MATH ANALYSIS 2 We call

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 as an indefinite integral

UNIT 1: INTEGRATION f(x) as the integrand
LESSON 1: BASIC INTEGRATION F(x) as the particular antiderivative
TECHNIQUES
C as the constant of integration
Learning Outcomes:
Example. Since F(x) = x3 is an antiderivative of f(x)
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to = 3x2, then we write

1. explain the relationship between ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶

differentiation and anti-differentiation.
2. manifest skills in evaluating integrals using Remarks:
the basic concepts learned. 1. ∫ 𝐹′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
1.1: ANTIDERIVATIVES 𝑑
2. If ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶, then [ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ] =
𝑑𝑥
Antiderivatives 𝑓(𝑥).

A differentiable function of F is an antiderivative 3. Hence, differentiation and integration are inverse

of a function f on an interval I if F’(x) = f(x), for in nature.
all x Ɛ I.
Theorem 2: Basic Integration Formulas

Example. The function F(x) = x3 is an 1. ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶

antiderivative of f(x) = 3x2 on (-∞, ∞). 2. ∫ 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶, where k is constant. 𝑑
(kx + C) = x
Set of real 𝑑𝑥
numbers
3. ∫ 𝑘 . 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3
Observe that every function of the form G(x) = x + 4.∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ±
C is any constant, is also an antiderivative of f(x) =
∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
x3 on (-∞, ∞). G(x) = x3 + √2
𝑥 𝑛+1
G’(x) = 3x2 = f(x) 5. If n ≠ -1, then ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
Power
Theorem 1 Formula
Example. Evaluate the following integrals.
If F is an antiderivative of f on I, then G is an
antiderivative of f on I if and only if there exists a 1. ∫(10𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
constant C such that G(x) = F(x) + C, for all x Ɛ I. Solution:

∫(10𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 10 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 +
Notation:
4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
If = f(x), then we may write dy = f(x) dx. If F is 𝑥 4+1 𝑥 3+1 𝑥 2+1
𝑑𝑥 = 10 +4 - –x+C
an antiderivative of f, then we write ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 4+1 3+1 2+1

𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶, where is any constant. 𝑥3

= 2x5 + x4 - –x+C
3
2. ∫√ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 Note:

Solution: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≠ [ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥] [ ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]

and
∫√ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫√ 𝑥1/2 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 ∫ ≠
𝑥2
+1
𝑔(𝑥) ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= 1 +𝐶
+1
2

3
Theorem 3: Indefinite Integrals of
𝑥2 Trigonometric Functions
= 3 +𝐶
2
1. ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
= 3 𝑥 3/2 + 𝐶 or 𝑥 √𝑥 + 𝐶 2. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
3

3. ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
3. ∫(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
Solution:
5. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
∫(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

= 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
Example. Evaluate the following integrals.
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= 2 ( 2+1 ) - – 3x + C
1+1 1. ∫ (2 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 3 𝑥2 Solution:
= − − 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2

∫ (2 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥−1 = 2 ∫ (cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

Solution: = 2 sin x – 3(-cos x) + C

2𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 1 = 2 sin x + 3 cos x + C
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 𝑥2
2𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 1/2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 1/2 𝑑𝑥
1 2. ∫ cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 Solution:
= ∫(2𝑥1/2 − 𝑥 −2 )𝑑𝑥
1
+1 − +1
1 ∫ cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥 2
= 2 (1 )−( 1 )+𝐶
+1 − +1
2 2
Using the identity:
cot2 x = csc2 x – 1
4𝑥 2
3
1
4𝑥√𝑥 = ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= − 2𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟
2 − 2 √𝑥 + 𝐶
3 3
= -cot x – x + C
 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 1+cos 𝑥 1.2: INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Solution: Recall:

