS TA
2-34 AR 1-63 AR 2-12 2-1 GSAB TA/HQ B E-MI C&E 864 SPT 541 344
1/1 2/1 2/4 CAB/1ID DIVARTY 1-188 163 555 1 17
(CSSB)
DS
ASLT EOD
3-66 AR 2-70 AR 1-41 3-1 AAB C 242 9 FMSU 345
1/1 2/1 2/4 M CAB/1ID 1-188 71 1 17
DS DS DS
A A Attack
1-4 5-4 3-61 1-6 ARS AAMDC Air and Missile Defense Command 548 PS 258
1/1 2/1 2/4 H CAB/1ID ASLT Assault 110 1
C Chemical
CA Civil Affairs
C&E Collection and Exploitation
CI&H Counterintel & Human Intel (HUMINT)
CAB Combat Aviation Brigade
1-5 1-7 2-77 F CMD Mobile Command Post 135 267
1/1 2/1 2/4 CAB/1ID DS Direct Support 110 1
(Gray Eagle) E-MI Expeditionary Military Intelligence
EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal
FMSU Financial Management Support Unit
GS General Support
1 82 52 SPT 601 M Medium
1/1 2/1 2/4 CAB/1ID MANG Massachusetts National Guard
MP Military Police
OPCON Operational Control
POG Psyops Group
SPT Support
SUST Sustainment
SPT 101
1/1 SPT 299
2/1 SPT 704
2/4
TAC Tactical Command Post
TACON Tactical Control
Word document task organization table has UIC labels to facilitate FMS Web lookup.
Indicates Loss

