4.

CHEMISTRY - V HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN

GOAL - 1 SYNOPSIS
CONCEPT - IV
HYDROGEN
Hydrogen was discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766. He named Hydrogen as inflammable air and
Hydrogen name was given by Lavoisier. (from Greek word Hydro = Water, genus = to produced)
Hydrogen is the lightest of all elements and is the first element in the Periodic Table. Hydrogen is placed
in the first period and Group IA of the Periodic Table.
1e
1p
K
Hydrogen atom
HYDROGEN :
Symbol – H
Molecular formula – H2
Atomicity – 2 (The number of atoms present in a molecule is called atomicity)
Atomic Number – 1
Mass Number – 1
Atomic Weight – 1
Molecular Weight – 2
Hydrogen belongs to Group IA and 1st
Period of the Periodic Table
Electronic Configuration : (1)
Valence electrons = 1
1
Valency = 1
Physical state – a gas at room
temperature and pressure
H
1.00794
Non-metal
Vapour density – 1 (Vapour density is defined as the ratio between molecular mass of a gas and molecular
mass of hydrogen.) Vapour density = molecular mass / 2.
1. Occurrence :
Hydrogen is the Lightest, most abundant element in the universe but in the earth’s crust it is the ninth
most abundant element. Around 0.9% of earth’s weight is hydrogen.
2. Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen :
Hydrogen can be prepared in the laboratory by using any of the following two reactions.
i) By reacting potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) with cold or warm water.
ii) By displacement of hydrogen from certain acids by certain metals.

84 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.

 CHEMISTRY - V
The preferred method for the laboratory preparation of hydrogen is by reacting zinc granules with dilute
HCl (or) dilute H2SO4. The reaction that takes place is as given below.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H 2
zinc Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride Hydrogen gas

Delivery tube

Thistle
funnel Hydrogen gas
Conical Gas Jar
flask
Zinc granules water
Dilute Hydrochloric acid Beehive shelf

Laboratory preparation of hydrogen

a) Method of collection of hydrogen :
Hydrogen is almost insoluble and lighter than air. Hence the preferred method is by downward
displacement of water.
It is not collected by downward displacement of air as it forms an explosive mixture with air.
b) Test for Hydrogen : Hydrogen burns with a pop sound in air and with a pale blue flame.
3. Isotopes : When atoms of the same element have different number of neutrons they will have the same
atomic number but different mass number. The atoms are said to be Isotopes of the element and the
element is said to exhibit Isotopy.
Eg : Chlorine gas exists in two isotopic forms : 17Cl37, 17Cl35.
a. Isotopes of Hydrogen atom :
Isotope Symbol Electrons Protons Neutrons Remarks
Protium 1
H1 1 1 0 Most abundant form
of hydrogen
Deuterium 1
H2 1 1 1 Used as oxide
(heavy water – D2O)
in nuclear reactors.
Tritium 1
H3 1 1 2 Radioactive isotope

b. Absorption of hydrogen : Metals like gold, palladium and platinum have the capacity to absorb H2 gas
on their surfaces.
4. Physical properties of Hydrogen :
a) Hydrogen is a combustible gas but does not support combustion.
b) Hydrogen burns with a pale blue flame.
c) Hydrogen is a neutral gas (it has no action on litmus).

Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 85

CHEMISTRY - V
5. Chemical properties of Hydrogen :
a) Reaction of hydrogen with metals to form hydrides.

Ca + H 2g ®
s CaH 2
Calcium Hydrogen Calcium Hydride

The hydrides react with water liberating H2 again.

b) Reaction of hydrogen with non-metals :
i) With oxygen, hydrogen forms water.

2H + O2 ¾¾¾
2
burning
® 2H O2
Hydrogen Oxygen Hydrogen monoxide

ii) With chlorine, hydrogen forms HCl (in diffused light).

H 2g +Cl2g ¾¾¾¾

diffuse d light
® 2HCl
Hydro chloric acid
Hydrogen Chlorine

iii) With nitrogen, hydrogen forms ammonia.

