Philippine History

Prepared by: Mr. Jose Abrian D. Casela

Lesson 1. Meaning and Sources of History

What is history?
 Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía) means "inquiry", "knowledge from inquiry", or "judge".
 the study of the past, specifically how it relates to humans. 
 It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection,
organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events.
 The word entered the English language in 1390 with the meaning of "relation of incidents, story"
 “Queen of Social Sciences”
Who is the “father of history”?
 Herodotus is known as the “father of history”. He wrote the book “The Histories”, a compilations of
wars and stories.
 Thucydides is also known as one of the early historians. He wrote and was present during the
Peloponnesian War.
What are the sources of history?
 Primary
A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under
study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a
particular event.
Primary Sources:
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (excerpts or translations acceptable): Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters,
interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, and official records
CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art 
RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings
Examples of primary sources includes:
Diary of Anne Frank - Experiences of a Jewish family during WWII ; The Constitution of the Philippines-
the 1987 Constitution; A journal article reporting NEW research or findings; Weavings and pottery -
Native American history ; Plato's Republic - Women in Ancient Greece 
 Secondary
A secondary source interprets and analyses primary sources. These sources are one or more steps
removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in
them.
Secondary Sources:
PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopaedias 
Examples of secondary sources includes:
A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings; A history textbook; A book about
the effects of WWII in the Philippines

Lesson 2. The Beginning of the Filipino Race

I. Three Main Sources of Our Origin

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1. THE BIBLICAL THEORY
 See Genesis 10: 4.

2. HUMAN THEORY OF EVOLUTION

a. Migration Theory
 Negritos>>>>>
The first people to come to the Philippines were the Negritos. They came across land bridges from
mainland Asia about 25,000 years ago. At that time, our country was connected to Asia by land bridges
which later sank below the sea.
Characteristics of the Negritos
1. They were less than five feet tall.
2. They were called “Negritos” because they had black skin, short kinky hair, thick lips and flat noses.
3. They wore little clothing.
4. They had no government, no writing and no permanent homes.
5. They wandered in the forests and lived by hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants and fruits.
6. They used the bow and arrow for hunting.
- Today, there are still Negritos in the hills of Zambales, Panay and Negros.

 Indonesians>>>>
According to the migration theory, Indonesians were the immigrants to come by sea to the Philippines. They
came about 5, 000 years ago. They sailed in boats from South Asia. They drove the Negritos into the mountains
and lived in the lowlands.

Characteristics of the Indonesians

1. Two Types:
1. 1. Tall, light skin, large forehead, high nose and thin lips.
1. 2. Shorter, darker, with a large nose, thick lips and heavy jaw.
2. They lived in permanent homes.
3. They used fire to cook their food.
4. They lived by hunting, fishing and farming.
5. They painted their bodies with colorful figures.
Today, the Indonesian minority tribes are found in some interior parts of our country.
They are the Apayaos, Gaddangs, Ibanags, and Kalingas of Northern Luzon; the Tagbanuas of Palawan; and the
Bagobos, Manobos, Mandayas, Bukidnons, Tirurays and Subanuns of Mindanao.

 Malays>>>>>>>
The Malays came after the Indonesians, about 2000 years ago. They also arrived in boats from Southeast Asia.
Characteristics of the Malays
1. They were medium in height, brown- skinned, with dark eyes, flat noses and straight black hair.
2. They drove the Indonesians into the forests and lived in the lowlands.
3. The Malays were more civilized than the Indonesians.
4. They lived in larger villages.
5. They had government, writing, music, arts and sciences.
6. They lived by agriculture, fishing, mining and trading.
- The history of the coming of the Malays was best depicted in the story of “Maragtas” or the coming of the
10 BorneanDatus to the island of Panay.

 Racial Mixtures of Filipinos came from waves of outside immigrants to these islands
b. Core Population Theory
 Ancient Filipinos already inhabited and also migrated from the islands to other parts.
c. Legends and Fairytales
1. The Story of Malakas and Maganda 2. Racial Superiority of the Brown People

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 Lesson 3: Our Malayan Heritage/ Pre-colonial Philippines
 The first communities were called barangays. The barangay was the basic territorial and political unit then.
Each barangay was composed of 30 to 100 families and ruled by a leader called datu, raha, gat or lakan.
 Some barangays were big such as Zubu (Cebu), Butuan, Maktan (Mactan), Irong-irong (Iloilo), Bigan (Vigan)
and Selurong (Manila). Each of these big barangays had a population of more than 2000.
Food and Drinks
The staple food of the Filipinos
was rice.
Aside from rice their food
consisted of carabao meat, pork,
chickens, sea turtles, fish, bananas
and other fruits and vegetables.
They cooked their food in earthen
pots or in bamboo tubes.
They ate with their fingers, using
banana plants as plates and
coconut shells as drinking cups.
They made fire to cook their food
by rubbing two pieces of dry wood
which when heated, produced a
tiny flame.
They stored their drinking water in
big earthen jars or in huge clean
bamboo tubes.
Houses
The early Filipinos lived in houses.
These houses were made of wood,
bamboo and palm leaves. They
were built near each other in the
barangay (village).
The Badjaos (sea gypsies) of the
Sulu Sea still live in boat- houses,
as their forefathers did in ancient
times.
Marriage Customs
It was customary for them to
marry within their rank, that is, for
a nobleman to marry a
noblewoman, a freeman to marry
a freewoman, and a slaveman to
marry a slavewoman.
The early Filipinos practiced
divorce. The grounds for divorce
were (1) adultery on the part of
the wife; (2) desertion on the part
of the husband; (3) loss of
affection; (4) cruelty; (5) insanity;
(6) childlessness.
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Mode of Dressing
The men wore a collarless, short-
sleeved jacket called kangan and a
strip of cloth, called bahag, wrapped
around the waist and in between the
legs. The kangan reached slightly
below the waist. It was dyed (tining)
either in blue or black except the chief
which was red.
Instead of a hat, the men used the
putong, a piece of cloth wound
around the head.
They had no shoes.
They had jewels, such as gold
necklaces, gold armlets called
kalombigas, and gold anklets filled
with agates, carnelians and other
colored glass.
The women wore a wide-sleeved
jacket called baro.
Their skirt was called patadyong.
It was a piece of cotton cloth which
they wrapped about their waists and
let fall to their feet.
Their jewels consisted of gold
necklaces, gold bracelets, large gold
earrings, and gold rings.
They tied their long, black hair in a
graceful knot at the back of their
heads.
Like men they went about barefoot.
Both men and women inserted gold
between their teeth as an ornament.
Laws
The early Filipinos had both oral and
written laws. The oral laws were the
customs (ugali) of the race which were
handed down from one generation to
another. The legendary law-giver was
a woman named Lubluban, the great
grand-daughter of the first man and
the first woman in the world.
The written laws were promulgated by
the datus with the help of the elders,
and were put into writing. These
written laws were announced to the
people through a barangay crier
known as umalohokan.
Tattoos
The early Filipinos tattooed their
bodies with various designs
representing animals, birds, flowers
and geometric figures.
The tattoos served two purposes:
To enhance their bodily beauty; and
to show their war record. The
women were less tattooed than
men.
The children were not tattooed at
all.
Literature
They had oral and written literature.
Their oral literature consisted of (1)
myths and legends which recounted
of the world and the origin of man,
woman, birds, flowers, animals and
other things; (2) songs and poems
which chanted the deeds of their
gods and heroes; and (3) fables,
proverbs (sawikain) and riddles
(bugtong).
Darangan of the Maranaos
Hinilawod of the Panay-Bukidnon
Ilim and Hud-hud of the Ifugaos
Writing and Education
The early Filipinos used a sharp
pointed iron instrument called sipol
as pen. They wrote on banana
leaves, tree barks, and bamboo
tubes. After sometime, formal
schools called bothoanwere
established in Panay. Students were
also taught on how get anting-anting
and galing or charms, which they
called lubus.
Farming
Farming was the main industry of
ancient Filipinos. Two methods of
cultivation were used by ancient

