Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

Module 3: Building Peer Networks and Essentials of Communication

Building Peer Networks: Understanding the importance of peer networks in an organization;
being able to influence those on whom you have no authority; challenges Peer networking
and different types of people networking in the workplace.
Essentials of Communication: Concept of the communication process with reflection on
various barriers to effective communication and ways to overcome, Types of Communication
and Channels of Communication.
Meaning of Peer Network
A peer-to-peer network is a technology that connects two or more computers to a single
system. This connection enables you to easily share data without the need for a separate file-
sharing server. Each end-computer that connects to this network becomes a 'peer,' allowing it
to receive and send files to other computers on the network. This allows you to work
collaboratively to complete tasks that require group attention, as well as provide services to
another peer.
How It Works
A peer-to-peer network does not have a dedicated server for user authentication. Because
each computer manages its own security, a separate user account may be required for each
computer that a user needs to access. Users typically store files on their own computers and
are responsible for properly backing up those files. Each computer in a peer-to-peer network
typically runs both client and server software and can be used to make resources available to
other users or to access shared network resources.
This technology is a significant advancement in the IT world because it improves company
efficiencies. Peer-to-peer networking has also made communication much easier than it was
previously, which is why many businesses have quickly adapted.

Importance Of Peer Networks in Organizations

1. Cost
The overall cost of establishing and maintaining a peer-to-peer network is low. Because there
is no central configuration, the setup cost has been greatly reduced. Furthermore, no payment
is required for each user on the network for the Windows server. The payment should only be
made once.

2. Reliability
A peer-to-peer network does not rely on a centralised system. This means that the computers
that are linked can operate independently of one another. Even if one part of the network
fails, the others will not be affected. Only the user will have access to those files.

3. Implementation
A peer-to-peer network is generally simple to set up and does not require any advanced
knowledge. The connection requires only a hub or a switch. Furthermore, because all
connected computers can manage themselves, there should be few configurations. However,
some specialised software is required.

4. Scalability

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 Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

P2P networking has one of the highest levels of scalability. Even if more clients are added,
the network's performance will remain constant. Occasionally, multiple users will share a
single file. In this case, the network will increase bandwidth availability.

5. Administration
There is no need for a specialised network administrator because all users are given the
ability to manage their own system. They can specify the types of files they want to share.

6. Server Requirement
Each connected computer serves as both a server and a workstation in peer-to-peer
networking. As a result, a dedicated server is unnecessary. All authorised users can access the
required files using their respective client computers. This can result in additional cost
savings.

7. Resource Sharing
P2P networking distributes resources equally among all users. The connected devices can
both provide and consume resources. Furthermore, peer-to-peer networking can be used to
easily locate and download online files.

Challenges in Peer Networking

1. Decentralization
Peer-to-peer networking lacks the feature of centralization. Because there is no central server,
files are stored on individual machines. The entire network's accessibility is not in the hands
of a single person. This makes it more difficult for users to locate and locate files. Users may
waste a lot of time if they search through each database individually.

2. Performance
A peer-to-peer network also struggles with performance. Since each computer is being
accessible by other users, there will be a performance decline as the number of devices
connecting to the network rises. As a result, P2P networks struggle to handle expanding
networks.

3. Security
Peer-to-peer networking offers relatively less security for individual files. Other than giving
permissions, there is no security. Anyone with access can log in regardless of the permissions
that have been assigned. Some users don't even need to sign in from their particular
workstation.

4. Remote Access
On a specific terminal, there may occasionally be insecure forms of codes. If this is the case,
it is possible that distant users without the necessary rights could access files on a network. A
network compromise may result from this.

5. Backup Recovery
P2P networks make backup much more challenging because the data is not centralised. It is
saved on a variety of platforms. As a result, each machine needs to have its own backup.
Otherwise, every computer should have a backup system.