2CR SBCT Task Organization Indicates Gain
OPORD III-21-010 (FLKS DATE) 2CR

III
HQ 1 2 3 4 FAS EN SPT SS
2CR 2CR 2CR 2CR 2CR 2CR 2CR 2CR
HQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQ
1/2 2/2 3/2 4/2 FAS/2 EN/2 SS/2
CBT
A A A A A A A
1/2 2/2 3/2 4/2 FAS/2 EN/2 SS/2
CBT
B B B B B B B
1/2 2/2 3/2 4/2 FAS/2 EN/2 SS/2
C C C C C C C
1/2 2/2 3/2 4/2 FAS/2 EN/2 SS/2
C Chemical
CBT Combat
CR Cavalry Regiment
FAS Field Artillery Squadron
FWD Forward W TA
HQ Headquarters D TA/HQ MI D
4/2 FAS/2 EN/2
MI Military Intelligence C
SPT Support 21
SS Support Squadron 83/48
TA Target Acquisition OPCON
W Weapons FWD FWD FWD FWD FWD FWD
SPT G SPT H SPT J SPT D SPT F SPT E
SS/2 SS/2 SS/2 SS/2 SS/2 SS/2
Source: FMSWeb 2CR SBCT (WAL0FF) Word document task organization table has UIC labels to facilitate FMS Web lookup.
III CORPS (USA) COA Statement
MISSION. NLT D+23, III CORPS (USA), SEIZES critical rail and commercial infrastructure (OBJ FRANKLIN) and CONTROLS FIRES: III CORPS (USA) has four fire support tasks (FST): first, NEUTRALIZE (counterfire) DWA IFC assets east of PL BLUE
the bridges over the MISSOURI RIVER (OBJs ADAMS, HENRY, MONROE, and HAMILTON) to deny the Donovian Western at BHO; second, SUPPRESS (SEAD) DWA IADS east of PL BLUE when aviation is operating east of PL GOLD; third,
Army (DWA) a bridgehead in the ATCHISON, LEAVENWORTH, and JOHNSON (ALJ) Region. INTERDICT DWA counterattack east of PL BLUE; fourth, DISRUPT (CYBER) DWA division level C2 and IFC networks during
1ID’s attack on OBJ WASHINGTON and OBJ FRANKLIN IOT prevent them from coordinating counterattacks. The 5 ARMY
COMMANDER’S INTENT. The purpose of this operation is to deny the DWA bridgeheads across the Missouri River which will
FSCL is PL PURPLE and O/O PL GREEN. III Corps CFL and common sensor boundary is initially PL ORANGE; at BHO
force them to withdrawal and allow us to reestablish the international border. Key tasks include, neutralizing the Integrated Air
between 2CR SBCT and 4ID/1ID it is PL GOLD, and O/O it is PL BLUE then O/O PL PURPLE. Priority of fires is initially to
Defense System (IADS) and Integrated Fires Command (IFC) along the Missouri River, interdicting enemy reserves at bridge
2CR SBCT and then 44ID. Upon BHO, 4ID becomes the priority followed by 1ID and 44ID. Once 1ID crosses PL RED and
crossings sites, minimizing congestion on MSR COSMIC, protecting staging areas and government infrastructure in TOPEKA,
begins its attack on OBJ WASHINGTON, it gains POF followed by 4ID and 44ID. CAS is allocated as follows before BHO.
and retaining the support of the Pirtuni population. At endstate (D+23), The DWA has no organized forces larger than a
Corps - 20, 2CR SBCT - 40, 44ID - 40. After BHO, Corps - 20, 4ID - 30, 1ID - 40, 44ID – 10
company west of the Missouri River. III CORPS (USA) is postured to continue offensive operations with at least two BCTs into
DONOVIA if required. The remainder of the Corps transitions to stability operations in support of the Pirtuni Government. The SUSTAINING OPERATION: 3 ESC and 1 MED BDE provide support from LSA BLACKHAWK to enable continued onward
Pirtuni Government will be able to resume civil control of the ALJ Region, and internally displaced populations can begin movement and integration of divisional and corps units into TAAs. Division sustainment brigades must provide both storage
moving home. and transport of sufficient supplies less class III-B and CL V, for five days of operation due to limited ESC throughput
capability, supply route congestion, and increasing distances from Corps support area. The Corps MSR is COSMIC (I-70) with
SHAPING OPERATIONS:
ASRs GALAXY, SUNRISE, and MOONBEAM. Priority of sustainment is Class III, V, medical, and maintenance. Priority of
(SO1) 2CR SBCT (Initial ME) GUARDS between PL YELLOW and PL ORANGE, from CUMMINGS in the north to BALDWIN support is 1ID, 4ID, 2CR SBCT, 6-17 ACS, 44ID, 75FA, 17FA, 67 MEB. Aerial medevac and Role III is located at ATK
CITY in the south, IOT protect 1ID finishing RSOI in AA OMAHA (AA PACKERS, PATRIOTS, and COWBOYS) and 4ID FALCON and LSA BRUINS. Aerial medevac to PL YELLOW until OBJ HENRY, MADISON, and JEFFERSON are secure and
currently in AA UTAH (AA GIANTS, SEAHAWKS, and STEELERS) as they prepare for offensive operations. then it moves east to PL ORANGE. The rear boundary for 1ID, 4ID and 44ID is initially PL SILVER and moves to PL YELLOW
when OBJs HENRY, MADISON, JEFFERSON, are secure. Be prepared to support offensive operations of two BCTS east of
(SO2) 44ID (PIR) continues to RETAIN the cities of ROBINSON, EVEREST, and EFFINGHAM along PL YELLOW in order to
PL BLUE and transition the remainder of the III Corps to stability operations.
protect the population of ATCHISON PROVINCE and build combat power for future operations.
PROTECTION: The priority of protection is initially to Corps RSOI staging areas, ATK FALCON, and MSR COSMIC to PL