Natural Courtesy and Politeness
The early Filipinos were courteous
and polite. When two persons of
equal rank met on the road, they
removed their putong (turban) as
a sign of courtesy. When a person
addressed his superior, he took off
his putong, put it over his left
shoulder like a towel, and bowed
low.
He addressed his superior with the
word “po”, which is equivalent to
“sir”. He spoke in polite language.
Sciences
They knew the curative value of
medicinal plants and herbs. Their
medicine men had herbs as
antidotes for all kinds of poison.
They knew astronomy, they knew
the direction of the stars, the
moon and the sun.
They could add, subtract, divide
and multiply.
They could count up to 100, 000,
000.
They had native terms for
numerals such as isa (one),
pulo(ten), daan (hundred), libo
(thousand), angao (one million),
kati (ten million) and gahala(one
hundred million)
Lesson 4: Our Influences from India, China, Arabia and other Asian Neighbours
India
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The only record we have of ancient
laws came from Spanish historians and
oral tradition. Unfortunately, the Code
of Kalantiaw, a well-known code of
laws supposedly given by
DatuKalantiaw of Aklan in 1433 is a
clever hoax. The hoax was done by
Jose E. Marco an antique collector
from Negros Occidental who gave the
document to James E. Robertson of
the National Library in 1914.
Amusements
The early Filipinos were not always
fighting or working. They held
banquets to celebrate a good harvest,
a wedding, religious sacrifice, and a
victory in war. These banquets were
celebrated with much eating, drinking,
singing and dancing.
They had other forms of amusements.
They had such games as carabao
races, wrestling, fencing, boat races,
and stone-throwing contests.
Music
They were lovers of music. They had
various musical instruments and
numerous dances and songs for
different occasions. Among their
musical instruments were the kudyapi,
Tagalog guitar; the kalaleng, Tinggian
nose-flute; the kulintang, Moro
xylophone; the tultugan, Bisayan
bamboo drum; the silbay Ilocano red
flute; and the suracan, Subanon
cymbal.
Weight
Kaban (25 gantas)
Salop (one ganta)
Kaguitna (one-half ganta)
The gatang (one chupa)
Length
Dipa (the length between the tip of
the thumb and that of the middle
finger)
Tumuro(the length between the tip of
the thumb and that of the forefinger
when extended)
Filipino farmers.
1. Kaingin method
2. Tilling of land with the use of
wooden plows and harrows drawn
by carabaos.
Cleanliness and Neatness
The early Filipinos were clean and
neat in their personal habits.
They bathed daily.
Their favorite hour for bathing in the
river was at sunset when they had
finished their daily toil.
They washed their hair regularly
with gugo and water.
They anointed it with coconut oil
and other lotions.
They washed their mouths and
cleaned their teeth upon waking up
in the morning. They chewed buyo
which made their teeth colored red
but strong.
Government and Social Classes
wa
lika
Sa guiguilid
Datu and
Mahar
Ti ma
Namamahay
Alipin -
Religion
With the exception of the Muslims
in Mindanao and Sulu, the ancient
Filipinos were pagans. Their
supreme God was Bathala, creator
of heaven and earth and men. Below
him were the goddesses and gods.
  Hindus from the Asian mainland and nearby islands came to the Philippines as early as 900AD. Even though
the Hindus came to our country, we were never conquered by them. This is because the Hindu visitors to
our land came peacefully. They were traders or foreign immigrants (people who settled in that area.)
 Hindu Antiques
1. Gold image of Agusan- This statue of a Hindu goddess was found at Esperanza, Agusan Province
2. Copper image of Ganesha - This statue of the elephant god of the Hindus was found in Mactan in 1843.
3. Golden pendant of Garuda, the legendary bird of India. This was found at Brooke’s Point, Palawan in 1961.
 Traces of Hindu Culture is found in our:
1. Religion
1. Hinduism - (Hindus taught us to pray to many gods, spirits and images.)
The word “Bathala” is of Indian origin.
Hinduism is said to be the oldest religion in the world.
2. Jobs- The Hindus gave us such industries as: mining quicklime in Masbate, weaving cotton cloth, making lotus
designs, making guitars, making sampaguita flower leis, raising fruits (mango, langka, and sirisa) and vegetables
(ampalaya, patola and malunggay).
3. Writing- Our ancient alphabet came from their Sanskrit writing. In language, there are 375 words in the Filipino
dictionary that are Sanskrit in origin.
Examples:
Maharlika (noble), Guro (guru, teacher), sandata (weapon), ama (father), asawa (spouse), nanay (mother) 4.
Language
5. Customs and Superstitions
6. Race
SUPERSTITIONS:
1. A maiden who sings merrily while cooking will marry an old widower.
2. A comet flashing in the sky is an ill omen, for it brings famine, pestilence, war, or other calamities.
3. A pregnant woman who eats twin bananas will give birth to twins.
CUSTOMS:
1. Hanging a garland of fresh flowers around the neck for a visitor as a symbol of friendship and hospitality;
2. Giving a dowry by the groom to the bride’s parents and rendering personal services in the household of his
prospective parents-in-law;
3. Showering the groom and the bride with rice after the wedding ceremony;
4. Offering buyo (mixture of betel nut, lime and ikmo leaf) to a visitor as a sign of hospitality; and
5. Pilgrimage by a childless couple to a holy shrine whose deity is believed to have the power to grant their wish for
a child.
China
- In 982 A.D Filipinos from Mindoro sailed to Canton, south China in an Arab ship. They sold their goods to the
Chinese and then went home. This was the earliest date in our contacts with China.
- The largest group of early Filipino tourists in China arrived at Beijing, the capital of China in 1417. They were more
than 340 men and women, including three datus (kings) of Mindanao. They visited the Chinese emperor and gave
him many gifts of gold, peals, turtle shells. In return, the Chinese emperor gave them hundreds of silk cloths and
Chinese money.

