World Geography Southern Hemisphere

Part 1  All continents, countries, and oceans found below the

equator
World
Prime Meridian
- People, plants, animals
- Land and bodies of water  Vertical Imaginary line through the center of the earth
- Earth is round  Divides the world into the Eastern and Western
Hemispheres
Continents
Western Hemisphere
 large areas of land that include many countries within
 7 geographic regions  USA and Canada (North-west Hemisphere)
- easier to talk about countries within the region
 7 Continents Geographers
o North America
 Scientists studying the Earth
o South America
o Africa Europe Latitude and Longitude Lines
o Asia (largest)
o Oceania  Agreed many years ago on a system of more imaginary
o Antarctica lines that runs up and down or north to south along the
prime meridian
¾ of the earth surfaces is covered by bodies of water  Agreed a system of lines that run east and west across the
earth in the same direction as the equator
Ocean  Measured in degrees
 Is a large body of salt water  Create a neat grid around the world
 Five Oceans in the World Longitude
o Arctic Ocean (smallest)
o Atlantic Ocean  Prime Meridian
o Pacific Ocean (largest) - Zero degrees longitude
o Southern Ocean - Opposite side of Prime Meridian is 180 degrees
longitude
Sea o Meridians
- Other Longitudinal lines
 Smaller than ocean - Each line quals to one degree
Location (of Continents, Countries, Oceans) Distance around the earth’s measure is exactly 360 degrees
Compass Parallel
 Tells direction of things  Lines in the same direction
 Four points  Parallel to the equator
o North  Each lines measure 1 to 360 degrees
o South
o East Coordinate
o West
 A point where the lines meet
Hemispheres  Tells the exact spot in the world, location

 Main sections of the world Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNVD8fyIsEI

 4 Main Sections
o Northern Hemisphere
o Southern Hemisphere
Part 2
o Western Hemisphere
o Eastern Hemisphere Human Geography – the study of human impact on the
 Might be invisible on earth, but they are drawn on maps environment

Equator Economic Geography – the study of economic activities and their

 Imaginary horizontal line around the center of the earth
 Divides the earth into the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres
 Horizontally runs from east to west around the earth
 Measures 0 degrees latitude
Northern Hemisphere
 All continents, countries, and oceans found above the
equator
relationship to the environment
Absolute Location – exact position on the earth’s surface
measured by longitude and latitude
Formal Region – an area defined by a common characteristic
Functional Region – an area defined by central place and the
surrounding area linked to it
Perceptional Region – an area defined by popular feelings and
images
Hydrosphere – watery regions of the earth including rivers, lakes,
and oceans
Lithosphere – the earth’s crust
Biosphere – the part of the earth that supports life
Mantle – thick middle layer of the earth’s crust; made of dense,
hot rock
Plate Tectonics – describes the effects of continental drift and
magma flow on the earth’s physical features
Subduction – mountain forming process that occurs when a sea
plate dives beneath a continental plate
Accretion – process of continent growth caused by sea plates
slowly sliding beneath continental plates
Spreading – sea plates pull apart forming rifts; magma flows to the
surface to form undersea mountains and ridges.
Folds – bends in layers of rock caused by plate movement
Loess – fertile, yellow-gray deposited by winds
Moraines – rocks and debris left when glaciers melt
Desalination – turning saltwater into freshwater by removing the
salt
Aquifer – porous underground rock layer often saturated with
water
Continental shelf – part of a continental plate that extends
underwater
Mount Everest – highest point on earth; located between Tibet and
Nepal in South Asia
Dead Sea – lowest point on dry land; located in southwest Asia
between Israel and Jordan
Mariana Trench – deepest depression on earth; located in the
Pacific Ocean southwest of Guam
San Andreas Fault – California Fault where the Pacific Plate and
North American Plate slide against each other.
Ring of Fire – Zone of earthquake and volcanic activity
surrounding the Pacific Ocean
Permafrost – permanently frozen subsoil
Smog – visible chemical haze in the atmosphere
Chaparral – Thickets of woody brushes and short trees common
in Mediterranean climates
Windward – side of a mountain range facing the wind
Leeward – side of a mountain range facing away from the wind
Rain Shadow – dry area on the leeward side of a mountain range
Natural Vegetation – the plant life that grows in an area
unchanged by human activity
Prevailing Winds – winds blowing in a constant direction over a
particular global area
Coriolis Effect – Earth’s rotation causes prevailing winds to blow
diagonally instead of along strict north-south or east-west lines.