𝑑𝑥 1 1 − cos 𝑥 If f and g are differentiable functions, then by Chain

∫ = ∫( . ) 𝑑𝑥 Rule
1 + cos 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
𝑑
1−cos 𝑥
= ∫ 1−cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [f(g(x))] = f’(g(x))g’(x) dx.
𝑑𝑥
Multiply by: 1 =
1−cos 𝑥
1−cos 𝑥 Theorem 4: Chain Rule for Integration
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 1−cos 𝑥
sin2 𝑥
If u = g(x) is a differentiable function and f has an
Using the identity:
antiderivative, then
sin2 x = 1 – cos2 x
∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢.
1 cos 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 1 cos 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 Write: = .
sin2 𝒙 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Note:

= ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 To apply Theorem 4, we may use the substitution u

= g(x) and du = g’(x)dx. To evaluate this type of
= -cot x – (-csc x) + C integrals: we solve the integral in terms of u then
1 cos 𝑥
csc x = , 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = back substitute in terms of variable x.
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= -cot x + csc x + C
Theorem 5: Basic Integration Formulas
2
4. ∫ (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 1. ∫ 0 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐶
Solution:
2. ∫ 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑘𝑢 + 𝐶, where k is constant.
∫ (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + cot 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 3. ∫ 𝑘 . 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢

= ∫ (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 4.∫[𝑓(𝑢) ± 𝑔(𝑢)] 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 ±

∫ 𝑔(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
+ 2 tan 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + cot 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑛/1
Note that tan x cot x = 1 5. If n ≠ -1, then ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(csc 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 Theorem 6: Indefinite Integrals of
Trigonometric Functions
Use the identities:
tan2 x = (sec2 x – 1) 1. ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶

cot2 x = (csc2 x – 1) 2. ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶

2 2
3. ∫ sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
∫ 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶
6. ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶
= tan x – cot x + C
Example. Evaluate the following integrals. 2𝑥 2 +𝑥
3. ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
√4𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +6
1. ∫ 6𝑥 2 (4 + 2𝑥 3 )5 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Solution:
Let u = 4x3 + 3x2 + 6. Then du = (12x2 + 6x)dx = 6(2x2
Let u = 4 + 2x3. Then du = 6x2dx and u5 = (4 + 2x3)5. + x)dx, u1/3 = (4x3 + 3x2 + 6)1/3, and nf = 1/6. Thus,
Thus,
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 1 6(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∫3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
∫ 6𝑥 2 (4 + 2𝑥 3 )5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(4 + 2𝑥 3 )5 (6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥) √4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 6 6 (4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 6)1/3
1 𝑑𝑢
= 6∫ 1
5
Rewrite the given: u du 𝑢3

= ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢 Integrate with respect to u

1
= 6 ∫ 𝑢−1/3 𝑑𝑢
𝑢6
= +𝐶 1
− +1
𝑢 3
1
6
=6 ( 1 )+𝐶
6
− +1
3
(4+2𝑥 3 )
= +𝐶 2
6
1 𝑢3
=6 ( 2 )+𝐶
3

2
1 3
2. ∫ √4𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 𝟏/𝟐 = 6 . 2 𝑢3 + 𝐶
Or ∫(𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙

Solution: 1
= 4 (4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 6)2/3 + 𝐶
Let u = 4x + 1. Then du = 4 dx and √4x + 1 = √u =
u1/2. Since the given has only dx, we introduce a
4. ∫ 𝑥 √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
constant called the neutralizing factor (nf). This
constant is multiplied before the integral sign to Solution:
balance the left hand side (LHS) to the right hand
side (RHS) of the equation. That is,in this case, nf = Let u = x + 1. Then du = dx and x = u – 1. Thus,
1
1
¼. Thus, ∫ √4𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫(4𝑥 + 1)2 (4𝑑𝑥) ∫ 𝑥 √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑢 − 1)√𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Substitute: u = 4x + 1, = ∫(𝑢 − 1)𝑢1/2 𝑑𝑢

du = 4dx 3 1
=∫(𝑢2 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
= ¼ ∫ 𝑢1/2 𝑑𝑢 Integrate with respect to u
3
3 𝑢5/2 𝑢2
𝑢2 = − 3 +𝐶
=¼( )+𝐶 5/2
3 2
2
3
1 2 2(𝑥+1)5/2 2(𝑥+1)2
= 4 . 3 𝑢3/2 + 𝐶 = − +𝐶
5 3