Traces of Chinese Culture:

1. Food- Tofu, Hopia, Lumpia, Pancit, Siomai, Siopao
2. Language- Most of these words are from the Amoy dialect:A Chi- Ate, Ko A- Kuya, TauKua- Tokwa
3. Wheel, kite, respect for elders, remembering the dead, gambling, clothing

Arabia
- The early Arabs who made the first contact to Philippines were non-Muslims.
- Abu Bakr- founded Sultanate of Sulu
- Arabic Literature including epics, love poems, ballads, proverbs and riddles. Ex. “moro-moro”- play of the
Tagalogs.

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- The greatest gift of Arabia to our people is Islam, a living religion in Mindanao. • With this religion came a new
form of government- the sultanate. • A new alphabet- the Arabic script.
- The Q’uranic law based on the Q’uran. • The Arabic calendar with its Muslim festivals. • Muslim arts including the
Maranaw’s Sari-manok.
- The Arabesque architectural style of the mosques with their onion shaped minarets. • Islamic customs such as:
Polygamy, Divorce and Slavery, Prohibition of eating pork and drinking hard liquors. • Giving alms to the poor.
• Pilgrimage to Mecca.
- Our national language contains some Arabic words such as: Akma- akma- appropriate, alak- arak –wine, pilat-
pirat- scar, Salamat- salam- thanks
- The title sultan (king), raha (heir), dayang (princess) and kali (judge) came from Arabs.

Japan: Pearl horticulture, farming and duck production, Nihongi

Other Asians
- Our ancestors also had contacts with Borneo, Malaya, Malacca, Siam (Thailand), Kampuchea (Cambodia),
Annam (Vietnam) and Indonesia. Filipinos traded with these Asian nations and sometimes had settled there.
- In 1515, the Filipinos had a small colony at Dingding, Malacca, in Malaysia. They were prosperous merchants
who were called Luzon men” by the local natives. This was their trading base for Malaya, Borneo, and
Indonesia.When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, they met foreign traders in the Philippines. These
foreigners told them we had business contacts with Thailand, India, China, Malaya and Indonesia.

Lesson 5: The Coming of the Europeans

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION: THE COMING OF THE EUROPEANS

Factors that led to exploration: 6. the rise of nation-states

1. improved navigational methods: 7. Crusades
- magnetic compass and astrolabe 8. The 3 G’s- God, Gold and Glory
- improved maps and charts
2. improved ship designs Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
- the caravel - Spain and Portugal sign a treaty dividing the
3. improved weapons newly discovered lands between the two nations.
- gunpowder and cannons The “Columbian Exchange” refers to the vast
4. reformation exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and
5. renaissance diseases that began with the “Age of Exploration

Lesson 6: Spanish Colonial Era

1521, March 17- Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese serving under crown landed in the Philippines. This event
marked the coming of the first Europeans to this archipelago.
1521, March 29-the first ever blood compact was contracted between Filipinos (Brothers Rajah Kulambo of
Limasawa and Rajah Siagu of Butuan) and a foreigner (Magellan)
1521, March 31- The first Catholic mass, officiated by Fr. Pedro de Valderama, was held in an island called
“Mazawa”. Magellan claimed the islands for King of Spain and called it Archipelago of St. Lazarus thereafter.
1521, April 27- Magellan was killed in battle as a consequence of his intervention in a dispute between Lapu-Lapu
and Zula, both chieftains of Mactan.
1543, Feb 2- Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, sent out on a colonial expedition to the Far East by King Carlos I of Spain, first
reached Sarangani Island in Eastern Mindanao. He eventually named both Samar and Leyte Felipinas in honor of
Prince Felipe II of Asturias, the son of King Carlos I, who became King Felipe II of Spain later.
1565, Feb 13- Miguel Lopez de Legaspi’s expedition reached Cebu.
1565, March 16- Legaspi contacted blood compacts with the two kings of Bohol,Sikatuna and Sigala.
1565, April 27- Over the ashes of Rajah Tupas’ capital in Cebu, Legaspi established the first Spanish settlement in
the Philippines
1571, June 1- La Villa de San Miguel was renamed Ciudad delSantisimoNombre de Jesus, after the discovery of an
image of a Sto. Niῆo, thus became the first Spanish town established in the archipelago and the pioneer permanent
established in the Philippines.
1571, June 3-Rajah Sulayman, the last Filipino King of Manila, was defeated by Legaspi’s nephew, Martin de Goiti in
the Battle of Bangkusay thus paving the way for Manila’s conquer.