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 Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

6. Virus Attacks
Peer-to-peer networks are more vulnerable to malware and virus attacks because each
connected computer is independent of the others. If one of the computers becomes infected
with a virus, it can easily spread to the other computers, even if they are protected by
antivirus or firewall software. As a result, it is the responsibility of each user to ensure that
their system is virus-free.

7. Illegal Content
Peer-to-peer networks are commonly used to transfer copyrighted content such as movies and
music via torrents. As a result, there is a possibility of an internet ban, a notice from content
writers, or even arrest. This is why some businesses and service providers dislike P2P
networks.

PEOPLE NETWORKING AT WORK PLACE

Definition People networking is defined as an activity that helps an individual to build and
maintain relationships with other people to fulfill his goals and professional ambitions.
A people network is referred to as establishing connections that are mutually beneficial for
the involved parties. It is a tool focused on interactions and maintaining relationships of
professional nature by attending business meetings, events, conferences, etc.

TYPES OF PEOPLE NETWORKS IN ORGANISATIONS

1. Operational
The operational type of people network refers to an internal network working relationship
with colleagues in your organization.

To build an operational network, an employee has to reach out to lateral colleagues in the
other departments of its organization and create a robust and dependable network. The
contacts in the operational network help in achieving short-term goals by completing work or
a task basis.

2. Personal
It refers to relationships outside your organization with like-minded people belonging to a
diverse group. Its purpose is to improve an employee's professional as well as personal
development and offering referrals to useful contacts.

This type of professional network encourages involvement in charitable organizations,

professional associations, and other activities that will broaden your network outside your
organization.

3. Strategic
The strategic type of personal network refers to a combination of the above two types of
networking where intra-organizational and personal needs can be met adequately because
networking is both internal and external.

It builds connections and keeps an individual professionally relevant. Its purpose is to figure
out priorities and secure support for it. Strategic networking is essential for sharing ideas
related to best practices, keeping an eye on development in business, learning new
approaches, gaining leverages and helping to see the bigger picture.

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PERSONAL NETWORKING STRATEGIES

1. Set goals
The first tip related to professional networks is to set goals. Think carefully and determine the
purpose of attending an event, seminar, conference, etc., and create a viable strategy based on
that observation. The plan you develop must have clear goals so that you can follow them
properly

2. Reach out
Build a relationship by reaching out to the right people as it will help in creating a network
that will prove beneficial in your career. It includes friends, family members, colleagues,
managers, peers, etc., anyone you think can help in advancing your profession.

3. Keep in touch
You might know a lot of people but when was the last time you had contact with them. Invest
in relationships by keeping in touch and making contact at regular This will make your
relationship stronger, and you can ask anyone for a personal intervals. recommendation
anytime without hesitation

4. Dress appropriately
Make sure you know the dress code for the event you are attending. In case of doubt, pick an
outfit that is washed and ironed and has a professional look. It is not right to look
disorganized or casual at such events as it will result in the wrong impression

5. Carry business cards

Today's young generation might consider carrying business cards old-fashioned, but they are
still the thing to do in professional circles. Keep the cards in a card case and take them out
from it in front of others.
This will create a good impression and result in a fruitful personal network.

6. Show up early at events

An important tip that is very useful in a professional network is showing up a bit early at
events. The crowds are lighter at this time and will provide you with numerous opportunities
for conversation and productive interactions.

7. Be punctual
If you are unable to be early, then at least be punctual and arrive on time. This quality will be
appreciated by one and all as it shows that you value time. It speaks highly about your
character and demonstrates your true nature.
It is a fact that being on time will build trust and boost your chances of increasing valuable
professional contacts

8. Create an online network

There are numerous network sites like Linkedin, Facebook, Twitter, Academia, Instagram,
and Slideshare that work beautifully through the internet. These tools help in keeping touch
and making powerful connections hence maintain a high-level activity to maintain
relationships

9. Attend networking events

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 Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

Face-to-face talks are the best way to boost your chances of success through professional
networks. Be present at events and business functions where you can meet lots of talented
people.
It includes trade fairs, conferences, educational events, and social events. Be active and
engage in small talks initially to enter into important circles.

