International political security

STRATEGIC CULTURE OF PAKISTAN:

DR. HASSAN ASKARI RIZVI, “THE STRATEGIC CULTURE OF PAKISTAN.”

'Strategic culture can be defined as a set of beliefs, attitudes and norms towards the use of military
force', often moulded according to historical experience (Chappell 2009, p. 419). Feb 14, 2011

Strategic culture is essentially an attempt to integrate cultural considerations, cumulative historical

memory and their influences in the analysis of states' security policies and international relations. Jul
22, 2015

Determinants of Pakistan’s Strategic Culture

 Born as a security conscious state

 The Durand Line Issue
 Historical Experience
 Image of the Adversary
 Image of the Self
 Quest for Survival

Factors overriding the impact of strategic culture

 Apolitical army: civil military relation is balanced

 Political Culture
 Technologically well-equipped army

Analysis of Pakistan’s Efforts in Search of Security

 1947 - 1952 - Non Alignment

 1953 - 1962 - Alignment
 1963 - 1969 - Bilateralism
 1971 - 1977 - Non-Alignment and Bilateralism
 1980s - Proxy War
 1990s - Post-Cold war challenges in national security
 Post 9/11 Environment and National Security

Impact of Islam on Strategic Culture of Pakistan

Conclusion
Deterrence
Definition

A strategy/doctrine used to threaten your enemy to avoid any attack.

Origin

1950s --- Mutually Assured Destruction Theory

ALTERNATIVES

 Precision technology
 Disarmament
 Collective Security
 Complex interdependence
 Democratic peace
 Diplomacy
 Multilateralism

ELEMENTS

1) Capability
2) Credibility
3) Communication

PAKISTAN AND INDIA---CASE STUDY

 India added nuclear dimension to vulnerable volatile security environment of South

Asia.
 1990 , 1999, 2001-02, 2008

All four incidents indicate that presence of nuclear weapons dissuaded the two rivals
from war.

 There is near consensus among the deterrent optimists that a minimum deterrence
regime is successfully working between India and Pakistan, though various
descriptions of this deterrence differ from each other.
 Recommendations
CBMs is the only best option
SCO can become a platform for it
Kiyani pma long course speech Pakistan is on a juncture where peace is necessary.
India wants 4Ts to trigger a talk
Terrorism, Trial (Hafiz Saeed), Transit (route to Afghanistan) , TRADE
Pakistan focuses on
K Kashmir
 From Non-weaponized deterrence regime to weaponized deterrent regime
 Reasons or suspicion or doubt
No interstate trade
Mutual distrust (state to state relations are like rollercoaster ride..)
CBM fails
Kashmir.
Historical factors
Conventional asymmetry
Non state actors presence.

 Way forward
Consensus among public how to run foreign policy
Then consultation with military
If Germany and France can join together then why cannot Pakistan and India?
Khurshid qasoori book neither hawk nor dove, “we were too close to solve the issue
persisting us….

Source: Essentials of IR