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1571, June 24- Legaspi established the City of Manila, later Christened by King Felipe II as Insigne y Siempre Leal
Ciudad (Distinguished and Ever Loyal City) and made as the country’s capital with himself as the first Governor-
General.
1574, Nov 30- Martin de Goiti was killed when the Chinese pirate Limahongattacked Manila.
1584, May 16- The first Royal Audiencia, the highest court of Justice during the Spanish era, was established in
Manila to provide a check in balance of the power of the Governor General and other Spanish officials.
1762, October 5- Manila surrendered to British invasionary forces led by General William Draper and Admiral
Samuel Cornish and was occupied for a year and a half.
1764, May 31-Spain regained Manila from British troops after England and France signed the peace treaty, ending
the seven year war British troops left Manila and sailed away for Indiathe following month

Lesson 7: Revolts and Uprisings 5. Gaddang Revolt (1621)

 Due to the abuses of the Spanish authorities in
CAUSES OF FILIPINO REVOLTS Cagayan Valley.
1. Desire to regain the lost freedom of their ancestors  Leaders: Felipe Cutabay and Gabriel Dayag
(Political)  Result: Fr. Pedro de Santo Tomas – persuaded the
2. Religious intolerance of Spanish authorities Gaddangs to lay down their arms.
(Religious)
3. Abuses of the Spaniards (Personal) 6. Tamblot (1621- 1622)
4. The hated tribute and oppressive forced labor  A Babaylan led this religious revolt. He incited
5. Loss of ancestral lands Boholanos to return to their pagan religion. He
was joined by 2,000 Boholanos.
1. LAKANDULA AND SULAYMAN (SOLIMAN)  Suppressed by government troops led by Alcalde
 Causes of revolt: Mayor Juan de Alcarazo with 50 Spaniards and
Maltreatment of his people by Spanish masters more than 1,000 Cebuanos.
Broken promises of Spanish officials particularly 7. Bankaw’s Revolt of Leyte (1622)
exemption of his relatives and descendants from  An old chief of Limasawa became a Christian
tribute and forced labor. because he received a royal gift from Spain in
 Results: recognition of his grandfather’s hospitality to
Armed clash averted by amicable settlement. Fr. Magellan.
Geronimo Martin and Capt. Juan de Salcedo  In his old age, with the influence of his son and
pacified Lakandula and persuaded him to lay down Pagali, a native priest, he discarded his faith. He
his arms. led a religious revolt to restore paganism.
He even helped to defeat the piratical attack of  Suppressed by Juan de Alcarazo, one who
Limahong. suppressed the revolt. His head was placed on a
plate and was displayed in public
2. MagatSalamat (1587- 1588)
 son of Lakandula 8. Pedro Ladia’sRevolt (1643)
 The Plan:  Was a Bornean who claimed descent from Raja
To bring Japanese warriors and weapons to drive Matanda.
the Spaniards out.  Urged the people of Malolos to fight against the
 Result: Spanish oppressors and enthrone him as King of
Pedro Sarmiento – discovered the plot through the Tagalogs.
MagatSalamat’s friend Antonio Surabao and  Fr, Cristobal Enriquez – a parish priest from
immediately warned the Spanish authorities. The Malolos, reported Ladia’s plans to the authorities
leaders were executed. even before the rebel could take the first step.
 He was captured and executed in Manila.
3. Magalat (1596)
 He and his brother urged the people of Cagayan to 9. Juan Ponce (Francisco) Sumuroy (1649-1650)
overthrow Spanish rule during the term of Gov.  Cause: harsh order of Gov. Gen. Diego Fajardo
Gen. Francisco Tello. His revolt could not be compelling men in the village to render forced
crushed by arms. The Spaniards resorted to labor in the shipyard of Cavite.
assassination which ended his revolt. He was  Result: ended in failure, he was taken alive and put
murdered in his own house. First assassination in to death.
Philippine History.
10. Francisco Maniago (1660-1661)
4. Igorot Revolt (1601)  Causes: Natural love of the Pampangans love for
 The Igorots revolted in defense of their pagan freedom, hardship of forced labor in forests and
gods. They killed Fr. Esteban Marin, Spanish shipyards and rice taken from the people by
missionary. government agents without payment.
Capt. Mateo de Aranda – suppressed the revolt  Result: The cause weakened because Juan
Makapagal, powerful chief, remained loyal to
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 Spain. Maniago accepted the peace offer of Gov.
Gen. Marique de Lara upon the advice of a kind
friar, Fr. Andres de Salazar.
11. Andres Malong(1744-1829)
 A military leader who was inspired by Maniago
 Led the revolt in Pangasinan.
 Proclaimed himself as the “King of Pangasinan”.
 Sent troops to as far as Vigan but he was captured
and was hanged in the end.
12. Pedro Almazan (1661)
 In response to Malong’s revolt, he called the
Ilocanosto revolt against the Spaniards
 King of the Ilocanos; burned churches
 He was executed in the town plaza
13. Tapar (1663)
 He was a babaylan who was a new convert to
Catholicism.
 He founded a new syncretic religion which was
a modified form of Christianity. He proclaimed
himself "God Almighty" and went around garbed
in a woman's dress.
14. Tumalang (Zambal) Revolt (1681-1683)
 After Malong’s revolt, the Spaniards wanted
to make sure that the roots of his rebellion be
exterminated.
 Governor General Juan de Vargas Hurtado –
sent a combine Filipino and Spanish troops to
punish the Zambals who helped Malong.
Tumalang fought bitterly but unfortunately he
was captured and converted to Christianity.
15. Francisco Dagohoy (1744-1829)
 Longest revolt which lasted for 85 years
 Cause: refusal of Spanish curate, Fr. Gaspar de
Morales, to give Christian burial to Dagohoy’s
brother Sagarino who died because of a duel.
He killed Fr. Morales and urged the Boholanos to rise
against the Spaniards.
 End of the Revolt: He died due to old age in the
mountain. His followers continued the fight
It took 20 successive governor-generals before the
oppression was suppressed Gov. Gen. Mariano
Ricafort – seriously undertook measures to end the
revolt.
16. Diego Silang (1762-1763)
 Proclaimed the independence of Ilocos.
 Demanded the abolition of forced labor and
tribute
 Took advantage of the chaos of the times owing
to the British occupation of Manila. He was
befriended by the British.
 Causes: To regain the lost freedom of the
Ilokanos.
Spanish abuses and oppression.
 End of Rebellion: Silang’s assassination on May
28, 1763 by Miguel Vicos for a sum of Spanish
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gold and in the name of Catholicism and loyalty to
Spain.
17. Gabriela Silang
 Maria Josefa Gabriela; Wife of Diego
 Joan of Arc of Ilocandia
 Was believed to be the first woman to revolt in
Philippine History.
 Continued the rebellion with the help of Nicolas
Carino, Diego’s uncle.