(SO3) 4ID conducts a FPOL through 2CR SBCT with a BHOL at PL YELLOW NLT 1800 D+16. O/O attacks east into the 641 WHITE. Once 1ID crosses PL GOLD and begins its attacks on OBJ WASHINGTON and OBJ FRANKLIN it become the
BTG disruption zone to SEIZE OBJ MADISON and OBJ JEFFERSON IOT allow 75 FA BDE to move from PAA1A-B to priority of protection, followed by MSR COSMIC to PL ORANGE. Chemical decontamination units position at AA STEELERS
occupy PAA3A-B. as the primary dirty AA with AA COWBOYS as the alternate. 89 MP BDE conducts detainee operations from LSA
(SO4) 1ID conducts a FPOL through 2CR SBCT south of LAWRENCE. O/O 1ID CLEARS to PL RED IOT support the decisive BLACKHAWK. . PATRIOT coverage is centered on ATK FALCON with early warning extending 20km east of PL PURPLE
operation. and a ballistic missile engagement range to PL ORANGE.
Upon completion of BHO with 4ID and 1ID, 2CR SBCT consolidates in AA RAIDERS and becomes the Corps reserve. III CORPS (USA) engineer tasks: construct and maintain LOCs, (to include airfields, railroads, bulk and distribution storage
facilities and bridges), provide facilities engineer support, and conduct route clearance of MSRs and ASRs. The Corps
In the III CORPS (USA) support area (PL PLATINUM to PL SILVER) 67 MEB SECURES MSRs, LSAs, and Corps CPs engineer work line is initially PL SILVER (the divisional rear boundary) and shifts to PL YELLOW when OBJ HENRY,
allowing 1ID and 4ID to finish RSOI and enabling 3 ESC to sustain III CORPS (USA) offensive operations. Upon relief in place MADISON, and JEFFERSON are secure. Priority of engineer support is initially 2CR SBCT then 44ID, Upon BHO the priority
by the III CORPS (USA), 43ID (PIR) reconstitutes southwest of TOPEKA. O/O, but NLT D+23, 43ID (PIR) CONTROLS the of engineer support shifts to 4ID, followed by 1ID then 44ID. Priority of engineer support shifts to 1ID once they cross PL RED.
Corps consolidation area between PL SILVER and PL WHITE to facilitate transition to civil control. O/O, the consolidation
area expands east to PL YELLOW in 1ID and 4ID AOs, remaining at PL WHITE in the 44ID AO. COMMAND AND CONTROL: The III CORPS (USA) MAIN CP will remain stationary at ATK FALCON. The Corps TAC is
prepared to reposition and displaces to ATK HAWK after 1ID advances to PL GOLD. There are five anticipated decisions
DECISIVE OPERATION: including: 1) Commitment of the reserve. 2) Timing of O/O attacks to OBJs ADAMS, HENRY, MONROE, HAMILTON, and
(ME) 1ID attacks east to DEFEAT the 601 BTG’s main battle area at OBJ WASHINGTON and SEIZE the KANSAS CITY rail FRANKLIN. 3) Timing of 6-17 ACS attacks into EA TALON or EA BEAK ICW SEAD. 4) Removing the LOA restriction on PL
yards at OBJ FRANKLIN IOT deny the DWA a bridgehead in the JOHNSON region. As 1ID moves east of PL GOLD, 17 FA BLUE. 6) Moving the divisional rear boundaries to PL YELLOW.
BDE moves forward from PAA4A-B to PAA 6A-B as needed. RISK: The Corps assumes tactical risk by not having a dedicated reserve until 2CR SBCT consolidates in AA RAIDERS and
(SE1) 4ID attacks east to CONTROL OBJ MONROE and OBJ HAMILTON IOT deny the DWA a bridgehead vic. has completed rearming and refueling. The risk is highest along the boundary of 44ID and 4ID where the 650 BTG could
LEAVENWORTH and protect 1ID's northern flank. As 4ID advances from PL RED to PL BLUE, 75 FA BDE moves from execute a spoiling attack if they detect the vulnerability prior to 2CR SBCT’s consolidation. This risk is mitigated by giving 4ID
PAA3A-B to PAA5A-B as needed. priority of fires during this window of vulnerability before shifting it to 1ID for the decisive operation.
(SE2) 44ID (PIR) attacks east to CONTROL OBJ ADAMS and OBJ HENRY IOT deny the DWA a bridgehead vic. ATCHISON RESERVE: The Corps reserve, 2CR SBCT has three priorities of planning once it has finished consolidating in AA RAIDERS:
and protect 1ID's northern flank. 1) Follow and support 1ID seizing OBJ FRANKLIN IOT enable the DO. 2) Block DWA counterattack along PL RED and south
of I-70 IOT protect III Corps’ LOCs. 3) Follow and support 4ID securing OBJ MONROE IOT enable follow-on operations.
(SE3) 6-17 ACS INTERDICTS DWA counterattack vic. EA TALON, EA BEAK, or EA WING IOT protect 1ID.
INFORMATION COLLECTION: Upon BHO at PL YELLOW (NLT 1800 D+16), the intelligence handover line (IHOL) between
III Corps and 1ID/4ID is PL GOLD and O/O PL BLUE. IHOL with 44ID (PIR) is PL BLUE.
Initial III CORPS (USA) PIRs:
1) Where are the elements of the DWA IADS that that must be suppressed for SEAD fires east of PL BLUE?
2) Where are the elements of the DWA IFC that must be neutralized IOT support III Corps’ attack towards PL BLUE?
3) When and where will the DWA commit its operational reserves (650, 640, and 604 BTGs) towards OBJs MONROE,
HAMILTON, and/or FRANKLIN (NAIs 100, 200, and 500)?