1 1
= 6 (4𝑥 + 1)3/2 + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 6 (4𝑥 + 1)√4𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶
 sec(√𝑥)tan(√𝑥) 1
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos(2𝑥)(2𝑑𝑥)
√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 2
= 𝑑𝑥
Solution: √𝑥 √𝑥 1
= 2 ∫ cos(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
1
Let u = √x. Then du = 2 𝑑𝑥 and nf = 2. Thus, 1
√𝑥
= 2 sin(𝑢) + 𝐶
sec(√𝑥) tan(√𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ½ sin(2x) + C
√𝑥
1 1 1
= 2 ∫ sec(√𝑥) tan(√𝑥) ( 𝑑𝑥) ∴ ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − ∫ cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥 2 2
1 1 1
= 2 ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑥 − 2 [2 sin(2𝑥) + 𝐶] + 𝐶
= 2sec u + C 1 1 𝑥 sin(2𝑥)
= 𝑥 − sin(2𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 − +𝐶
2 4 2 4
= 2sec(√x) + C

8. ∫ sin3 (2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[sin(2𝑥)]3 𝑑𝑥

6. ∫ sin 𝑥 cos3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Solution:
Solution: Note that we can write sin3(2x) = sin2(2x) sin(2x) =
Let u = cos x. Then du = -sin x dx and nf = -1. Thus, [1 – cos2(2x)] sin(2x).
Let u = cos(2x). Then du = -2sin(2x) dx and nf = -
∫ sin 𝑥 cos3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(cos 𝑥)3 (− sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) 1/2. Thus,

= − ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 ∫ sin3(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[1 − cos2 (2𝑥)] sin(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑢4
=− +𝐶 1
4 = − 2 ∫[1 − cos 2 (2𝑥)] [−2 sin(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]

cos4 𝑥 1
=− +𝐶 = − 2 ∫(1 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
4
1 𝑢3
= − 2 (𝑢 − )+𝐶
3

7. ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
= − 2 𝑢 + 6 𝑢3 + 𝐶
1

Solution:
1 1 cos(2x)
1−cos(2𝑥) 1
=− 2 cos(2𝑥) + 6 cos3 (2𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 − +
2
Recall the identity: sin2 x = = = cos3(2𝑥)
2 2
cos(2𝑥) 1 cos(2𝑥)
+𝐶
2 6
− . Then ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [2 − ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1 1 1
= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 sin(sin ) cos
𝑥 𝑥
9. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑥2 ( )= (𝑥 −1 ) = − 2
1 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Solution:
1 1 1
= 2 𝑥 − 2 ∫ cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 1 1 1 cos
𝑥
Let u = sin 𝑥. Then du = − 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
For ∫ cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥: Let u = 2x. Then du = 2 dx and nf and nf = -1.
= ½. Thus,
 1 1
sin(sin 𝑥 ) cos 𝑥 ∫ √2 + √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 [(4𝑢3 − 8𝑢) 𝑑𝑢]
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
1 = ∫(4𝑢4 − 8𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
1 cos 𝑥
= ∫[sin(sin )] ( 2 𝑑𝑥) 4 8
𝑥 𝑥 = 5 𝑢5 − 3 𝑢3 + 𝐶

1 3
1 cos 4 8
= − ∫[sin(sin 𝑥)] (− 𝑥
𝑑𝑥) = 5 (√2 + √𝑥) − 3 (√2 + √𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑥2

= − ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= - (-cos u) + C 1.3: INTEGRATION LEADING TO
LOGARITHM
= cos u + C
1
Recall:
= cos (sin 𝑥) + 𝐶
1. ln 1 = 0
2. If x > 1, then ln x > 0.
10. ∫ √2 + √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. If 0 < x < 1, then ln x < 0.
Solution:
𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑑𝑥 4. 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0. In general, 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑢 = .
𝑢
Let u = 2 + √x. Then du = 2 dx = 2 and √x = u –
√ 𝑥 √ 𝑥
2. 5. ln x is strictly increasing on (0, ∞).