 Was defeated by the Spanish forces and later
executed.
18. Juan dela Cruz Palaris (1762-1764)
 Revolted because of the abuses of the Spanish
government in Pangasinan.
 Created a kingdom wherein the capital was
Binalatongan (now known as San Carlos City)
 Was caught because his sister was forced to
tell where to find him and was executed.
19. Ibanag Revolt from Isabela and Cagayan (1763)
 Dabo and Juan Marayag
 Inspired by the revolts of Silang and Palaris
 Natives declared their independence and refused
to pay tributes
 It did not last long after Lt. Governor Manuel de
Arza ordered his Filipino mercenaries to suppress it.
20. Basi Revolt (1807)
 Also known as Ambaristo Revolt
 Headed by Pedro Ambaristo
 Cause: the government monopolizes the
production of wine.
21. Bayot Revolt (1822)
 The revolt was headed by the Bayot
brothers – Joaquin, Manuel and Jose. They were
sons of Colonel Francisco Bayot of the Spanish
Army based in Manila.
 They revolted because the Insulares were
not treated as if they are not Spanish at all.
 Planned to overthrow the Spanish
government and declare their father as King.
 Sentenced to life imprisonment
22. Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule) (1840-1841)
 He wanted to become a priest but was not
accepted because he was a native.He worked
instead at the Hospital of San Juan de Dios and
acquired his religious education by reading the
bible and listening to the sermons of the
church.
 Founded the Confradia de San Jose which
was banned by Spanish authorities.The
Spaniards were denied admission to the
Confradia.
 Was executed and his head was cut off and
displayed on the road
Failure of the Revolts
 Absence of national consciousness
  Lack of leaders to unite the whole archipelago
 Regional hostility
 Archipelagic nature of the Philippines prevented
a steady communication in the provinces.
 Superiority of the Spanish arms
 The betrayals and assassinations of rebel leaders.
Lesson 8: The Seeds of Philippine Nationalism
1. Opening of the Philippines to World Trade
(1834-1898)
 The Philippines was opened to world trade,
modern ideas came from Europe and the
United States.
 These ideas were printed in books and
newspapers read by many Filipinos.
 They taught about freedom and the natural
rights of men to life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness.
2. Rise of the Middle Class
 The economic prosperity experienced with the
opening of the Philippine ports to foreigners
correspondingly led to the rise of a new class
called the Filipino middle class. They formed
the main bulk of intelligentsia, popularly called
the illustrado.
3. Spanish Revolution 1868
 The Spanish Revolution of 1898 was a bloodless
revolution that resulted in the overthrow of
Queen Isabella II (1836-1898). It was in reality a
military coup led by Serrano and Prim, the two
able generals of the Spanish military force.
Their victory forced the queen to abdicate and
live in self-exile in France.
4. Liberalism of Carlos Maria de la Torre
 The new government in Spain appointed
General Carlos Maria de la Torre as governor-
general in the Philippines. He was an able
soldier and a liberal leader.
5. The Influx of Liberal Ideas
 The Suez Canal opening in 1869 made the
Philippines closer to world trade,
communications and travel. More travellers and
information came to the Philippines.
6. The Opening of Suez Canal in 1869
7. Secularization of Parishes
 Race prejudice against Filipinos became priests
especially by the 19th century. But they were
not given their own parishes because of the
racial prejudice of the two Spanish priests.
9
 So many Filipino priests campaigned for reforms
in the Catholic Church. This was called the
“secularization controversy.” It was led by
Fathers Pedro Pelaez, Jose Burgos, Mariano
Gomez, Jacinto Zamora and others.
8. Cavite Mutiny of 1872
 Governor- general Carlos Maria de la Torre
was replaced by General Rafael Izquierdo.
 In the night of January 20, 1872 a mutiny broke
out under the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid.
The mutineers seized the arsenal and killed the
Spanish officers. The following day, the
government troops came and successfully
suppressed the mutiny.
 La Madrid and many of the mutineers were
killed when a sack of gunpowder exploded.
After the mutiny, Filipino patriots were
arrested, put in jail, and 41 mutineers including
Camerino were executed as approved by
Izquierdo on January 27, 1872.
9. GOMBURZA Martyrdom
 The Spanish authorities, considering the mutiny
as part of the greater national movement to be
liberated from Spain, unjustly accused as
agitators Fr. Jose Burgos and Fr. Jacinto Zamora
of the Manila Cathedral and Fr. Mariano Burgos
of Bacoor, Cavite.
 They were arrested and tried by a military court
and sentenced to die by the garrotevil on
February 15.
10. The Propaganda Movement
 The unjust execution of the Fathers Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora was a
turning point in the history of the Philippines. It
marked the beginning of a new era known as the
propaganda period.
 The goals of the Propaganda Movement were the
following:
1. to promote equality among Filipinos and
Spaniards;
2. to have the country recognized as a province
and not a colony in Spain;
3. to gain representation in the Spanish Cortes,
the law-making body of Spain;
4. to secularize local parishes with Filipino priests;
and
5. to regain the freedom due to every citizen such
as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the
freedom to seek justice.
 Circulo Hispano-Filipino (1882)
A group of Filipinos and Spaniards with a shared
idealism organized the Circulo Hispano- Filipino. This
group published a newspaper called RevistadelCirculo
Hispano – Filipino. The objective was to expose the
abuses of the Spaniards and to express the need for
reforms in the Philippines. However due, to lack of
funds, the publication of this newspaper was
eventually discontinued.
 La Solidaridad
The Filipino propagandists published their crusade for
reforms in fortnightly newspaper called La
Solidaridad. The first issue appeared in Barcelona,
Spain on February 15, 1889.
 Rizal and the La Liga Filipina
Rizal founded a political association of patriotic
Filipinos to crusade for reforms. It met for the first
time in the house on Ilaya Street, Tondo on July 3,
1892.
 The Katipunan was steered by Bonifacio, who
became known as the Supremo (Supreme) of the
Katipunan, and he was ably supported by Emilio
Jacinto, who emerged as the "Brains of the
Katipunan."
 Kalayaan is the official publication of the KKK
 On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan was
discovered by the Spanish authorities, prompting
Bonifacio and the Katipuneros to tear
their cedula (identification card), which
symbolized their colonial oppression, and to
declare in PugadLawin the beginning of the
Philippine Revolution.