N 2g + 3H 2g ¾¾ ¾ ¾ ¾¾
1000°C
in the absence of air
® 2NH 3g
Nitrogen Hydrogen Ammonia

iv) With carbon, it forms methane at 1100°C and C2H2 at 2727°C.

C + 2H 2g ¾¾ ¾
1100°C
® CH 4g
carbon
Hydrogen Methane

2C + H 2g ¾¾¾
2727°C
® C2 H 2g
carbon
Hydrogen Acetylene

c) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils : Hydrogen reacts with vegetable oils to form vanaspathi.
Ni, pressure, heat
vegetable oils + H2(g) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → vanaspathi

d) Reducing properties of Hydrogen : When hydrogen gas is passed over heated oxides of less
active metals, it reduces them to free metals. Hydrogen acts as a reducing agent.
Hydrogen removes oxygen from metallic oxides and reduces them to free metals.
CuO + H 2g ® Cus+ H 2O
Copper Oxide
Copper

86 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.

 CHEMISTRY - V
6. Uses of Hydrogen :
a) Hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel and motor fuel due to high heat of combustion
b) Hydrogen is used in welding as it burns in air producing a temperature of 2400ºC.
c) Hydrogen is used in hydrogenation of vegetable oils to convert them to vanaspathi. Vanaspathi
gives a better taste and flavour to food cooked in it.
d) Hydrogen is used in weather balloons that find usage in weather forecasting.
e) Hydrogen is used for making artificial petrol.

Weather balloons Hydrogen welding

Burning
splinter put off Hydrogen

Hydrogen burning
at mouth Splinter

Hydrogen does not support combustion Rocket

GOAL - 1 ASSIGNMENT
I. MCQ with one correct answer :
1. The chemical name of water is : [ ]
a) Monoxide of hydrogen b) Dioxide of hydrogen c) Hydrogen peroxide d) Water vapour
2. Hydrogen was discovered by : [ ]
a) Humphry Davy b) Henry Cavendish c) Lavoisier d) Priestley
3. The lightest element among the following is : [ ]
a) Sodium b) Oxygen c) Hydrogen d) Nitrogen
4. Hydrogen burns in air to form : [ ]
a) water b) ammonia c) hydrogen sulphide d) none of these
5. The gas used in hydrogenation of oils is : [ ]
a) Oxygen b) Hydrogen c) Helium d) Nitrogen
Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 87
CHEMISTRY - V
6. The compounds formed by the reaction of metals with hydrogen are called: [ ]
a) oxides b) hydrides c) nitrides d) halides
7. Hydrogen is a good : [ ]
a) oxidant b) reducing agent c) drying agent d) catalyst
8. Hydrogenation of vegetable oils convert : [ ]
a) vegetable oils to vanaspathi b) vanaspathi to vegetable oils
c) vegetable oils to ghee d) ghee to vegetable oils
9. As hydrogen is explosive, the precaution that has to be taken in its laboratory preparation is that:
a) the apparatus should be airtight b) heating appliances should be turnedoff [ ]
c) no precaution is necessary d) both (a) and (b)

II. More than one correct answer :

10. The uses of Hydrogen are : [ ]
a) fuel b) reducing agent c) filling balloons d) filling air ships
11. Which of the following is a physical property of hydrogen atom? [ ]
a) Gas b) Mass number (A) = 1 c) Atomic number (Z) = 1 d) Solid