Doldrums – narrow, generally windless band along the equator
Currents – cold and warm streams in the ocean
Mid-latitudes – area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic
Circle in the Northern Hemisphere and between the Tropic of
Capricorn and Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere
Tropic of Cancer – Northernmost point on the Earth’s surface to
receive the sun’s direct rays
Tropic of Capricorn – southernmost point of the Earth’s surface
to receive the sun’s direct rays
5 Themes of Geography
 Location
 Place
 Human-environment interaction
 Region
 Movement
Low Latitudes - the tropics; area between the Tropic of Capricorn
and the Tropic of Cancer
High Latitudes - area of the world north of the Arctic Circle and
South of the Antarctic Circle
Sahara - Earth’s Largest desert located in northern Africa with a
size roughly equivalent to North America
Natural Increase - Growth rate
Doubling time - number of years it takes the earth’s population to
double in size
Death Rate - number of deaths per year for every 1000 people
Birth Rate - number of births per year for every 1000 people
Free Trade - Removal of trade barriers so goods can flow freely
among countries
Developed countries - countries that have a great deal of
technology and manufacturing
Industrialization - spread of industry
Population Distribution - pattern of human settlement
Population Density - average number of people living on a square
mile or square kilometer of land
Oligarchy - any system of government in which a small group
holds power
Democracy - system of government in which leaders rule with
consent of the citizens
Traditional Economy - a system in which tradition and custom
determine economic activity
Market Economy - a system based on free enterprise, in which
businesses are privately owned, and production and
prices are determined by supply and demand
Mixed Economy - a system in which the government supports and
regulates free enterprise through decisions that affect the
marketplace
Command Economy - government owns or directs the means of
production and controls the distribution of goods
Language Families - large groups of languages that share common
roots
Ethnic Group - people who share a common language, history,
place of origin, or a combination of these elements
Culture Regions - A region of the Earth with common cultural
characteristics
Cultural Diffusion - process of spreading new knowledge and
skills from one culture to another
Culture Hearths - early centers of civilizations whose ideas and
practices spread to surrounding areas
Unitary System - a government that gives all the key powers to a
national or central government
Federal System - divides key powers between a national
government and state or provincial governments
Autocracy - a government in which power and authority to rule
belongs to a single individual
Divide - high point or ridge that determine the direction that rivers
flow
Headwaters - source of a river
Fall Line - boundary in the eastern US where the higher land of the
Piedmont drops to the lower Atlantic coastal plain
Timberline - elevation above which trees cannot grow
Chinook - seasonal dry wind that blows down the Rockies in late
winter and early spring
Supercells - violent spring and summer thunderstorms that spawn
tornadoes
Hurricanes - large warm-water ocean storms with sustained winds
greater that 74 mile an hour that form in the Atlantic
Ocean from June to November
Blizzard - a snowstorm with winds of more than 35 miles an hour,
temperature below freezing, and visibility less than 500
feet for 3 hours or more.