 The Goals of the La Liga Filipina were as follows:  Cry of Pugadlawin

1. To unite the different islands of the country; Two katipuneros, TeodoroPatiño and
2. To protect each other when necessary; Apoloniodela Cruz, were engaged in a bitter
3. To defend each other against violence and personal dispute. The former, Patiño, deciding to
injustice; seek revenge, exposed the secrets of
4. To encourage growth in education, agriculture and the Katipunan to his sister who was a nun, who in
commerce; and turn revealed it to a Spanish priest, Father Mariano
5. To study and apply reforms. Gil.
 The motto of the organization was “Unus instar
omnium” or “One For All.”  Battle of Pasong Tamo in Caloocan
The first armed encounter between the Spanish
 The Propagandistas colonists and a small group of the Katipunan
1. Graciano Lopez Jaena- established the La
Solidaridad  The Katipunan in Cavite and the Faction
- wrote Fray Botod and Esperanza between the Magdalo and Magdiwang
2. Marcelo H. del Pilar- editor of La Solidaridad
-Diariong Tagalog, CaiingatCayo, La Frailocracia en Magdalo Magdiwang
Filipinas, Dasalan at Tuksohan Headed by Baldomero Led by Mariano
3. Jose P. Rizal- DimasalangangLaongLaan Aguinaldo, Emilio Alvarez, Bonifacio’s
- Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo and Mi Ultimo Aguinaldo’s cousin uncle-in-law
Adios Emilio and his troop Bonifacio had won no
4. Jose Maria Panganiban- JOMAPA defeated the Spanish battles
5. Juan Luna- the greatest painter forces in several
6. Antonio Luna-Taga-Ilog encounters
Defended towns under its Defended towns
Lesson 9: The Revolution of 1896-1902 own jurisdiction under its jurisdiction
Magdalo wanted to replace Magdiwang wanted
Bonifacio and the Katipunan the KKK with new to retain KKK
 “Its full name was KataastaasanKagalang- government and leadership because it already
galangangKatipunanngmgaAnakng Bayan had constitution and
(Highest and Most Respectable Society of the by-laws.
Sons of the People).
 It was called the “Katipunan” or K.K.K for short.  Tejeros Convention
 The foremost goal of the Katipunan was political, - The first election in our country.
the separation of the Philippines from Spain. Its - On March 22, 1897, another meeting was
members also recognized and performed a civic held in Tejeros. It called for the election of
duty which was mutual assistance and the defence officers for
of the poor and the oppressed. the pamahalaangmapanghimagsik.
 That’s enough!” thought Andres Bonifacio after the Bonifacio, again reluctantly, chaired the
shocking news of Rizal’s exile to Dapitan. election. This convention ended in further
 He and his friends met at a house on Azcarraga conflict and led to the Katipunan's demise.
Street (now C.M. Recto Avenue), Tondo, Manila.
On the night of July 7, 1892, they founded a secret  Death and Trial of Bonifacio
revolutionary society for Filipinos to fight for - In Naic, Bonifacio and his officers created the Naic
freedom. Military Agreement, establishing a rival
government to Aguinaldo's. It rejected the
Bonifacio and Jacinto

10
 election at Tejeros and restored Bonifacio as the
"true" Supremo.
- The Consejo de Guerra (War Council) sentenced
Andres and ProcopioBonifacio to death for
sedition and treason. Aguinaldo commuted the
punishment to deportation, but withdrew his
decision following pressure from other officers.
- On May 10, Colonel Lazaro Makapagal, upon
orders from ex-Bonifacio supporter General
Mariano Noriel, executed the Bonifacio brothers
on Mt. Buntis.
 Biak-na-Bato Republic
It was established by Emilio Aguinaldo at Biak-na-
Bato, in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in
Bulacan. Here they established what became
known as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato, with a
constitution drafted by IsabeloArtacho and Felix
Ferrer and based on the first Cuban Constitution.
revolution.
3. Exile to Hong Kong for the revolutionary
leadership.
4. Payment by the Spanish government to the
revolutionaries in three instalments: 400,000 pesos
upon leaving the country, 200,000 pesos upon the
surrender of at least 700 firearms, and another
200,000 pesos upon the declaration of general
amnesty.
Lesson 10: The Declaration of Independence and the
Coming of the Americans
 The United States emerged a world power
after decisive victories during the Spanish-
American War.
 After the "destruction" of the USS Maine, United
States President William McKinley declared war
against Spain.

 Pact of Biak-na- Bato DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

1. The surrender of Aguinaldo and the rest of the  When Aguinaldo arrived from Hong Kong, he
revolutionary corps. brought with him a copy of a plan drawn
2. Amnesty for those who participated in the by Mariano Ponce,
calling for the establishment of a revolutionary government. Upon the advice of AmbrosioRianzares Bautista,
however, an autocratic regime was established instead on May 24, with Aguinaldo as dictator.
 It was under this dictatorship that independence was finally proclaimed on June 12, 1898 in Aguinaldo's house
in Kawit, Cavite. The first Filipino flag was unfurled and the national anthem was played for the first time.
APOLINARIO MABINI
 The first prime minister of the Philippines.The adviser of Emilio Aguinaldo.The Brains of the Revolution.

LEGACY OF THE REVOLUTION

 First, it was the first nationalistic revolution of its kind in Asia.
 Second, the Revolution led to the establishment of the first non-western independent republic.
 Sewn by Doña Marcela Marino de Agoncillo, LorenzaAgoncillo, and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad in Hong Kong
and first flown in battle on May 28, 1898. It was formally unfurled during the Proclamation of Philippine
Independence and the flag of the First Philippine Republic, on June 12, 1898 by President Aguinaldo.
 Third, it showed how disunity and discord can affect a revolution.
 And fourth, the Revolution united the Filipinos for the first time. Before and during Spanish colonization, there
was no such thing as a Filipino people.

Lesson 11: American Colonialism in the Philippines: 1901-1946

I. Rationale of American Expansionism

 Manifest Destiny
Americans believed that it is their duty to bring the benefits of civilization to ignorant people abroad either
through conversion or conquest.
 Economic Factor
Foreign markets had to be found to absorb the increase in manufactured goods. Markets and sources of raw
materials were vital to the expanding American economy. Thus, territorial expansion became a must for
Americans. Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japan to open its doors; the Americans took Pago-Pago from the
Germans and intervened in Hawaii. They also wanted a slice of the Chinese “melon”.
 Political
1. The U.S desired colonies for power and glory. It wanted to play a role in the power politics in the Pacific.
2. Americans felt in a rush of national pride coupled with a sense of moral purpose for spreading their civilization.
The Philippines would be their first colony.
 Religious
The Catholics and the Protestants were in favour of the annexation while some religious groups, the Quakers and
the Unitarians, were not in favour of annexation.
 Military
The Philippines would be a base for American operations in Asia to protect American economic and political
interests.

