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DESIGN OF FIXED FREQUENCY PATCH ANTENNAS BASED ON NEURAL

NETWORKS
Doctor MATANGA Jacques (CC), TASONA DOKO Jocelyn Tanguy (Research Master)
NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL OF DOUALA
ENERGY, MATERIALS AND METHODS LABORATORY
TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS COURSE
Email : matjbarem@yahoo.fr
Abstract: During the last decades, the race for innovation in communication systems has not ceased to evolve.
This has led to important studies in the field of antennas, whose forms today vary greatly according to
applications such as: mobile telecommunications, television, radio, satellites, communicating systems, radar,
remote sensing, radio astronomy. Among the most widely used antenna families are microstrip antennas (also
called printed or patch antennas). These antennas are characterised by: low manufacturing cost, mass production
possible, linear and circular polarisation, feed and matching networks manufactured simultaneously with the
antenna.
The limitations of conventional neural modelling have been overcome by introducing neural networks based on
electromagnetic knowledge. A neural network using effective parameters in conjunction with the Galerkin
function was developed for modelling the resonant frequency of a rectangular antenna printed on a substrate.
Thus, we set up a rectangular PATCH antenna model on HFSS for a resonant frequency close to 6GHZ and
extract the S11 ,Z11 and VSWR parameters, and also check the learning errors on MATLAB by generating the
error types on a 4 input model (Thickness, Length, Width and substrate type) and one (1) output (Resonant
Frequency) which will allow to extract the final dimensions of the antennas thanks to this neural model.
KEYWORDS: Rectangular patch antenna, method of moments, resonance, neural networks, networks based
on electromagnetic knowledge.

1) Introduction
In modern communication and wireless systems, there
is an increasing demand for the integration of antennas
not only with radio frequency front-end circuits but also
with intermediate frequency or even baseband
components (including analogue and digital signals) [1].
Due to its low cost, minimal weight and planar
structure, the microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is
probably the most likely candidate for this integration.
In particular, for millimetre-wave applications, the size
of the patch antenna can be much smaller than the
printed circuit board (PCB) substrate, where the
analogue and digital devices are integrated.
This paper will solve the problem of sizing a fixed
frequency rectangular patch antenna by applying
neural networks. The characterization of the antenna
will be determined from its microwave parameters
(resonant frequency, bandwidth, radiation pattern and
gain) using the electromagnetic simulation software
HFSS. The rest of the paper is organized as follows
Section 1 will highlight the neural mathematical
formulations of the printed antennas, in section 2 we
will highlight the simulation methods and results
regarding the performance on HFSS and output the
optimized antenna.
We will close the work with a general conclusion that
will summarise all the work done and the perspectives
that could complement the present work.
SECTION I: MATHEMATICAL FORMULATIONS
AND DIMENSIONING
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are mathematical
models inspired by the structure and behaviour of
biological neurons. They are composed of
interconnected units called formal or artificial neurons
that are capable of performing specific and well-defined
functions [2]. RNAs allow the approximation of non-
linear relationships at high levels of complexity. The
input cells are designed to collect information that is
transformed by the hidden cells to the output cells.
These networks have one or more hidden layers (Figure
1). Generally, a sigmoid activation function is used in
this type of network.
1
𝑔(𝑥 ) = (1)
1+exp⁡(−𝑥)
 XY Plot 6 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT
30.00
Curve Info
dB(S(1,1))
SIMULATION : SIMIULATIONFREQUENCIELLE

20.00

10.00

dB(S(1,1))
0.00

-10.00

-20.00
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Freq [GHz]

Input layer Hidden layers Output layer Figure 3: S11 parameters before RNA introduction
Figure 1: Multi-layer networks

b) Mathematical equation for patch antenna

design and simulation algorithms
a) DESIGN - Equations
• Design of the elementary antenna • Step 1: Calculation of W
The antenna proposed in Figure 2 is a rectangular patch
𝒄 𝟐
of width and length varying between 10mm and 15mm 𝑾 = 𝟐𝒇𝒓 × √𝜺 (2)
𝒓 +𝟏
made on a rectangular substrate of a dielectric material
With fresonance frequencyr and εrelative permittivityr of
FR4 with thickness h = 1.6 mm, relative permittivity ϵ the substrate used.
= 4.4 and dielectric loss Tan = 0.02. The ground plane • Step 2: calculation of 𝜺𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒇
is a total mass that has the same dimension as the 𝜺𝒓 +𝟏 𝜺 −𝟏 𝒉 𝟏