III Corps COA Sketch
AY21 v2
PL PLATINUM PL SILVER PL WHITE PL YELLOW PL ORANGE PL BLUE PL PURPLE PL GREEN
1ID (USA) 36EN (USA) 10km 20km 30km 40km 50km

XXX
III CORPS
USAF E-MI SUST
R Legend
611 C Airﬁeld Urban Area
OBJ St Joseph
ADAMS
Major Highway River > 15m
4ID (USA) 67MEB (USA)
Minor Highway River/Creek < 15m
USAF E-MI SUST R
615 Local Road Bridge >70t
C EOD ASR
MP SPT GAL
AXY
614
612
NAI 650
43ID (PIR) 89MP (USA) R NAI
AtchisonC
OBJ 100
600 HENRY
Eﬃngham
44ID (PIR) PL RED
362
SUST MP MP MP XX
4ID (USA) NAI
ASR SUNRISE PAA PL GOLD I
200 640
44ID (PIR) 1MED (USA) PAA 3A PAA

PAA PAA EA
AA OBJ TALON
GIANTS PAA S MONROE NAI
NAI C
N 368
300
SUST 2 3 PAA 1A PAA PAA PAA 5A PAA
OBJ 700 645 66
MADISON Leavenworth
AA 63
PAA PAA 3B PAA PAA
SEAHAWKS 641
2CR (USA) 308CA (USA) PAA EA N NAI
PAA P(F) Lansing 167
BEAK 400
C PAA NAI
S
SPT PAA 1B PAA
PAA 5B PAA 800
Manhattan DSA OBJ
OBJ C EA
JEFFERSON
CA CA CA CA OILERS G HAMILTON WING
PAA
PAA
USA OBJ S
LSA 2CR NAI
ATK AA FRANKLIN
BLACKHAWK AA AA
III 900
75FA (USA) EAGLE UTAH
STEELERS RAIDERS G PAA OBJ
WASHINGTON
S III PL BLUE
601
PAA 6A PAA Kansas City
MSR COSMIC PAA 4ID TAC
SPT Topeka XX ATK
PAA AA 1ID HAWK
PACKERS PAA 62
III AA PAA 4A PAA
FALCON PAA 364
17FA (USA) 6-17 ACS (USA) MAIN PAA 2A PAA AA Lawrence
PAA NAI
III PATRIOTS 602
500
PAA PAA 6B PAA 604
TAC
AA OMAHA
A A A FWD PAA PAA
SPT H H H H ASR MOONBEAN
SPT
PAA
DSA
AA P(F)
BRUINS PAA 4B PAA 603
PAA 2B PAA COWBOYS
504E-MI (USA)
III CORPS (USA) PAA
PAA
XXX
PL PLATINUM WESTERN ARMY (PIR) PL SILVER PL WHITE PL YELLOW PL ORANGE PL RED PL GOLD PL PURPLE PL GREEN
E-MI E-MI
III CORPS (USA) Nesting Diagram
MISSION. 5th Army (USA) attacks to DEFEAT the Donovian Western Army (DWA) NLT 1800RD+21, vicinity of KANSAS CITY causing them to withdraw from PIRTUNI, and to restore the international border (IB).
COMMANDER’S INTENT. The purpose of this operation is to force the DWA to withdraw and prevent them from supporting the True Pan-Donovian Movement (TPDM) claims to this area and allow PIRTUNI to reestablish civil control over
the provinces of ATCHISON, LEAVENWORTH, and JOHNSON (ALJ Region). Key tasks include: RSOI of III Corps, neutralization of enemy operational fires (SCUD and chemical weapons), build a strong coalition with Pirtuni forces. At end
state, The DWA is defeated and has withdrawn east across the IB, the Donovian government recognizes Pirtuni Sovereignty of the ALJ Region, 5th Army is prepared to continue offensive ground operations across the IB if necessary, and
the Pirtuni government is capable of reintegrating displaced populations and restoring civil control to the ALJ.
±
PIR Shaping Operation Decisive Operation USA Sustaining Operation
WESTERN ARMY SUST 3
USA Remember: The decisive operation (DO) is not a unit, it
Western Army (PIR) III is the operation that directly accomplishes the mission. 3 ESC (USA)
Task: RETAIN OTTAWA and FORT The DO may be executed by one or more units. Mission. 3 ESC OCCUPIES LSA BLACKHAWK and LSA BRUINS to allow RSOI of III Corps and
SCOTT. III Corps (USA) sustains III Corps offensive operations to PL BLUE. BPT SUPPORT 1ID east of PL BLUE.
Purpose: Protect III Corps southern flank. Mission. NLT 1730RD+23, III (US) CORPS SEIZES critical rail and commercial infrastructure (OBJ FRANKLIN) and CONTROLS the bridges Commander’s Intent. III Corps must be logistically capable of operating on PL BLUE to deny a
over the Missouri River (OBJs ADAMS, HENRY, MONROE, and HAMILTON) to deny the DWA a bridgehead in the ALJ Region. Donovian bridgehead in the ALJ region. Key Tasks: Build and increase theater sustainment stocks
Commander’s Intent. The purpose of this operation is to deny the DWA bridgeheads across the Missouri River which will force them to withdraw IOT support offensive operations to III Corps. Provide sustainment support (less medical) to III
and allow us to reestablish the international border. Key tasks include, neutralizing the Integrated Air Defense (IADS) and Integrated Fires Corps using multiple and redundant modes and nodes IOT extend operational reach and