10. Keep the conversation a bit informal

A professional network is related to your profession, no doubt. Still, it is necessary to create a
personal relationship with people who will prove useful later on. Keep the conversation light,
friendly and informal, and do not make a sales pitch initially,

11. Listen
It is a proven fact that listening is more important than talking. It is easy to join in any
conversation just by listening to the ongoing conversation. It shows that you are paying
attention and such people leave a good mark on others

12. Share
It is important to let others know that you are also influential and can provide value. Share
information and contacts as it will increase your professional networks. Sharing will beget
trust and form healthy relationships.

13. Pay attention to your body language

Keep your posture open with shoulders back, spine straight, head up and arms and legs
uncrossed. This will make you look amiable, and people will approach you without
hesitation. Do not forget to maintain a gentle smile as it looks welcoming. Make eye contact
while speaking, as it will show your confident nature.

14. Stay relevant

Stay up-to-date with new developments that are happening in and around your surroundings.
Learn new things and share the knowledge with your network. Staying relevant will keep you
in the loop and boost your professional networking capabilities

15. Take notes

An individual will talk to several people in an event, and only a few are essential for him.
Keep a tiny notebook with you and write down important information in them so that you can
refer to it later on,

16. Follow-up connections

Once you have created a contact, it becomes crucial to maintain that connection. Get in touch
with them within a short interval. This will show that you are interested in carrying forward
the link, learn more about them, and want to work with them in some capacity.

Essentials of Communication: Concept of the communication process with reflection on

various barriers to effective communication and ways to overcome, Types of Communication
and Channels of Communication.

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 Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

Meaning of Communication:
Communication can broadly be defined as exchange of ideas, messages and information
between two or more persons, through a medium, in a manner that the sender and the receiver
understand the message in the common sense, that is, they develop common understanding of
the message.
The word communication is derived from the Latin word ‘communicare’, which means
to share, impart, participate, exchange, transmit or to make common. It emphasises on
sharing common information, ideas and messages. It is not merely issuing orders and
instructions.

Nature of Communication:
Communication has the following features:
1. Two-way process:
Communication is a two-way process of understanding between two or more persons –
sender and receiver. A person cannot communicate with himself.
2. Continuous process:
Exchange of ideas and opinion amongst people is an ongoing process in business and non-
business organisations. Continuous interaction promotes understanding and exchange of
information relevant for decision-making.
3. Dynamic process:
Communication between sender and receiver takes different forms and medium depending
upon their moods and behaviour. It is, thus, a dynamic process that keeps changing in
different situations.
4. Pervasive:
Communication is a pervasive activity. It takes place at all levels (top, middle, low) in all
functional areas (production, finance, personnel, sales) of a business organisation.
5. Two people:
A minimum of two persons — sender and receiver — must be present for communication to
take place. It may be between superiors, subordinates and peer group, intra or inter se.
6. Exchange:
Communication involves exchange of ideas and opinions. People interact and develop
understanding for each other.
7. Means of unifying organisational activities:
Communication unifies internal organisational environment with its external environment. It
also integrates the human and physical resources and converts them into organisational
output.

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 Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

8. Verbal and non-verbal:

Though words are active carriers of information, gestures can sometimes be more powerful
than words. Facial expressions, sounds, signs and symbols are the non-verbal forms of
communication.
9. Mutual understanding:
Communication is effective when sender and receiver develop mutual understanding of the
subject. Messages conveyed should be understood by the receiver in the desired sense.
10. Goal-oriented:
Communication is goal-oriented. Unless the receiver and sender know the purpose they
intend to achieve through communication, it has little practical utility.
Communication Process
The communication is a dynamic process that begins with the conceptualizing of ideas by the
sender who then transmits the message through a channel to the receiver, who in turn gives
the feedback in the form of some message or signal within the given time frame. Thus, there
are Seven major elements of communication process:

1. Sender: The sender or the communicator is the person who initiates the conversation
and has conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to others.
2. Encoding: The sender begins with the encoding process wherein he uses certain
words or non-verbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate
the information into a message. The sender’s knowledge, skills, perception,
background, competencies, etc. has a great impact on the success of the message.