11
Lesson 12: The Philippine- American War

 The Treary of Paris

The sum of $20,000,000 was pain by the United States to Spain for the expenses incurred by the latter on the
improvements done in the Philippines.

 The Spark that Ignited the War

On the evening of February 4, 1899 in Sociego Street, Sta. Mesa, an American soldier who was patrolling the area
told a Filipino to stop. The Filipino did not do as ordered so the American soldier shot him. The incident ignited the
growing animosity between the Filipinos and the Americans.

 Aguinaldo Fled and the Death of General Gregorio del Pilar

Gregorio delPilar and his men were the heroes of Battle of Tirad Pass (now part of Candon, Ilocos Sur), they were
the ones who protected Emilio Aguinaldo to have sufficient time to escape the pursuing enemy. Pasong Tirad was
4,500 feet high but it was an Igorot who showed to the Americans a secret path to where delPilar and fifty-four of
his men were killed in the battle.

 The Unsettled Resistance

1. Gen. Antonio Luna- known as the bravest Filipino General
2. MacarioSakay- Established a Tagalog Republic
3. Gregorio Aglipay- Catholic priest who founded a Filipino church; The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) or
Aglipayan Church
4. Miguel Malvar- The Last President of the First Republic

Lesson 13: The American Policies and Commonwealth

 The Philippine Organic Act (c. 1369, 32 Stat. 691) was a basic law for the Insular Government that was
enacted by the United States Congress on July 1, 1902. It is also known as the Philippine Bill of 1902 and
the Cooper Act, after its author Henry A. Cooper. The approval of the act coincided with the official end of
the Philippine–American War.
 Jones Law
Among the salient provisions of the law was the creation of an all Filipino legislature. It created the
Philippine Senate to replace the Philippine Commission, which had served as the upper chamber of the
legislature.
 Sedition Law of 1901 or Act No. 292
Prohibits any Filipino from advocating Philippine independence or its separation from the United States.
 Brigandage Act of 1902
This law prohibited the Filipinos from forming or joining any organization or nationalist movement and
relegated all armed resistance against the Americans as pure banditry.
 Reconcentration Act of 1903 
Refers to the American policy in the Philippines which relocated rural populations into overcrowded villages
- a newly created concentration camps. This policy was enacted to deprive rebels from acquiring peasant
support.
 The Flag Law or Act No. 1696, passed on 6 September 1907, proscribed the Philippine flag or any nationalist
flags, banners or symbols, particularly those identified to the Katipunan, and banned the use of
the Philippine national anthem. This law was repealed in 1919.
 The Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act 
It was the first US law passed for the decolonization of the Philippines. It was the result of the Os-Rox
Mission led by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas.
The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases
for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. It also required
the Philippine Senate to ratify the law.
 The Tydings–McDuffie Act 
A United States federal law which provided for self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino
independence from the United States after a period of ten years. It also established strict limitations on
Filipino immigration.

Contributions of the Americans to the Philippine Society

1. Religious Freedom
2. Free Education: “Thomasites,” named after the boat that they came on, called SS Thomas.
3. English
12
4. Clothing
5. Food: Hamburgers, sandwiches, oatmeal, ketchup, chewing gum, Apple pie, mayonnaise, hot dogs, steak, etc.
6. Other American influences: Jeepneys, Swing Dance, Democracy

Lesson 14: The Japanese Occupation and the Restoration of Commonwealth

 The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire of Japan
occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II.
 The Japanese invaded the Philippines as part of the grand plan under the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere.
 The invasion of the Philippines started on December 8, 1941, ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. As
at Pearl Harbor, American aircraft were severely damaged in the initial Japanese attack.
 How things changed during the Japanese rule over the Philippines:
A strict curfew was enforced
Japanese currency was introduced
Barangays (neighbourhood government systems) were cut in half
A military government was implemented (as it was during a time of war)
 The HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban samga Hapon)
It was a Communist guerrilla movement formed by the peasant farmers of Central Luzon spearheaded by Luis
Taruc. They are popularly known simply as "Huks". They were originally formed to fight the Japanese, but
extended their fight into a rebellion against the Philippine Government, known as the Hukbalahap Rebellion in
1946.
 The Fall of Bataan
The Japanese forces finally occupied Manila on January 2, 1942, while both the Filipino and American troops
were retreating to Corregidor, Bataan. The Commonwealth government was transferred to the United States.
 The United States Army Forces in the United States (USAFFE)
December 26, 1941- General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an Open City.
 The Death March
On April 9, 1942, the Japanese enforced the horrible and inhuman Death March. About 36,000 weak, sick,
hungry and almost dying American and Filipino soldiers were forced to walk from Bataan to Tarlac. About 5,000
died along the way due to starvation, illnesses and tortures.
 A “puppet government” was established. The political parties abolished and only the KALIBAPI
(KapisanansaPaglilingkodsaBagongPilipinas).
 The Restoration of Commonwealth
It was declared by Gen. Douglas MacArthur on October 3, 1944 in Tacloban, Leyte.
 July 4, 1946
The Philippine Independence was finally granted by America