Command (IFC) along the Missouri River, interdicting enemy reserves at bridge crossings sites, minimizing congestion on MSR COSMIC, endurance. Echelon sustainment capabilities and key commodities (CL III(B), V, VII) as far forward
protecting staging areas and government infrastructure in TOPEKA, and retaining the support of the Pirtuni population. At endstate (D+23), The as possible. Influence and integrate with III Corps support area security plan. Set the conditions for
DWA has no organized forces larger than a company west of the Missouri River. III Corps is postured to continue offensive operations with at a successful and timely transition to PH IV IOT restore the Atropian Government. Endstate: No
least two BCTs into DONOVIA if required. The remainder of the Corps transitions to stability operations in support of the Pirtuni Government. The interruption in sustainment support to III Corps, 11D and 4ID can sustain operations and maintain
Pirtuni Government is able to resume civil control of the ALJ Region, and internally displaced populations can begin moving home. offensive momentum that results in the restoration of the IB, and the theater is set for the transition
to PH IV that enables the return of Pirtuni essential services and legitimacy of governance.
Shaping Operations Decisive Operation
‒ ‒
PIR PIR USA PIR USA USA A USA USA
2CR 44 4ID 43 67 44 4ID 75 17 6-17 1ID
III III NENG III III III H CAS/4ID III
2CR SBCT (USA) 44th Mech Inf Div (PIR) 4ID (USA) 43nd Mech Inf Div (PIR) 67 MEB (USA) 44th Mech Inf Div 4ID (USA) 75th and 17th FA Bdes (USA) 6-17 ACS, CAB/4ID 1ID (USA)
Task: GUARD from Task: RETAIN the towns of Task: Conduct FPOL Task: Reconstitute Task: SECURE the Corps (PIR) Task: O/O CONTROL FST 1: NEUTRALIZE (counterfire) DWA IFC (USA) Task: Conduct FPOL
CUMMINGS in the north to HIAWATHA, HORTON, through 2CR SBCT. Purpose: Prepare to support area (Corps rear Task: O/O CONTROL OBJ MONROE and east of PL BLUE. TASK: INTERDICT through 2CR SBCT.
BALDWIN CITY in the south. and EFFINGHAM. Purpose: Initiate offensive conduct operations to boundary to PL SILVER). the bridges at OBJ OBJ HAMILTON. Purpose: Prevent the enemy from massing fires the DWA Purpose: Initiate
Purpose: Identify enemy in Purpose: Protect the operations to the east. CONTROL the III Corps Purpose: Allow 1ID and ADAMS and OBJ Purpose: Deny the on 1ID and 4ID. counterattack vic. EAs offensive operations to
disruption zone and prevent population of the consolidation area 4ID to finish RSOI and HENRY. DWA a bridgehead vic. TALON or BEAK. the east.
Task: SEIZE OBJ FST 2: SUPPRESS (SEAD) DWA IADS east of
enemy ground observation of ATCHISON Province and MADISON and OBJ between PL SILVER and enable 3 ESC to sustain III Purpose: Deny the LEAVENWORTH and PL BLUE. PURPOSE: Protect Task: DEFEAT the 60
and indirect fire against 1ID to build combat power for JEFFERSON. PL WHITE NLT D+23. Corps offensive operations. DWA a bridgehead vic. protect 1ID’s northern 1ID as it seizes OBJ DTG at OBJ
and 4ID as they prepare for future operations. ATCHISON and flank. Purpose: Support 6-17 ACS interdiction. FRANKLIN.
Purpose: Protect the O/O CONTROL the III WASHINGTON.
offensive operations. Corps consolidation area protect 1ID’s northern FST 3: INTERDICT DWA counterattack east of
northern flank of 1ID and flank. PL BLUE. Purpose: Enable the
Task: Conduct FPOL with allow 75 FA Bde to occupy east to PL YELLOW. subsequent seizure of
1ID and 4ID. PAA3. Purpose: Protect 1ID as it seizes OBJ the railyards at OBJ
Purpose: Move III Corps FRANKLIN. FRANKLIN.
forces forward to conduct FST4: DISRUPT (cyber) DWA division level C2 Task: SEIZE the
offensive operations. and IFC networks. railyards at OBJ
Upon battle handover, Purpose: Protect 1ID as it seizes OBJ FRANKLIN.
consolidate in AA REDSKINS FRANKLIN. Purpose: Deny the
and become the Corps DWA access to their
Reserve. strategic objective.
Close Area Consolidation Area Support Area Close Area Deep Area Close Area