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 Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

3. Message: Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that he intends
to convey. The message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body
gestures, silence, sighs, sounds, etc. or any other signal that triggers the response of a
receiver.
4. Communication Channel: The Sender chooses the medium through which he wants
to convey his message to the recipient. It must be selected carefully in order to make
the message effective and correctly interpreted by the recipient. The choice of
medium depends on the interpersonal relationships between the sender and the
receiver and also on the urgency of the message being sent. Oral, virtual, written,
sound, gesture, etc. are some of the commonly used communication mediums.
5. Receiver: The receiver is the person for whom the message is intended or targeted.
He tries to comprehend it in the best possible manner such that the communication
objective is attained. The degree to which the receiver decodes the message depends
on his knowledge of the subject matter, experience, trust and relationship with the
sender.
6. Decoding: Here, the receiver interprets the sender’s message and tries to understand it
in the best possible manner. An effective communication occurs only if the receiver
understands the message in exactly the same way as it was intended by the sender.
7. Feedback: The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver has
received the message and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender. It
increases the effectiveness of the communication as it permits the sender to know the
efficacy of his message. The response of the receiver can be verbal or non-verbal.

What are Communication Barriers?

Anything that prevents us from receiving and understanding a message is a communication

barrier. 
To overcome the barrier to effective communication, you must understand what are the
barriers. If you want to overcome the barrier to effective communication, you have to
understand what kind of barrier you are facing.
A few examples of communication barriers include information overload, selective
perceptions, office gossip, semantics, gender differences, and so on. Depending on these
examples of the communication barrier, there can be 9 kinds of barriers. Here are all of these
barriers with small details.

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 Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

1. Linguistic Barriers
It is the barrier caused due to differences in language, dialect or accent. There are around 
6,500 spoken languages globally. And many of them have different accents and dialects.
2. Psychological Barriers
Effective communication requires a perfect balance of emotions and facts. Emotions like
anger, frustration, and humour can cloud a person’s decision-making abilities. Therefore,
they confine their communication effectiveness.
3. Emotional Barriers
Effective communication requires a perfect balance of emotions and facts. Emotions such as
anger, frustration, and humour can cloud a person’s decision-making abilities and, therefore,
confine their communication effectiveness.
4. Physical Barriers
It is any form of object or sounds that causes an obstacle in conveying the message. They
include noise, closed doors, faulty communication equipment, closed cabins, and so on.
5. Cultural Barriers
Different culture has a different belief, way of talking and living. Like when people from
different cultures communicate in different ways, such as speaking different languages,
holding different cultural beliefs, or using various gestures and symbols. Their cultural
differences may become barriers to effective communication.
6. Organisational Structure Barriers
In any organisation, there are many ways to communicate. Not using a proper communication
system or using many different communication systems may create difficulty to deliver the
message correctly.
7. Attitude Barriers
Being too introverted or extroverted can create barriers to effective communication.
Throwing tantrums or egos during a conversation is a way that makes other people
uncomfortable. It reduces the transfer of meaningful messages.
8. Perception Barriers
Having different points of view on a matter can create barriers to effective communication.
Not being considerate of another perspective forms an obstacle in communicating correctly.
9. Physiological Barriers
Specific disorders, diseases, or other limitations may also deter effective communication. The
shaky voice, dyslexia and others are examples of physiological barriers.
What are the 9 ways to Overcome the Barriers to Effective Communication?