Mount McKinley - highest point in North America at 20,320 feet;
located in Alaska
Rocky Mountains - mountain range stretching from New Mexico
to Alaska that was formed when geologic forces pushed
slabs of rock upward
Great Plains - gently sloping land that appears flat stretching from
the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River
Canadian Shield - Core of rock centered on Hudson Bay and
James Bay
Appalachian Mountains - North America’s oldest mountains
stretching from Alabama to Quebec
Greenland - world’s largest island; about the size of Alaska and
Texas combined
Continental Divide - in North America, waters to the east of the
divide flow toward the Arctic or Atlantic Oceans and
waters to the west flow toward the Pacific Ocean
Colorado River - river located in the western United States and
flows through the Grand Canyon
Mackenzie River - river located in the western part of Canada's
Northwest territories that flows into the Arctic Ocean
Mississippi River - longest river in North America; flows from
headwaters in Minnesota into the Gulf of Mexico
Piedmont - an area of hilly terrain separating the Appalachians
from the Atlantic Coastal Plain
St. Lawrence River - river that forms part of the border between
the United States and Canada and flows from Lake
Ontario into the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Death Valley - desert area in the southern California that recorded
the highest temperature in the US
Everglades - wetland and swamp area in southern Florida
Newfoundland - Canada's easternmost providence
Yukon Territory - territory in northwestern Canada bordering
Alaska
Sunbelt - nickname for the milder climate regions in the American
South and Southwest, including California
Metropolitan Area - a city with a population of at least 50,000
and its suburbs
Megalopolis - a chain of closely linked metropolitan areas
Republic - government in which people elect their own officials
Dry Farming - plowing and planting the land deeply to hold water
in the soil
Constitution - a plan of government for the United States written
in 1787
Cabinet - a special group of advisers to the president
Dominion - a partially self-governing country with close ties to
another country
Parliament © - Canada's law-making body made up of the Senate
and the House of Commons
Jazz - music form that developed in the United States in the early
1900's, blending African rhythms and European
harmonies
Socioeconomic Status - level of income and education
Boswash - megalopolis stretching from Boston in the north to
Washington DC in the south that includes New York
City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore
Washington DC - planned city that is the capital of the US
Miami - Florida city located on the Atlantic coast in southern
Florida
New Orleans - Louisiana city located on the Gulf of Mexico; in
danger of flooding because it is situated below sea level
Houston - Texas city that is the fourth most populated city in the
US
Los Angeles - California city that is the second most populous city
in the US
Vancouver - most populous city in the Canadian province of
British Columbia
Ottawa - capital of Canada located in the province of Ontario
Detroit - Michigan city that is the center of the automobile
industry in the US
Hudson Bay - inland Sea in east-central Canada
Quebec - French-speaking province located in eastern Canada
Ontario - most populous Canadian province located in central
Canada
Nova Scotia - Canadian province located on the Atlantic Coast
New Brunswick - eastern Canadian province bordering Maine
Nunavut - northern Canadian territory created as the homeland for
the Inuit
Northwestern Territories - north-central Canadian territory
between the Yukon and Nunavut
Texas - US state bordering Mexico that joined the US in 1845
Alaska - territory purchased from Russia in 1867 that became the
49th state in 1959
Hawaii - Pacific Island chain annexed in 1898 and became the
50th state in 1959
New Mexico - US state located along the border of Mexico
between Texas and Arizona
Ohio - US state located on the southern Great Lakes between
Indiana and Pennsylvania
Post-Industrial - places greater emphasis on services and high-
tech businesses than on heavy industry and
manufacturing
Commodities - goods produced for sale
Retooling - converting old factories for use in new industries
Pipelines - long networks of underground or above ground pipes
Monopoly - total control of an industry by one person or company
trade deficit - spending more more on imports than is earned on
exports
trade surplus - earning more on exports than is spent on imports
clear-cutting - the process of cutting down entire forests when
harvesting timber
Eutrophication - the process by which a lake or other body of
water becomes too rich in dissolved nutrients leading to
plant growth that depletes oxygen
rust belt - area near the Great lakes where cities are in the process
of retooling
Minnesota - located in the Midwest along the border with Canada
Seattle - Washington city that is the center of the high-tech
industry on the Northwest
Research Triangle - North Carolina high-tech area located in and