III. Statement type :

12. Statement (A) : Hydrocarbon fuels are non – polluting. [ ]
Statement (B) : Hydrocarbons on complete burning form carbon dioxide and water as the only
products.
Statement (C) : Hydrogen is a lightest gas.
a) All the statements A, B and C are correct
b) All the statements A, B and C are incorrect
c) Statements A & B are correct and statement C is incorrect
d) Statements A & B are incorrect and statement C is correct
IV. Assertion and Reason type :
13. Assertion (A) : Hydrogen gas is collected by downward displacement of water.
Reason (R) : Hydrogen is almost insoluble and lighter than air. [ ]
a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is correct, R is incorrect. d) A is incorrect, R is correct.
V. Match the following :
14. Set - A Set - B [ ]
A) CaH2 1) Oxide
B) H2O 2) Halide
C) H2O2 3) Hydride
D) HF 4) Peroxide
A B C D A B C D
a) 3 1 4 2 b) 1 2 3 4
c) 2 3 1 4 d) 1 3 2 4
88 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.
 CHEMISTRY - V
GOAL - 2 SYNOPSIS
OXYGEN
Priestley discovered oxygen in 1774 and called it as active air.
Lavoisier who proved that oxygen is an element and named it as oxygen (means acid former.)
6e
2e
8p
8n
K
L
Atom of Oxygen
1. Occurrence :
Oxygen is the most abundant element on earth. In air about 23% by weight and 21% by volume is
oxygen.
In water, about 89% by weight is oxygen
Oxygen :
Symbol of oxygen is ‘O’
Molecular formula is O2.
Atomicity of oxygen is 2.
Atomic Number = 8
Mass Number = 16
Atomic Weight = 16
Molecular weight = 32
Oxygen is present in Group VI A and 2nd Period element
Electronic configuration is (2, 6) 1s2 2s2 2p4
Valency is = 2
Physical state – a gas at room temperature
and pressure, non-metal

2. Laboratory preparation of oxygen :

Heating oxidising agents like potassium chlorate (KClO3) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) liberates
oxygen in the presence of a catalyst like manganese dioxide (MnO2).
Ä
2KClO3 ¾¾¾ ® 2KCl + 3O2(g)
Potassium Chlorate
MnO2 Potassium Chloride
Oxygen ↑

Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 89

CHEMISTRY - V
4 parts of KCIO3 + Hard glass
1 part of MnO2 test tube
Delivery tube

Oxygen gas

Gas cylinder
Bunsen
burner Iron stand Beehive shelf

Water

a) Method of collection of gas : As oxygen is almost as heavy as air and very slightly soluble in
water, it is collected by downward displacement of water.
b) Test for oxygen : When a burning sphincter is introduced into oxygen carrying cylinder, the
sphincter burns with bright flame.
3. Physical Properties of Oxygen :
a) Oxygen is colourless, odourless and tasteless gas.
b) Oxygen is heavier than air.
c) Liquid oxygen is pale blue.
d) Oxygen is a non-poisonous gas which is a non-metal.
4. Chemical Properties of Oxygen :
a) Oxygen is quite reactive.
b) Oxygen supports combustion.
c) Oxygen combines with almost all elements forming oxides.
d) Oxygen react with non metals to form oxides.
C +O2g ® CO2g
Carbon
Oxygen Carbon dioxide

e) Oxygen reacts with metals to form metallic oxides.

K +O2g ® K 2O
Potasium Potassium Oxide
Oxygen

f) Oxygen reacts with Hydrocarbons to produce CO2, H2O and heat.

CH 4g+ 2O2g ® CO2g + 2H 2O +Heat
Methane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water

g) Rusting of iron : Iron slowly converts into its hydrated oxide in the presence of moisture and
air to form a brown dusty layer of rust.
4Fe + 3O2g ® 2Fe2O3
Iron Iron Oxide
Oxygen

Fe O + H 2O ® Fe2O3 .H 2O
2 3
Iron Oxide Water Hydrated Iron Oxide

i) Rusting is a slow oxidation process in the presence of moisture.