2 √𝑥 Theorem 7
∫ √2 + √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √2 + √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
2 √𝑥 Let a, b > 0. Then
𝑑𝑥
= 2 ∫ √2 + √𝑥 . √𝑥 . 2 𝑥 1. ln(ab) = ln a + ln b
√
𝑎
= 2 ∫ √𝑢 (𝑢 − 2) 𝑑𝑢 2. ln (𝑏) = ln a – ln b

= 2 ∫ 𝑢1/2 (𝑢 − 2) 𝑑𝑢 3. If r Ɛ Q, then ln(ar) = r ln a

3 1
= 2 ∫ (𝑢2 − 2𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
5 3 Theorem 8
𝑢2 2𝑢2
=2 ( 5 − 3 )+𝐶 𝑑 1
2 2 If x ≠ 0, then 𝑑𝑥 ln |𝑥| = 𝑥 .
5 3
4 8
= (5 𝑢2 − 3 𝑢2 ) + 𝐶

4 5/2 8
3 Theorem 9
= 5 (2 + √𝑥) − 3 (2 + √𝑥)2 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ = ln |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
𝑑𝑢
2. ∫ = ln |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑢
Alternative Solution:

Let u = √2 + √𝑥. Then u2 = 2 + √x => √x = u2 – 2

=> x = (u2 – 2)2 => x = u4 – 4u2 + 4 and dx = (4u3 –
8u) du.
Example. Evaluate the following integrals. 2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 2𝑥 − 1
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1 + ) 𝑑𝑥
Solution: 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥
4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 2𝑥−1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫
𝑥 𝑥
Let u = 2x – 1. Then du = 2 dx and nf = ½.
𝑥3 5𝑥 2 1 2 𝑑𝑥
= 4 ln |x| + C = + + 𝑥 + 3 . 2 ∫ 2𝑥−1
3 2

𝑥3 5𝑥 2 3 𝑑𝑢
= + +𝑥+2 ∫
3 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3 5𝑥 2 3
2. ∫ 8𝑥−1 = + + 𝑥 + 2 ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
3 2
Solution: 𝑥3 5𝑥 2 3
= + + 𝑥 + 2 𝑙𝑛|2𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
Let u = 8x – 1. Then du = 8 dx and nf = 1/8. 3 2

𝑑𝑥 1 8 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
8𝑥 − 1 8 8𝑥 − 1
𝑥−1
1 𝑑𝑢 5. ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥
=8 ∫ 𝑢
1
Solution:
= 8 ln |𝑢| + 𝐶
Let u = x + 1. Then du = dx and x – 1 = u – 2.
1
= ln|8𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶 𝑥−1 𝑢−2
8 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑢
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 2
3. ∫ 5𝑥 2 +3 = ∫ (𝑢 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢

Solution: 𝑢−1
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| − 2 ( −1 ) + 𝐶
Let u = 5x2 + 3. Then du = 10x dx and nf = 1/10.
2
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑥+1 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 = ∫ 2
5𝑥 + 3 10 5𝑥 + 3
1 𝑑𝑢
= 10 ∫ 𝑢 Theorem 10
1
= 10 ln |𝑢| + 𝐶 1. ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln | sec 𝑢| + 𝐶
1
= 10 𝑙𝑛|5𝑥 2 + 3| + 𝐶 2. ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln | sin 𝑢| + 𝐶
3. ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln | sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶
2𝑥 3 +9𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln | csc 𝑢 − cot 𝑢| + 𝐶
2𝑥−1

Solution:
2𝑥 3 +9𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
By long division, = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1 +
2𝑥−1
3
. Thus,
2𝑥−1
Example. Evaluate the following integrals. 1.4: THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL
1. ∫ 𝑥 3 csc(𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 FUNCTION

Solution: Theorem 11
Let u = x4. Then du = 4x3 dx and nf = ¼. 1. lim ln 𝑥 = ∞
𝑥→∞

∫ 𝑥 3 csc(𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 2. lim+ ln 𝑥 = −∞
𝑥→0
1
= ∫ csc(𝑥 4 )(4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥)
4
1
= ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 Theorem 12
4
1
There exists a unique real number e such that ln e
= 4 ln | csc 𝑢 − cot 𝑢| + 𝐶 = 1.