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US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE

The Army School System (TASS)

Advance Sheet for C401

JPME I Learning Areas Supported:

a. Advance Issue: (located in Blackboard C401 lesson material)

b. During Class: Wi-Fi is available.

C401 Advance Sheet 1 (AY 20-21)

(1) First Requirement:

C401 Advance Sheet 2 AY 20-21

b. Quiz Description and Instructions:

C401 Advance Sheet 3 AY 20-21

C401 C402 C403 C404 C405 C407 C406 C408 C409

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RItpEV0enYU, start 36:43 and end 45:52

ADP 3-0, Jul 2019

4. Tenets and Principles of ULO

7. Mission Command: C2 of Army Forces

8. Operational Terms and Symbols

Fundamental principles by which operating Symbols

require judgment in application.

64 Field Manuals (FM):

Techniques (non-prescriptive ways or methods

used to perform missions, functions, or tasks).

Guided by… Mission Command (Approach)

To execute unified land operations, commanders

4. Tenets and Principles of ULO

7. Mission Command: C2 of Army Forces

8. Operational Terms and Symbols

ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, p. 1-2 to 1-3

Are these threats? If so, what kind?

Threat Methods Regular Irregular

ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, paras. 1-22 to 1-23

All war is inherently about changing human behavior,

…shape operational environments…

…to prevent conflict…

…prevail in large-scale ground combat…

ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, pp. 1-5 to 1-6

ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, pp. 1-9 to 1-11

• Emphasizes experiential practice and

• Accounts for other domains that can

 Prepared for harsh reality of land combat.

• Accounts for likely training 5. Rehearse

4. Tenets and Principles of ULO

7. Mission Command: C2 of Army Forces

8. Operational Terms and Symbols

Elements conducted outside* the United States. . .

Elements conducted within* the United States. . .

ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, pp. 3-1 to 3-5

Stability Offense Win

Seize Initiative Joint Phases

Enable Civil Authority

4. Tenets and Principles of ULO

7. Mission Command: C2 of Army Forces

8. Operational Terms and Symbols

• Execution of related and mutually supporting tasks at the same

ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, para. 3-67

The extension of operations in space, time, or purpose to achieve

ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, para. 3-68

• The arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose

ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, paras. 3-70 to 3-72

The employment of a versatile mix of capabilities, formations, and

ADP 3-0, Operations, Jul 19, paras. 3-73 to 3-74

• Mission Command: An approach to command and control.

Principles  Shared understanding