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 Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

All this time, we have talked about the characteristics of effective communication. We also
covered the main barrier to effective communication. All of these are necessary to understand
and overcome barriers to effective communication. Now it is time for how you can easily
overcome barriers to effective communication. Here are 9 effective ways you can overcome
barriers to effective communication.
1. Make Your Ideas Clear Before Communicating

Give a thought to what you are going to say. You need to have clear ideas about what you are
about to speak. Know the motive behind the subject. Begin with a clear goal of
communication and precise thinking. 
In order to minimise vagueness and confusion in the communication process, clear
communication builds upon exact terms and concrete words. Making your ideas clear before
speaking, make your message simple and to the point. The receiver will understand what
you’re trying to say.
Think of it from start to end and analyse all possible options when it is a new idea you want
to share. When you have to explain it, be sure that all steps and linkages are fully understood
by you and why they exist. Expect questions from your listener and be prepared to answer
them.

2. Ensure the Time of Your Communication is Good

When you speak to someone, try to see the time and the mood of the person. Do not go and
knock on your colleague after office hours. Time is an important factor in communication.
When a group of people initiates communication, you must pay attention and communicate in
due time. 

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 Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

It is also important to say the right thing at the proper time. For example, when your listener
is in a sad situation, don’t try to tell an irrelevant joke. Or, if your listener is in a particularly
happy mood, do not say anything that will trigger sadness or a bad mood.
3. Use a Language Your Listener Can Understand

You have to ensure that you are speaking the language which your listener can understand.
Make your grammar and vocabulary as easy as possible while talking and writing. You can
always show your language skills in report or thesis writing. But when you are delivering a
meaningful message or conversing formally or informally, avoid any complex language or
using a different accent.
Verbal and written messages that are easy to understand and jargon-free engages your
audience. It will increase their interest in the conversation. Also,  they will easily
communicate back and forth with you.
4. Make your Message to the Point and Short

When speaking or writing emails or chatting, make your message to the point. Firstly, avoid
any kind of unnecessary information. Secondly, only communicate one idea, thought or
feeling at a time. 
Thirdly, do not make your message too lengthy. When people hear long messages, they
usually lose track of it, get bored or lose interest in the topic. Your message receiver will
have a hard time grasping the message and take action on it. As a result, It will increase your
time to explain again.
5. Check if the Other Person has Understood Your Message

When you communicate with someone else, ensure that they understood the message
properly. Giving and requesting feedback proves that you are serious about what the other
person says and their views on the subject. 
The motive of feedback is to determine whether the recipient has grasped the significance of
the received information. The reaction on the recipient’s face can be understood in face-to-

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 Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

face communication. However, the sender should adopt an appropriate feedback method in
case of written communication or other kinds of communications.
6. Take Care of Your Body Language, Tone and Content of the Message

Your expressions, gestures, posture and voice tones are powerful tools. Whenever you are
speaking, make sure you are communicating with correct body language. 
Aggressively saying something good might take your listener aback. Use a polite tone is
equally important. For example, when you are congratulating someone, you have to see it
with genuine excitement. Saying “Congratulation!” with a sad face will make you seem like
you are not happy with their progress. When you use the wrong body language and tone, the
subject matter of your message can be easily misinterpreted. 
Also, when you are choosing your word, make sure it is not contradictory and does not have
any kind of double meaning.
7. Listen Before you Speak Again

As Polonius said in Hamlet, “Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice.” For effective
communication, you must always listen to the other person attentively. Even though you and
the other person may have a different perception of the subject, listening to the person
overcomes barriers. 
By listening, you will make the other person feel that their perception is equally important as
yours. Furthermore, you will be apple to give more appropriate feedback.