around the cities of Durham, Raleigh, and Chapel Hill
Pittsburgh - Pennsylvania city that retooled after the steel industry
collapsed
Trans-Canada Highway - modern roadway crossing Canada from
St, John's, Newfoundland to Victoria, British Columbia
NAFTA - an agreement between the United States, Canada, and
Mexico to remove trade restrictions
Pentagon - Headquarters of the US Department of Defense in
Washington DC
Sudbury - city in Canada deeply affected by acid rain
Banks Island - Canadian Island affected by melting of polar ice
Cordilleras - parallel chains or ranges of mountains
Altiplano - the "high plain" area of Peru and Bolivia encircled by
the Andes' high peaks
Escarpment - steep high cliff or slope between higher and lower
land surface
Llanos - fertile green grassland of Columbia and Venezuela
Pampas - fertile green grasslands of Argentina and Uruguay
Gaucho - cowboys in South America
Hydroelectric Power - electricity generated from the energy of
water
Estuary - area where the tide meets a river current
Canopy - top layer of the rain forest where the tops of tall trees
form a continuous layer of leaves
tierra caliente - "hot land"; the lowest altitude zone of South
American highlands climates between sea level and
2,500 feet
tierra templada - "temperate land"; middle altitude zone of South
American highlands climates located between 2,500 feet
and 6,500 feet
tierra fria - cold land; the lowest altitude zone of South America
located between 6,500 feet and 10,000 feet
Amazon River - world's second longest river running through
Brazil from the Andes to the Atlantic
Middle America - area of Latin America that includes Mexico and
Central America
Central America - stretch of land linking North and South
America occupied the the countries of Guatemala,
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
and Panama
West Indies - islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea
South America - largest landmass in Latin America, occupied by
13 countries
Sierra Madre - mountain range located in Mexico
Andes - world's largest mountain range; located in South America
Mexican Plateau - heavily populated area of central Mexico
Patagonia - hill and flatland region in southern Argentina
Mato Grosso Plateau - sparsely populated forest and grassland
plateau in central Brazil
Brazil - largest country in Latin America; located in South
America
Rio Grande - river that forms part of the border between the US
and Mexico
Rio de la Plata - estuary in southern South America between
Argentina and Uruguay
Lake Titicaca - world's highest navigable lake; located in Bolivia
Amazon Basin - the area in which water drains into the Amazon
River
Columbia - republic in northern South America
Venezuela - republic in northern South America
Argentina - republic in southern South America east of Chile
Uruguay - republic in southern South America between Argentina
and Brazil
Atacama Desert - desert in Chile caused by the rain shadow effect
of the Andes Mountains
Patois - dialects that blend elements of indigenous, European,
African, and Asian languages
Megacities - cities with more than 10 million people
primate city - an urban area that dominates its countries economy,
culture, and political affairs
Glyphs - picture writing carved in stone
Chinampas - floating islands made from large rafts covered with
mud from the lake bottom; used by Aztec Indians as
fertile cropland
Quipu - a series of knotted cords of various colors and lengths
used by Incas to keep financial records
Viceroys - representative of a Spanish monarch appointed to
enforce laws in colonial Latin America
Caudillo - dictator
Syncretism - a blending of beliefs and practices from different
religions into a single faith
jai alai - a fast-paced game much like handball; played with a ball
and a long-curved basket strapped to the players wrist
Ecuador - republic in northwestern South America bordered by
Columbia and Peru
Peru - republic in northwestern South America bordered by
Ecuador, Columbia, Brazil, Bolivia, and Chile
Bolivia - landlocked republic in central South America bordered by
Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, and Peru
Guyana - republic in northern South America bordered by
Venezuela, Surinam, and Brazil
Buenos Aires - capital of Argentina
Santiago - capital of Chile
Rio de Janeiro - large city on the southeast coast Brazil
Barbados - island nation with the highest population in the
Carribean
Mexico - federal republic in North America bordered by the US,
Guatemala, and Belize
Tikal - ancient Mayan city located in modern-day Guatemala
Tenochtitlan - capital of Aztec civilization located in present-day
Mexico City
Cuzco - capital of Incan civilization located in present-day Peru
Haiti - Caribbean country located on the western side of the island
of Hispaniola
Cuba - communist country in the Caribbean led by Fidel Castro
since 1959
Dominican Republic - Caribbean country located on the eastern
side of the island of Hispaniola
Guatemala - Central American country south of Mexico
Brasilia - planned city that is the capital of Brazil
Campesinos - rural farmers and workers
Latifundia - large agricultural estates owned by wealthy families
