AIM

To volumetrically analyze lemon juice and Vinegar (by titrating it with known concentration of NaOH) and
compare their acid contents.
Research Question

Does the acid concentration (mol/dm3) vary in vinegar and Lemon juice used in weight loss drink, determined by titrating
it with NaOH?

BACKGROUND RESEARCH

WHAT IS TITRATION?

Titration is a method used to find the concentration of an unknown

solution by using a solution of known concentration. The known solution
is known as the titrant and the unknown solution is known as the analyte.
If we are able to find out the volume of the titrant added to the analyte,
we can use that to find the concentration of the analyte.

About Lemon Juice

About Vinegar

For an acid-base titration, the known chemical reaction in general is: acid + base → water + salt
For the titration of the vinegar in this experiment the following specific reaction will be used to calculate the
acetic acid content of the vinegar sample:

HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaC2H3O2(aq)

Sodium hydroxide will be the standard reactant solution for this titration, and acetic acid the unknown reactant.
The end point in this experiment will be detected with an acid/base indicator. Phenolphthalein is the indicator used
in this experiment. This process involves a certain volume of base of a known concentration added to it
until a point is reached where all of the acid in the juice is neutralised (known as the endpoint)

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 VARIABLES

Independent Dependent Controlled

HYPOTHESIS

MATERIALS/ EQUIPMENT

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 Phenolphthalein indicator.

Two 250 mL beakers.

o 50 mL burette, Retort stand and clamp.

250 mL conical flask.

10 mL pipette.

Glass funnel.

METHOD

1. Set up the burette as shown in the diagram below.

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 2. Fill the burette with NaOH (known concentration) up to zero mark.
3. Measure 10 mL of analyte, using a pipette/measuring cylinder.
4. Pour 10 mL of analyte into the conical flask.
5. Add 2 drops of Phenolphthalein into flask and put it under the burette.

6. Using the burette, add small volumes of NaOH into the conical flask.
After each addition, swirl the flask gently. Keep on adding small
volume of NaOH till the solution turns dark pink (light purple).
7. Measure the burette at the point where the solution turns pink
8. Refill the burette with NaOH and do three more trials.
9. Repeat steps 1-10 for other analytes.

12. RESULTS

Qualitative Analysis :

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 Quantitative Analysis

RAW DATA

Table 1. Showing the Results Acquired through the Experiment

Trail 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Burette Reading Initial (cm3)
ANALYTE 1 Final (cm3)
(Vinegar) Volume used
Titrant (cm3)

Trail 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Burette Reading Initial (cm )
3

ANALYTE 2 Final (cm3)

(Lemon Juice) Volume used
Titrant (cm3)

PROCESSED DATA

Moles of Known Solution = Moles of Unknown solution

Concentration of Known x Volume of Known Solution= Concentration of unknown x Volume of

unknown Solution

Concentration of unknown solution 1(Vinegar):

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 Concentration of unknown solution 2 (Lemon Juice):

GRAPHS

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 CONCLUSION

To convert ml or cm3 to dm3 divide the value by 1000

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 Both solutions were successfully analysed through titration. The lemon juice was found to
contain ……….. mol/dm3 concentration of acid in grams per ……. In contrast, the Vinegar
was found to contain a ……….. mol/dm3 concentration of acid in grams per …….

Limitation Its Effects on the Experiment Improvements

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 Extensions:

Bibliography :

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