7UT CT-Requirements en

Energy Automation
7UT8 Transformer Differential

Protection:
- CT Requirements
© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

Content
§ Basics
§ Magnitude and angle errors of current transformers
§ Transients
§ Design
§ Summary of current transformers

Page 2 30.06.2015 Energy Automation Division Energy Management
Basics
Types of current transformers
Resin-insulated Generator-current transformer

Indoor or outdoor For terminal box or main leads
Current transformers
insulator-type transformer
slip-over transformer
bushing-type current transformer

totally insulated
Cable-type current transformer

Basics
Magnitude and angle errors
N
I‘p = Ip. 1
N2
Equivalent circuit:
Ip I‘p Rct e
Is Magnitude
error
N1 N2 I0 Is
L0 E U2 Rba
ideal Faulted part of current d

current transformer
Angle error
transformer
Note:
The secondary current is leading
(positive angle error) I0
Basics
Defined errors at the P class
Definition:
5 P 20 30 VA
Rated burden
Rated accuracy limiting factor (ALFN old n)
core type P = protection
accuracy in % at ALFN · IN
at rated current at primary overcurrent

Accuracy
class Magnitude
Angle error Angle error Total error
error
% minute centigrade %
5P ±1 ±60 ±1,8 5
10P* ±3 ¾ ¾ 10
All values are valid for steady state conditions (symmetrical currents)
* fault angle is not specified in IEC 61869-2, therefore, the Class 10P for the differential protection is not recommended.
Basics
Influence of the burden on the errors
Isecondary/In burden < 15 VA
Improvement
Under of the saturation
burden degree
10 burden = 15 VA
Fi = 10%
Note:
burden > 15 VA The burden is mainly
determined by the instrument
5
leads.
10P10, 15 VA Over
burden
0 5 10 15 Iprimary/In

Basics
Definition of the rated currents
Primary rated current

Orientation on the rated current of the protective object
Normally the CT current selection is a little bit higher
Grading according standard: Decimal multiple of
10 – 12,5 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 40 – 50 – 60 – 75 A
(CT manufacturer delivers also a different grading)
Example: IN,G = 7330 A à selected rated CT current: 8000 A
Secondary rated current

Dominant current are 1 A and 5 A (according standard 2 A is permissible)
5 A: Advantage: less number of winding turns; Disadvantage: low permissible
burden ( ZN = SN,CT/(IN,CT)2 = 15 VA/25 A2 = 0,6 Ohm)
1A: Advantage: Higher permissible burden ( ZN = SN,CT/(IN,CT)2 = 15 VA/1 A2 = 15
Ohm); Disadvantage: higher number of winding turns (larger internal burden)
Preferred secondary rated current: 1A

Basics
Equivalent circuit and Magnetizing characteristic
Ip I‘p Is RCt E = secondary e.m.f. (rms)

I0 (knee point voltage)
L0
TP E US RBC IP = primary current
Is = secondary current
ideal Faulted part of current
CT transformer I0 = Magnetizing current
RCt = sec. winding resistance
Example: CT 1500/1A, 5P20, 50VA, Rct = 3Ω
RBC= connected burden
US = sec. voltage (rms)
E TP = primary time constant
(e.g. network time)
constant)
Note:
Magnetizing characteristic is nonlinear
E = Is·(Rct + Rba)
I0
Basics
Special features of class P CTs
Specified is for the total error at accuracy limit current

(5P20 à 5% at twenty time of rated current and rated burden)
No requirements on remanence
Closed ring core
Large CT time constant (seconds to minutes)
Problem:
Remanence § Current transformer is magnetized e.g. via
switching off of a transient current with a large
Hysterese
DC time constant. He remains in the resulting
Initial
remanence point.
magnetizing
curve
§ An new fault current can immediately lead to a
saturation. Reason: The process starts from the
remanence point (worst case: 80%)
§ The actual value of remanence is unknown (e.g.
the fault current can also start in the opposite
direction). This leads to a reduction of
remanence)

Basics
Transient currents
Primary- and
I‘p [A]
secondary IS [A]
current
CT goes into
saturation
Magnetizing I0 [A]
current

CT saturation
Critical at differential protection
Trip
45°
Block

Current differential protection
Switching on of external loads can lead to problems 1/3
Generator differential protection trip on generator G1

In a industrial plant a transformer was switched on
69 kV Industrial infeed
30 km
12 MVA
6,9 kV
G1 G2
5,6 MVA G G
Instantaneous values from the protection
DC component in the phase current is clear visible

Different DC transient
transmission leads to a
small increased differential
current with a low
0,15 stabilizing current
0,18 Countermeasure:
Increasing of the
inclination of slope 1 from
0,15 to 0,25 (factory
setting)

Current transformer dimensioning
Over dimensioning factor
To improve the transient performance of the CT the relay manufacturer specify a

transient dimensioning factor (Ktd).
Required actual accuracy limiting factor (ALF):
ALF = K td × K SSC
Required rated accuracy limiting factor (ALF’):
R BC + R Ct
ALF' = ALF
R BN + R Ct

