Exercises on Atmospheric Effects (AOT)

1. Hydrostatic equilibrium
a) From An Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics:

• z

• 2-

The Force on the top side is

Ftop :-( Ptdp)A
The force due to
gravity is
Fpul , = -
m
.g=
-

P
-
V -

g = -

p.A.dz .g
The force on the bottom side is Fsottom : PA

Then In :[ F :
Ftop 1- Fpull 1- Fsoitom :-( ptdDA-p.A.dz g -
1- PA
Poiret does not move

=
-
A- UP - -

p.A.dz .g= or

→ UP = -

p
-
IZ -

g
IP
Fz= p g
-
-

dp
→ Thus Itt)= plz> gtt) -

b) The total molecular

density : ncz) :{ n :( 7)
total '
mass
'

/
Mi hilt)
The mean molecular weight : µ (7) = {
hilt)
'

i
-
number of masses
'

Then the density is p( (F) = not)

l number
-

putz) ( :{ mini )
density ( per volume !)

Htt)
c) Plz ) )k☐Ttt)
} mc b☐Tl }p( doff
: not
Pot)

bottom
P¥¥
(7)
p( =
= -

Mtt)gtt)

¥zgd
=

plz>
-

=
UP Plz)
is the
-
=
→
dz µ ( z) requested differential equation

d) molecular =Tu
0
/ mass /
The molecular weight OF Oz molecules 660538.10-27 try 31.10-26
is
Moz 2.15 .
ggg u

molecular
.
1. = 5.
by
/ mass N 1=1 u

and Of Nz molecules is mm : 2.14.007 u .

1. 660538.10-27 try 24.65.10 -26kg
,

Then has 21% and Nz 79% the total for 100%

,
since Oz a number density op a number density of ,
air is which we can
apply
Mi hilt) 5 ] ' •
"°
O' 21 + 4.65-10-26-0.79
zbyy
.
- ' '
-

(b) { 4. zg
Mair ( z)
to = ,,
µ ( z) prom
= =
,

:
i hilt) 1

KBTIZ)
Then ,
the scale height is H :-.
MCZ) get)
" "
t.JP -10 303-15 > t.JP -10 303-15=6.55 .io
- -

>
For 1- = 300=303.15 K : H =P go.io -500=223.15 K H
' '

= . m and
for 1- = : = m
-26 -26
4. 7- 4.7g .co
g. to g. 81 g. 81
. .

GM
e) The gravitational acceleration at
height 2- from
Earth is
y (7) =

nz + zz
Where R=R④ , 6 gravitational constant and
M=M☒
GM
and at the surface we have
glo) :
R2
 GA

got) ri l 'm) i
→
= ÑtE= '
=
putz
(g)
"
geo> WM (I t É)
R2

The Kirman line b( t) 1

that's -3.1%
is at 2- ~ 100 km →
2=0.969 so a decrease of
geo) :( , +
6371
too
)

f) Neglecting the variation of g with height and having an isothermal atmosphere with a single molecular
species means that H(z) only contains constants => the scale height is now also a constant, H
→ dpcz) Plz)
it 'm
= -

dz H

plz) z

gdptt)=f¥dz
Plo)
Plz)
0

"

/ Ppl ? )
2-
Po in : -

} ¥é¥=
¥

a)
-

plz) Poe ping

-
-

:
→
dplz) m
also have Plt)y Write po in terms Po using Plz ) KBT Plo) Pto)
Po=PohgT
=
We : →
-

→ :
dz of
M by ,-
Po / MT ) ¥ e-
¥
¥ e- ( z)
in
y
=p →
plz> =p ,
kpT
my

÷ ¥
Thus Plz) Poe e-
: and
plz> =p ,

2. The greenhouse effect

a) Assuming that the star emits as a blackbody, we can use Stefan-Boltzmann’s law:
"
f-* = oT* w/ o=osB

L
Then the stars flux at its surface is (by F :
yndz ) :

4 Lra L*
F*=rT* = and the stellar
flux at the planet 's location is F =
yndz
ynnz
He
→ F F Ynd
'

= =

F* 0T¥ Kra
Yank
2

F :( %) 0T "
is the stellar
flux at the planet 's location
planet prom
star 's perspective

The total incident power is F- F. A

Face
-
-
F. nÑp ( W) A ,=ue=nÑp
If =4nÑp
'
smeared out
'

over the entire surface A

. planet ,

the total power

would be P= F- A planet __ É 4hr5 where F- is the incident flux
average
- -

F-

.hn/Rp=F.t.rRp2E-.E.-.tu(Y-JrT
→

"

i•÷ .

space
"

b) A fraction of the Solar flux is absorbed by the

surface ,
another ruction is
reflected back to

) Then
'

by atmosphere ( not by ( this a)

'
atmosphere space the underground is albedo ,
. the average

÷÷÷÷÷¥÷~
i absorbed solar flux must be F-a. ① → ④
= É -
(I -
a) where É :{
( RoTf wld the

distance from the Sun to Earth 's surface

"
4 ovsedor
c) For a non -
reflective swathe at Ts its emitted thermal radiation can be given by Stefan -
Boltzmann 's law :