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 Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

8. Do Not Interrupt When Someone Else is Speaking

Strongly avoid interrupting someone when they are speaking. Wait till they are finished with
what they are saying. It is considered rude behaviour. But when you interrupt someone, it
distracts them from the things they were saying. As a result, they might lose their flow. 
So if you are interrupting someone, you must have a strong reason for it. Otherwise, strictly
avoid speaking until the other person is done.
9. Make your Message Judgement Free

When you are speaking, do not speak rudely or impolitely about someone’s culture, religion
or belief. It will demean your listener and may affect your listener emotionally. As a result,
they will lose interest in the conversation. 
Respecting other people’s opinions and perspectives plays a huge role in overcoming barriers
to effective communication. If you want to say something about a culture, religion, or belief,
make sure you say it politely.

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 Seshadripuram Evening Degree College, # 27, Nagappa Street, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru-560020

Four Types of Communication

Generally, there are four types of communication that helps to convey our messages. Each
type of communication has its importance. And it should be done to give the message in the
best way possible.
1. Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is interacting through speaking. It is the most popular way of

communication that we regularly use in the form of talking. People use verbal
communication through their voice, gesture and body language. 
For example, speech, conversation, talking on the phone, voicemail, or giving an
announcement. They are all verbal communication. Essentially, it is used to express thoughts,
emotions and sentiments. It is the basic form of communication we learn from childhood by
hearing people around us talk. There are 4 forms of verbal communication.

 Intrapersonal Communication: It is the form of communication we have with

ourselves. It can be self-talk, acts of imagination and visualisation, and also recall
and memory.
 Interpersonal Communication: It is the form of communication we have with
another person. It is the form of communication we have with another person. The
interaction is usually one to one. So here both person shares express their feeling,
thoughts and information.
 Small-Group Communication: It is conversing among two or more people. Just like
when we talk among friends and family members. 
 Public Communication: It is when we give a speech in a large gathering. Here,
everyone receives the same message. Public speaking on a topic and election
campaigns are examples of public communication.

2. Non-Verbal Communication

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Non-verbal communication is the process of interacting without speaking or making noise.

Essentially, you have to use: 

 Body language, 
 Gestures, 
 Facial expressions, 
 Eye contact, 
 Haptics (touch), 
 Appearance,
 Artefacts. 
For example, using sign language is a form of non-verbal communication.
A part of our everyday communication is non-verbal along with verbal communication. For
example, we wave at our friends, smile at someone we know when we pass them and give a
nod of appreciation to someone. Moreover, our expressions change with our moods. Like a
happy face, angry face or crying face also sends everyone around you a message.
3. Written communication

A form of communication that is done with the aid of written words is written
communication. It is a way of conveying our thoughts and feelings with the help word written
or typed. We usually use written communication when sending letters, emails chatting on
digital platforms, reports, articles or memos, etc. 
Written communication can be edited. It also leaves a trail of what you said. Written
communication can be time-consuming and also somewhat unsuitable for confidential
communication. But it can be used along with the aid of visual communication too.

4. Visual Communication

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The use of visual elements to communicate ideas and information is visual communication. A
few examples of visual communication are:

 Signs, 
 Typography, 
 Drawing, 
 Maps, 
 Colour, 
 Graphic design, 
 Illustration, 
 Industrial design, 
 Advertising, 
 Animation, 
 Electronic resources
 Movies and video clips are also a form of visual communication.
Visual communication also includes icons and emoticons. Each icon and sign have a
meaning. When these icons are displayed somewhere, they inform the user of their meaning
and application. The internet uses a combination of text, design, links, images, and colour to
interact with the public. It is one of the best instances of visual communication. 

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

Each channel has its own features to consider:
PERSONAL
They are a more direct means of communication, which enable the interaction between the
sender and the receiver. It implies a conversation limited to a reduced number of participants.
A direct, close and segment-limited channel would be SMS Marketing.
INTERPERSONAL
We have a message from one sender to many receivers. There is no possibility of
personalizing the message, nor personal contact. This does not mean that there is no prior
segmentation to adjust the communication to the target.
An example for instance, would be radio and communication.
INTERACTIVE
They are communication channels with wide coverage that allow the interaction with users.
Social media is a good example.

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