ii) Rusting of iron is prevented by the process of Galvanisation and Alloying.
iii) In galvanisation process iron is coated with a layer of Zinc.
iv) In alloying, iron is mixed with manganese, chromium and carbon.
90 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.
 CHEMISTRY - V
5. Uses of Oxygen :
a) General Uses : It is essential for respiration of all living beings.
b) Artificial respiration : Oxygen filled cylinders are used by mountaineers, firemen, astronauts
divers in submarines and in deep mining.
c) Liquid oxygen : Under the market name of LOX is used to burn rocket fuel.
GOAL - 2 ASSIGNMENT
I. MCQ with one correct answer :
1. Which of the following is a physical property of oxygen ? [ ]
a) gas, non-metal b) mass number (A)=16 c) Atomic number(Z)=8 d) a, b and c
2. Oxygen is manufactured on a large scale from : [ ]
a) water b) oxidising agents c) liquid air d) hydrogen peroxide
3. Oxygen is : [ ]
a) a supporter of combustion b) does not support combustion
c) combustible d) not combustible
4. The colour of liquid oxygen is : [ ]
a) yellow b) pale green c) pale blue d) brown
5. Acidic oxides are formed when oxygen combines with : [ ]
a) metals b) non-metals c) inert gas element d) any of the four options
6. The formula of rust is : [ ]
a) Fe2O3 b) FeO · 2H2O c) Fe2O3 · H2O d) F3O4 · H2O
II. More than one correct answer :
7. Rusting of iron can be prevented by : [ ]
a) Alloying b) Oxidation c) Electrolysis d) Galvanization
III. Statement type :
8. Statement (A) : About 89% of water by weight is oxygen. [ ]
Statement (B) : Water has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
Statement (C) : Oxygen is most abundant element in the earth is crust
a) All the statements A, B and C are correct. b) All the statements A, B and C are incorrect.
c) Statements A & B are correct and C is incorrect.d) Statements A &B are incorrect and C is correct.
9. Statement (A) : Alloying of iron prevents the iron from rusting. [ ]
Statement (B) : Iron on alloying cannot react with oxygen easily.
Statement (C) : In Galvanization, the zinc metal coated on iron.
a) All the statements A, B and C are correct. b) All the statements A, B and C are incorrect.
c) Statements A, B are correct and C is incorrect. d) Statements A, B are incorrect and C is correct.
IV. Matching type :
10. Set - A Set - B [ ]
A) Artificial respiration 1) as an oxidant
B) Liquid oxygen 2) in oxy-hydrogen torches (used for welding)
C) In hospitals 3) as Carbogen (CO2 mixed with O2)
D) Industrial use 4) as fuels in rockets
A B C D A B C D
a) 3 4 1 2 b) 1 2 3 4
c) 2 4 3 1 d) 2 3 4 1
Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 91
CHEMISTRY - V

ORIGINS OF ELEMENTAL NAMES

Actinium - Greek "aktis meaning beam or ray"
Aluminum - Latin "alumen"
Americium - After the Americas
Antimony - Latin "stibbum meaning mark"
Argon - Greek "argon"
Arsenic - Greek "arsenikos" meaning male from the belief that metals were different sexes.
Astantine - Greek "astatos" meaning unstable
Barium - Greek "barys" meaning heavy
Berkelium - Berkeley, home of the University of California
Beryllium - Greek "beryl" meaning sweet
Bismuth - German "weisse masse" meaning white mass
Bromine - Greek "bromos" meaning stench
Cadmium - Latin "cadmia" ancient name for calamine, a mineral
Calcium - Latin "calx" meaning lime or limestone
Californium - Named after the State and University of California
Carbon - Latin "carbos" meaning charcoal
Cerium - Named after the asteroid Ceres which was discovered 2 years before this element.
Cesium - Latin "caesius" meaning sky blue
Chlorine - Greek "chloros" meaning greenish-yellow
Chromium - Greek "chroma" meaning colour
Cobalt - German "kobold" meaning goblin or evil spirit
Copper - Latin "cuprum" named for an island off the coast of Cypress
Curium - Named after Marie and Pierre Curie
Dysprosium - Greek "dysprositos" meaning 'hard to get at!'
Einsteinium - Named after Albert Einstein
Erbium - A town in Sweden
Europium - Named after Europe
Fermium - Named after Enrico Fermi
Fluorine - Latin "fluere" meaning flow or flux
Francium - Named after France
Gadolinium - Named after Gadolin, a Fininsh chemist
Gallium - Latin "gallia" meaning France
Germanium - Latin "germania" meaning germany
Gold - Latin "arum" meaning 'shining dawn'
Hafnium - From Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen
Helium - Greek "helios" meaning 'the sun' where helium was first found
Holmium - Latin "holmia" the Latin name of Stockholm
Hydrogen - Greek "hyro" meaning water and "genes" meaning forming
Indium - From the brillant indigo line in it's spectrum
Iodine - Greek "iodes" meaning violet
Iridium - Latin "iris" meaning rainbow
Iron - Latin "ferrum" meaning grey
Krypton - Greek "kryptos" meaning hidden

92 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.