Transformer Differential CT calculation
Glossary of used abbreviations:

ALF' Operational Accuracy Limit Factor
ALF'
ALF Accuracy limit factor

Rct Secondary winding resistance at 75°C
Rb Ohmic rated burden
Rba Rated resistive burden
Rs (Rct + Rba)
Ipr Primary rated current of the transformer
Isr Secondary rated current of the transformer
IInt.max Maximum internal symmetric fault current
IExt.max Maximum external symmetric fault current
Ktd Transient rated dimensioning factor
KSSC Factor of the symmetric rated short-circuit current = Ipsc/Ipr
Ek Knee-point voltage
Vt Rated terminal voltage with 20-fold rated current and rated burden Rb
Vta Current terminal voltage with 20-fold rated current and current burden Rba
Transformer Differential CT calculation
Recommendation:
As remanence leads to earlier saturation which, in general, is critical for the differential protection. For new
systems, Siemens recommends anti-remanence cores in the classes 5PR, PXR and TPY. In case of the high
direct-current components to be expected, Siemens recommends the class TPZ, so that an overfunction with
external faults is avoided. © Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.
CT verification 1/5
1. Internal Fault 2. External Fault

31.5kA
l= 60m
110 kV, 50Hz A= 4mm2
7UT85
-T (T HV) -T1
1250/1A 200MVA
5P30 110/30 kV
5 VA 50 Hz
Rct = 18Ω uk = 14%

CT verification 2/5
SN 200000kVA
Transforme r rated current : I N ,Tr = = = 1050 A
3 ×U N 3 ×110kV
100% 100%
Maximum external symmetric fault current : I Ext .max = I N ,TR × = 1050 A × = 7498 A
uk 14%
31500 A
Factor of the internal symmetric rated short - circuit current : K ssc (int) = = 25.2
1250 A
7498 A
Factor of the external symmetric rated short - circuit current : K ssc (ext ) = = 6.0
1250 A
a.)IEC class 5P
31500 A
1. Internal fault : ALF' = 0.5 × = 12.6
1250 A
7498 A
2. External fault : ALF' = 2 × = 12 " but minimum 25"
1250 A
Result :
Operating accuracy limiting factor of ³ 25, for example : 5P30, R b = Sr /I sr ³ connected burden
R ba for example : Sr = 2.5 VA or 5 VA - > 5P30 5VA
Ktd = 2 for external fault (given from the relay manufacturer)

CT verification 3/5
S n 5 VA
Rb = 2
= = 5Ω
I sn 1A 2
2×ρ ×l
R ba = R Cable + R Relay = + 0.1 Ω
A
Ω mm 2
2 × 0.0175 × 60 m
= m + 0.1 Ω = 0.625 Ω
4 mm 2 ALF required = 25
ALF CT = 37.05
CT: 25 < 37.05
R Ct + R BN 18 Ω + 5 Ω
ALF = ALF N × = 30 × = 37.05 à CT Dimensioning is okay
R Ct + R BC 18 Ω + 0.625 Ω
Rb Ohmic rated burden

Rba Rated resistive burden
ALF' Operational Accuracy Limit Factor
ALF Accuracy limit factor
ρ Specific resistance of cupper

Avoiding of overfunction via remanence
Present practice:
Current applications live the risk of remanence (low probability assumed) and
trust the saturation detection in the relays
Additional over dimensioning of the P – core

1 1
K rem = ® worst case at class P : =5
1 - Kr 1 - 0,8
CT design is becomes larger and is more expensive
Current transformer with air gap and lower remanence

§ PR as class P , max. remanence factor 10%
(approx. factor 1,2 larger as P core)
§ TPY IEC 61869-2:2012, max. remanence factor 10%
(Cl. 1 at IN, error is specified at the transient overcurrent)
§ TPZ IEC 61869-2:2012, no remanence
(angle error 180‘ àtime constant 60 ms; Rated burden must be
connected on the CT) © Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.
Appendix
Thank you for your

attention!


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Energy Automation

7UT8 Transformer Differential

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

Resin-insulated Generator-current transformer

bushing-type current transformer

Cable-type current transformer

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

ideal Faulted part of current d

core type P = protection

at rated current at primary overcurrent

Isecondary/In burden < 15 VA

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

Primary rated current

Secondary rated current

Preferred secondary rated current: 1A

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

Ip I‘p Is RCt E = secondary e.m.f. (rms)

Specified is for the total error at accuracy limit current

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

Generator differential protection trip on generator G1

Instantaneous values from the protection

DC component in the phase current is clear visible

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

To improve the transient performance of the CT the relay manufacturer specify a

Required actual accuracy limiting factor (ALF):

Required rated accuracy limiting factor (ALF’):

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

Glossary of used abbreviations:

ALF Accuracy limit factor

1. Internal Fault 2. External Fault

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

Ktd = 2 for external fault (given from the relay manufacturer)

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

Rb Ohmic rated burden

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

Additional over dimensioning of the P – core

Current transformer with air gap and lower remanence

Thank you for your

© Siemens AG 2015. All rights reserved.

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