13
 Philippine History
Prepared by: Mr. Jose Abrian D. Casela
Assessment in Philippine History
I. Circle the letter of the correct answer:
1. Why is the study of history important?
a. It aids in analysing the causes of our current
problems.
b. It describes our current problems and concerns.
c. It predicts the effects of current situations.
d. It describes people’s motivations.
2. How does the study of his/her country’s history benefit
a person?
a. It develops his/ her social skills.
b. It develops his/ her sense of identity.
c. It helps him/her develop his/her language.
d. It develops his/her ability to predict the future.
3. Why are primary sources important in the study of
history?
a. They provide original authentic data.
b. They were systemically recorded by scientists.
c. They were used by the people who are being
studied.
d. They describe the historical events as they
happened.
4. Which are considered as primary sources?
a. Reports, objects, museum pieces
b. Artifacts, fossils, public documents
c. Letters, biographies, pictures
d. Eye witnesses reports, audio records, books
5. How were the women regarded in our society before
the Spaniards colonized our country?
a. They were rejected in our society.
b. They did not have equal standing with men.
c. They were accorded with much respect by our
men.
d. They were required to give a dowry or bigay-
kaya to the family of her future husband.
6. How can social classes among our ancestors be easily
distinguished?
a. Through their manner of speech
b. Through their manner of dressing
14
c. Through their beliefs and values
d. Through the laws they observed
7. Why did Spain fail to colonize the Muslims in
Mindanao?
a. They were strongly united.
b. They had a different religion.
c. They were richer than the Spaniards.
d. They were awarded by the Spaniards.
8. Why was the Royal Audiencia established?
a. To look into the abuses and corruption of
Spanish officials in the Philippines
b. To have more funds for the Spanish government
c. To improve commerce and industry
d. To collect more taxes
9. Why were Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora executed?
a. They were accused of plotting to overthrow the
government.
b. They were excommunicated by the Catholic.
c. They established a government in exile.
d. They led a revolt against the Spaniards.
10. Why did the Filipinos organize the Katipunan?
a. To regain freedom
b. To gain power from Spain
c. To protest human rights violations
d. To obtain equality among Filipinos
11. Why is Bonifacio known as the “Father of Katipunan?”
a. He was its founder.
b. He was its oldest member.
c. He died defending the Katipunan.
d. He gave wise counsel to its members.
12. Why did the Spaniards deport Rizal to Dapitan?
a. They wanted him to cure the sick in Dapitan.
b. They accused him of organizing a revolt against
Spain.
c. They assigned him to be the leader of a barangay
in that area.
 d. They wanted him to write a novel and take back
what he had written earlier.
13. Why did the Katipuneros tear their cedulas?
a. As a sign of protest against Bonifacio
b. As a sign of protest against Aguinaldo
c. As a sign of unity against Spain’s programs
d. As a sign of protest against the Spanish
government.
14. Why did the Pact of Biak-na-Bato fail?
a. The Filipinos did not sign the Pact.
b. Both parties did not fulfil their parts.
c. Aguinaldo immediately left for Hong Kong.
d. Most Filipinos did not understand the provisions
of the Pact.
15. Why was ApolinarioMabini considered the “Brains of
the Revolution”?
a. He trained the soldiers who fought in the
revolution.
b. He was the chief adviser of Emilio Aguinaldo.
c. He led the Philippine Revolution in 1898.
d. He helped organize the Katipunan.
16. Why did the United States invade our country?
a. To colonize the country
b. To trade with the country
c. To protect the country from other invaders
d. To help the reconstruction of the country
17. WhyMacarioSakay is considered a hero?
a. He fought against the Spanish invaders.
b. He wrote the Malolos Constitution.
c. He established the first Philippine Republic.
d. He rebelled against American colonization.
18. Why should the Commonwealth of the Philippines be
given recognition?
a. It prepared the country to become independent
from the United States.
b. It helped the country to become more
economically progressive.
c. It was the first independent Republic of the
Philippines.
d. It defeated the Japanese during the World War II.
19. Why was the National Council of Education
established
by the Commonwealth Government?
a. To provide technical advice and services to the
government in matters related to education
b. To build more colleges and universities in the
country
c. To supervised the private schools in the country.
d. To prepare the country for economic reforms
20. Why did the Huks continue to fight after the war
against the Japanese?
a. They were labelled as the communists.
b. They were deemed as criminals.
c. It was controlled by the Japanese.
d. It was headed by the Filipino rebels.
21. How did the United States continue to control the
Philippines even after granting its independence?
a. By training the military
b. By having party rights
c. By sending medical aids
d. By giving financial support
15
22. Why did President Osmena have a hard time during
his
administration?
a. The Filipinos were not united.
b. The Second World War had just ended.
c. Many Filipinos connived with the Japanese.
d. The Commonwealth had just been established.
23. Why is July 4, 1946 an important date in Philippine
history?
a. The Philippines gained independence from
America.
b. The Commonwealth Government was
established.
c. The United States colonized our country.
d. The Spanish colonies left the country.
24. Why was Ramon Magsaysay admired by many?
a. He improved peace and order condition and
assured the security of the common citizens.
b. He re-established the Commonwealth of the
Philippines after war.
c. He was elected twice as President of the
Philippines.
d. He promoted the use of Filipino products.
25. Why did President Garcia promote the Austerity
Program?
a. To provide more funds to government agencies
b. To reduce the expenses of the government.
c. To give financial support to the homeless
d. To provide assistance to the unemployed
26. Why did President Macapagal change the celebration
date of the Philippine Independence from July 4, 1946
to June 12, 1898?
a. To recognized the declaration of Philippine
Independence by the Filipinos.
b. To mark the independence in the country from
the United States.
c. To mark the liberation of the Philippines from
Japanese forces.
d. To mark the independence of the Philippines
from foreign country.
27. Why did President Marcos declare Martial Law?
a. To remain in power.
b. To prevent foreign invasion
c. To recognized the armed forces.
d. To use the strength of the military.
28. What lesson should the Filipinos learn from the
declaration of Martial Law?
a. The people should fear their leader to get things
done.
b. A leader can abuse his powers if the military
supports him.
c. A leader should be supported by the people no
matter what he does.
d. The people should support the military so the
soldier can execute the orders of their leaders.
29. Why did President Marcos call a snap election?
a. To show that the Philippine economy was stable.
b. To show that he had the support of the Filipino
people.
c. To prove that he had the support of the United
Nations.
 d. To prove that he could exercise the power and
authority of presidency.
30. How did the People Power I benefit the country?
a. Foreigners returned to the country.
b. Democracy was restored.
c. Debts were settled.
d. Marcos was exiled.
31. Why did President C. Aquino call for a constitutional
convention?
a. To study the constitution of foreigners to adopt
them and apply to the country.
b. To amend the 1935 Constitution.
c. To revise the 1973 Constitution.
d. To write a new constitution.
32. Why did Ramos implement trade liberalization?
a. To collect more taxes
b. To uplift the economy
c. To promote agrarian reform
d. To provide financial support to Filipino
businessmen
33. Why did President Arroyo fail to improve the
economy
of our country?
a. Because of graft and corruption in the
government
b. Because of Expanded Value Added Tax (E-VAT)
c. Because of terrorist outside the country
d. Because of trade liberalization
34. How did the Benigno Aquino Administration achieve
good governance?
a. By removing corrupt official from office
b. By supporting overseas workers
c. By increasing value added tax
d. By inviting foreign investors
35. Which of the following is not a contribution of
President B. Aquino to the country?
a. Implementation of K12 in the curriculum
b. Anti- Wang- Wang policy
c. SSS Pension Hike
d. Improved economic

16