"
F, =oT ,
emmissitiuity of atmosphere
y "

d) The Flux from the atmosphere ,

is just as above , given by Stefan . Boltzmann 's law : Fa ,
D= Eota ( independent of distance ) and is absorbed
\
down

If the swathe doesn't accumulate energy over time ,

Fin = Fout by the non -

reflective swathe

Fu ,dt Éa ,O→④ = Fs
" "
Eota t F- (
-
I -

a) =oT,

e) I don’t think so, since thermal radiation received by the surface which we can approximate
as a infinite, homogenously emitting plane is independent of distance and thermal radiation
is not absorbed by an absorber, the thermal radiation would just stay constant and thus not
decrease with height.
The g. tux from the swathe leaving the upper atmos . ( assuming non -
reflective atmos )
. is :

(1-4.01)=11 E) .oT
"
Fs upper atmos ?
-

the atmosphere
,
✓
,
through
5- ✓ action that goes

F) The flux from the atmos ,

that leaves the upper side of the atmos .
is the same us Fa ,
d ,
since it radiates in the same
way
"
and also has to take into account absorptivity / emissitivity ,
so Fair : Eo Ta .

The net Solar

flux is the same as Éa ,
@→☒ ,
since it's the
average solar flux that
goes throng the upper side of the atmosphere

minus the fraction ( albedo) that is

reflected back to space ,
so Fn @ ☒
= F- ( I a)
- -

→
,

" "

Fs.u.cn . Fair Fn @ → +0
space ,

From this
drawing wee see for equilibrium we relate (e) and (f) by
,

"
atmos
T-s.u.at Fair Fn
.

=
,
@ → +0

( 1- e) rots 't sot ! = F. ( I a) -

g) We can combine the expressions from (d) and (F) because we want to have Fin ,
tot = Font tot ,

T-in.tt Font ,
tot

→
+ÉÉ=oTs
→

"

G- e) rot! teoti-F.la)
+

EXT ! ta Ts't ert :-.

"
-
E) -

Ts
"
28T :-. IT,
""
Ta = 2- Ts ( 20.84 Ts ) which is indeed the desired expression

" "
h) in (d) ,
we have Eota t F- ( -
I -

a) =oT,
F-

}Ti=F
( 1- a) -4-4
et !
"
Ti
'

Ts = + + E-
o o 2
"" Fill a)
E) Tsh
-

Substitute Ta= 2- T, (I -
=
o

E- ( 1- a) ,
Ts! (I
0 -

E)
'
i
É ( 1- a) I
Ts
-

→ =

0 (I -

E)
 3. Refraction
, etc ,

i incident ray
i
t
a) :

i -02
nz
÷ 2
layer
i

1-
if ,
h,

in I
layer

%
'

1-
Oo i

÷
no

surface

n ,
sin ( D.) = nzsin ( Oz)

}
For the first layer ,
nosincoj )=n ,
sinl -0 , )

For the " " " " ' "

Y" '
"
'
"" "" "
'
"" ' %) """ to> = " '
> into :)

etc N2
Mosin (0-0) sin (0-2)
.

☒
:

We also see that 0-0=-0 'o ,

-0 ,
= -01
,
etc . sin ( Oz ) : sin (0-0)

We can continue this until the top of the atmosphere ,

and thus generalizing to since -0 ;) =
II. sin (0-0)
"

(E)
°
At top of the atmosphere have Ot ) (0-0)

}
the sin ( sin sinl-00)
we :
n+
sine -0T )=

na : Eu , Vt : c in vacuum since -0T )=No( Hsiu (0-0) thus refraction only depends on noch)

b) The angular displacement is the deviation between the true zenith angle and observed zenith angle ,
so R= -0+-0-0 → D- 1- = Rt O_O

→ sin ( D- e) = sin ( Rt -00) : sin ( R) cost -00) 1- cos ( R) sin (0-0)

Since Rael sincr)=R and Cn) =L lot )=Rcos( O_O) t sin (0-0)
)
cos ,
so sin
, ,
×
sin @
sin ( Ot ) o

= Riot (0-0) t 1
sin (0-0)
From (a)

noch) Root (0-0) 1- I

+
:

→ D= ( noth) -
1) tan (0-0)

(g)
"
c) Entering 0-0--300,4=500 R( 30° 500am ) (1.00027-1) ( 30° )=
-

nm → noch : 500mm)= 1.00027 in eq .

gives ,
=
-
tan 1.6.10 rad

as the astronomical refraction of this source

d) From the lecture slides :

↳" S" "" "

→ For ho : he 3.45µm
: we have n (h) = [ 64.328 t ! 1- ] -10-6+1=1.000272728
£452
,
146 - 41 -

3.452
-4
Then the astronomical refraction at 0-0=300 is R=( 1.000272728 -
1) tan ( 309=1.57 .io rad

and at -00=700 is R=( 1.000272728 -

1) tan (7-00)=7.49 .IO -4rad
-
b
] " 5.
§
' °
-6
The diffraction
-

limit of the telescope is -0min : 1.22 .

= 1.22
.

4. 2
= 1.00.10 rad

So for both 0-0=300 and 0-0=700 ,

R > -0min which means we do have to take distortion due to dispersion into account

for both zenith angles

?⃝