rectangular substrate. The patch is fed via a matching 𝜺𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒇 = + 𝒓 × [𝟏 + 𝟏𝟐 ]−𝟐 (3)
𝟐 𝟐 𝑾
line. Around this line, the patch has a rectangular slot With εreff : effective dielectric constant ;
that plays an important role in determining the resonant • Step 3: Calculation of ∆𝑳
𝑾
frequency and in having a characteristic impedance of ∆𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟐 × 𝒉 ×
(𝜺𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒇+𝟎.𝟑)× ( +𝟎.𝟐𝟔𝟒)
𝒉
(4)
𝑾
50Ω. This slot can regulate the effects of (𝜺𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒇 −𝟎.𝟐𝟓𝟖)×( +𝟎.𝟖)
𝒉

electromagnetic coupling between the patch and the Calculation of the variation of the patch antenna length.
ground plane. • Step 4: Calculation of L
𝒄
The Galerkin method of moments procedure was 𝑳= − 𝟐∆𝐋 (5)
𝟐𝒇𝒓 ×√𝜺𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒇
chosen for the generation of the training and test calculation of the length L of the patch antenna
matrices thus ensuring good accuracy of the generated
data - MLT simulation algorithm

Figure 2: antenna without RNA applications

All optimal dimensions of this proposed antenna are

listed in Table 1.
Figure 3 shows the reflection coefficient as a function
of the antenna frequency, simulated with HFSS , which
uses the finite moment technique. From the S-
parameter of the proposed antenna we notice that we
have a structure of the antenna in the band [2-12GHZ
]; this antenna presents a Pick at fr1=5.7 GHZ fr3=6.2
GHZ for the reflection coefficient of -17.65 dB and -
18.2 dB with a bandwidth of 0.5GHZ.
Figure 4: Patch Antenna Algorithm Interface
SECTION II: SIMULATION RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
The proposed network is designed and simulated on
two simulation software HFSS and MATLAB to
compare the results. In this design, we simulate and
measure several parameters such as S11 parameter,
antenna gain, bandwidth, VSWR and radiation pattern
which need to be evaluated at different frequencies
before we can conclude that the proposed network is
functional.
Figure 4 shows a set of curves representing the variation
of the reflection coefficient with frequency for different
values of element spacing.
After optimisation and compared to the result obtained
in (figure 5) we notice that the cut-off frequency is
6GHZ which shows the improvement of the
frequency band once the dimensions of our antenna are
resized in matlab.

Figure 7: Histogram of calculation errors between input and

resonance frequency parameters fr.

Figure 5: Parameter s11 after optimisation

The regression coefficients and validation values for
• Modelling the learning model the model are as follows:
In this work we have implemented a 4 input and 1
output model according to the parameters of the
antenna (Length, Width, Thickness and substrate) and
then as an output the resonant frequency.

Figure 6: Case of 50 iterations Figure 8: Different Regressions from Test to Validation

With 50 iterations we obtain these results: We note

that for an iteration of 50 we have 452 Epoches and
the simulation time according to the Levenberg-
Marquardt algorithm is 4 seconds and a better
performance of 52.

Figure 9: Radiation on Plan E

Human vision distinguishes colours in the photopic

(daytime) range, i.e. with a luminance of 3 to 5,000
cd/m. Comparing the effect of monochromatic
radiation giving the same perception of luminosity, we
find that the radiance is minimal for radiation with a
wavelength close to 555 nm, which corresponds to a
yellowish-green. This radiation, which is close to the
maximum of the sun, corresponds to the highest visual
sensitivity.
Each "spectral colour" corresponds to a specific
wavelength; however, the spectrum of light in nature
generally includes all radiation in varying proportions.
Spectrometry studies the processes of breaking down,
observing and measuring radiation into narrow
frequency bands.
CONCLUSION
The rectangular patch antenna has been studied with
respect to all their physical and electrical parameters and
taking into account the losses in the dielectric. For the
improvement of the bandwidth and/or the gain of the
single layer patch antenna, multilayer antennas have
been proposed in the literature. We have studied the
effect of introducing an air gap between the ground
plane and the dielectric substrate on the bandwidth
improvement and the effect of introducing a protective
dielectric layer for the gain improvement. An air gap
antenna and a protective layer was also analysed. Very
long computation time, complexity of formulation,
presence of poles along the integration axis and
sometimes unphysical solutions are the main limitations
of the method used. Artificial neural networks have
been proposed and used for the analysis of the
considered antennas. Being universal, highly non-linear
and interconnected approximators, neural networks are
capable of approximating any function, however
complex. Using data generated by the spectral method
to ensure accuracy,
MLP neural networks (4 inputs and 1 output) have been
developed for the calculation of the resonant frequency
of the rectangular patch antenna. The first neural model
written in MATLAB language based on the MLT
algorithm, the second using the facilities provided by
the Matlab Toolbox.
However, the research deserves to be continued in
order to make our antenna, which we have dimensioned
at a fixed frequency (6GHZ), agile (reconfigurable) and
also to bring out a new approach to power
reconfigurability