1
= ln | csc(𝑥 4 ) − cot(𝑥 4 )| + 𝐶 Note: The number e is oftentimes referred to as the
4
Euler’s constant. It can be shown that
1. e is irrational
𝑥
sin( )+4
2. ∫ 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. e ≈ 2.71828182846…
cos( )
2
Illustration:
Solution:
𝑥
Let u = 2. Then du = ½ dx and nf = 2.
𝑥
sin (2) + 4
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos (2)
𝑥
sin (2) 1
=∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos (2) cos (2)
𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ tan (2) 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ sec (2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1 𝑥 1
Definition
= 2 ∫ tan (2) (2 𝑑𝑥) + 4(2) ∫ sec (2) (2 𝑑𝑥)
If x Ɛ R, we write ex = y if y is the unique positive
= 2 ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 8 ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 real number such that ln y = x, that is, ex = y if and
only if ln y = x.
= 2 ln |sec u| + 8 ln |sec u + tan u| + C

𝑥 𝑥
= 2 ln |sec (2)| + 8 ln |sec (2) + tan (2)| + 𝐶
𝑥 Remark: ex is the inverse function of ln x.
Properties:
1. eln y = y, for all y > 0, and ln(ex) = x, for all x Ɛ R.
2. e0 = 1.
3. If a, b Ɛ R, then
3.1 ea+b = ea eb
 𝑒𝑎 3
20𝑥 3.2 ea-b = 𝑒 𝑏 2. ∫ 𝑥 2 . 25−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ln 20 + 𝐶
3.3 (ea)r = ear, where r Ɛ Q. Solution:

4. ex is continuous, strictly increasing Let u = 5 – x3. Then du = -3x2 dx and nf = -1/3.

1
domain ex = R, range ex = (0, ∞) 3 3
∫ 𝑥 2 . 25−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(25−𝑥 )(−3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
3
lim 𝑒 𝑥 = ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞
= − 3 ∫ 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Theorem 13 1 2𝑢
= − 3 . ln 2 + 𝐶
𝑑
1. 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
3
𝑑 25−𝑥
2. 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 3 ln 2 + 𝐶

If a > 0, a ≠ 1, and x Ɛ R, we define ax = eln a x. 3. ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Theorem 14
Let u = -2x + 1. Then du = -2dx and nf = -1/2.
1. ax ay = ax+y
𝑎𝑥
1
2. 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦 ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(𝑒 −2𝑥+1 )(−2𝑑𝑥)
2
3. (ax)r = axr 1
= − 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑
4. 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 1
= − 2 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑑
5. 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
1
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥+1 + 𝐶

Theorem 15
𝑒 √𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶 4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
𝑎𝑢
2. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑎 + 𝐶 Solution:
1
Let u = √x. Then du = 𝑑𝑥 and nf = 2.
2√𝑥

Example. Evaluate the following integrals. 𝑒 √𝑥 1

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(𝑒 √𝑥 ) ( 𝑑𝑥)
1. ∫ 22𝑥 . 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 √𝑥

Solution: = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Note that 22x . 5x = 4x . 5x = 20x. = 2eu + C

2𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 2e√x + C
∫2 . 5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 20 𝑑𝑥
 1
5. ∫ 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
2ln 𝑥

Solution:
Let u = -ln x. Then du = -1/x dx and nf = -1.
1 1
∫ ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(2− ln 𝑥 ) (− 𝑑𝑥)
𝑥. 2 𝑥
= − ∫ 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2𝑢
= − ln 2 + 𝐶

2− ln 𝑥 −1
=− + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 +𝐶
ln 2 2ln 𝑥 ln 2

𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ 1+𝑒 −𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Note that ∫ 1+𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 +1 .

Let u = ex + 1. Then du = ex dx.

𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫ 𝑥
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 +1
𝑑𝑢
=∫ = ln |u| + C
𝑢

= ln (ex + 1) + C ex + 1 > 0

ln x dne if x > 0

ln |ex + 1| + C

absolute value is
omitted