 CHEMISTRY - V
ATOMIC MASSES
Name of the Symbol Atomic Atomic Name of the Symbol Atomic Atomic
element number weight element number weight

Actinium Ac 89 227.028 Einsteinium Es 99 (254)

Aluminium Al 13 26.981 Erbium Er 68 167.26
Americium Am 95 (243) Europium Eu 63 151.96
Antimony Sb 51 121.75 Fermium Fm 100 (257)

Argon Ar 18 39.948 Fluorine F 9 18.998

Arsenic As 33 74.9216 Francium Fr 87 (223)

Astatine At 85 (210) Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25

Gallium Ga 31 69.72
Barium Ba 56 137.33
Germanium Ge 32 72.59
Berkelium Bk 97 (247)
Gold Au 79 196.966
Beryllium Be 4 9.012
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49
Bismuth Bi 83 208.98
Helium He 2 4.0026
Boron B 5 10.81
Holmium Ho 67 164.93
Bromine Br 35 79.904
Hydrogen H 1 1.0078
Cadmium Cd 48 112.41
Indium In 49 114.82
Calcium Ca 20 40.08
Iodine I 53 126.904
Californium Cf 98 (251)
Iridium Ir 77 192.217
Carbon C 6 12.011 Iron Fe 26 55.847
Cerium Ce 58 140.12 Krypton Kr 36 83.8
Caesium Cs 55 132.905 Lanthanum La 57 138.906
Chlorine Cr 17 35.543 Lawrencium Lr 103 (260)
Chromium Cr 24 51.996 Lead Pb 82 207.2
Cobalt Co 27 58.993 Lithium Li 3 6.941
Copper Cu 29 63.546 Lutetium Lu 71 174.97
Curium Cm 96 (247) Magnesium Mg 12 24.305
Dubnium Db 105 (262) Manganese Mn 25 54.938

Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 Mendelevium Md 101 (258)

Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 93

CHEMISTRY - V
ATOMIC MASSES
Name of the Symbol Atomic Atomic Name of the Symbol Atomic Atomic
element number weight element number weight

Mercury Hg 80 200.59 Rutherfordium Rf 104 (261)

Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 Samarium Sm 62 150.4
Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 Scandium Sc 21 44.956
Neon Ne 10 20.179 Selenium Se 34 78.96
Neptunium Np 93 237.048 Silicon Si 14 28.086
Nickel Ni 28 58.70 Silver Ag 47 107.868
Niobium Nb 41 92.906 Sodium Na 11 22.989
Nitrogen N 7 14.007 Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Nobelium No 102 (259) Sulphur S 16 32.06
Osmium Os 76 190.2 Tantalum Ta 73 180.948
Oxygen O 8 15.999 Technetium Tc 43 (97)
Palladium Pd 46 106.4 Tellurium Te 52 177.8
Phosphorus P 15 30.974 Terbium Tb 65 158.925
Platinum Pt 78 195.09 Thallium Tl 81 204.37
Plutonium Pu 94 (244) Thorium Th 90 232.038
Polonium Po 84 (209) Thulium Tm 69 168.934
Potassium K 19 39.098 Tin Sn 50 118.69
Praseodymium Pr 59 140.908 Titanium Ti 22 47.90
Promethium Pm 61 (145) Tungsten W 74 183.85
Protactinium Pa 91 231.036 Uranium U 92 238.029
Radium Ra 88 226.025 Vanadium V 23 50.941
Radon Rn 86 (222) Xenon Xe 54 131.30
Rhenium Re 75 186.207 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
Rhodium Rh 45 102.905 Yttrium Y 39 88.906
Rubidium Rb 37 85.468 Zinc Zn 30 65.38
Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 Zirconium Zr 40 91.22

94 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.