or corporations
Minifundia - small plots of land intensively farmed by campesinos
to feed their families
cash crops - crops produced in large quantities to be sold or traded
Maquiladoras - Mexican manufacturing plants set up by foreign
firms
sustainable development - technological and economic growth
that does not deplete the human and natural resources of
a given area
slash-and-burn farming - traditional farming method in which all
plants and trees in an area are cut down and burned to
add nutrients to the soil
Reforestation - planting of young trees on land that has been
stripped
Shantytowns - makeshift communities on the edges of cities
Jamaica - Caribbean Island nation south of Cuba
Honduras - Central American republic bordered by Guatemala, El
Salvador, and Nicaragua
St. Kitts and Nevis - Caribbean Island nation noted for refining
sugar
Tijuana - Mexican city along the border with the United States
near San Diego, CA
Pan-American Highway - road system stretching from northern
Mexico to southern Chile
Trans-Amazonian Highway - Brazilian highway built to allow
development of Amazon rain forest
Panama Canal - waterway contracted through the Republic of
Panama to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Sao Paulo - Brazilian city that has the world's 4th largest
metropolitan area
Bogota - the capital of Brazil
Lima - the capital of Peru
Gulf of Fonseca - body of water south of El Salvador where
Nicaragua, Honduras, and El Salvador compete for
fishing rights
El Salvador - South American republic bordered by Guatemala
and Honduras
Dikes - large banks of stone and earth that hold back water
Polders - low-lying areas from which seawater had been drained to
create new farmland
Glaciation - the process whereby glaciers form and spread
Fjords - long, narrow, steep-sided inlets carved out by glaciers
Foehns - dry winds that blow down from mountains into valleys
and plains
Mistral - a strong north wind from the Alps
Siroccos - high, dry winds from North Africa
North Sea - an arm of the Atlantic Ocean extending between Great
Britain and the European continent
Iberian Peninsula - peninsula in southwestern Europe that is home
to Spain and Portugal
Pyrenees - mountain range on the border between Spain and
France
Mount Vesuvius - active volcano in the Apennine Mountains near
Naples, Italy
Balkan Peninsula - peninsula in southeastern Europe bordered on
the west by the Adriatic Sea
Danube - river in central and southeastern Europe that flows from
Germany to the Black Sea
Iceland - island located just south of the Arctic Circle in the
Atlantic Ocean
Sicily - island located in the Mediterranean Sea off the
southwestern tip of Italy
Crete - island located in the Mediterranean Sea southeast of
Greece
Alps - central European mountain range separating Italy from
Switzerland and Austria
Rhine - river in western Europe that flows into the North Sea
Po - river in northern Italy that flows in the Adriatic Sea
North European Plain - plain that extends from western Europe to
Russia and includes most of European Russia
Gulf Stream - ocean current in the Atlantic that brings warm water
to the coast of western Europe
North Atlantic Drift - northern extension of the Gulf Stream in
the North Sea and along the coast of Norway
ethnic cleansing - the expelling from a country of killing of rival
ethnic groups
city-states - in Ancient Greece, an independent community
consisting of a city and the surrounding lands
Middle Ages - period between ancient and modern times
Feudalism - a system in which monarchs or lords gave land to
nobles in exchange for pledges of loyalty
Crusades - a series of brutal religious wars in which Europeans
tried to take Palestine from its Muslim rulers
Renaissance - in Europe, a 300-year period of renewed interest in
the classical arts, beginning in the 1300's
Reformation - religious movement that began in Europe in the
1400's leading to the establishment of Protestant
churches
Enlightenment - a movement during the 1700s that emphasized
the importance of reason and questioning traditions and
values
industrial capitalism - an economic system in which business
leaders use profits to expand their companies
Communism - society based on equality in which workers would
control industrial production; philosophy based on Karl
Marx's ideas that called for a violent overthrow of
government and creation of a new society by workers
Reparations - payment for damages
Holocaust - the mass killing of more than 6 million European Jews
and others by Germany's Nazi leaders
Cold War - a power struggle between the communist and non-
communist world
European Union (EU) - an organization whose goal was to unite
Europe so goods, services, and workers could move
freely among member countries
Good Friday Peace Agreement - paved the way for Protestant and
Roman Catholic communities to share political power
Romanticism - artistic style that focused on emotions, stirring
historical events, and the erotic
Realism - artistic style that focused on accurately depicting the
details of everyday life
Impressionists - artists in the late 1800s who tried to show the
natural appearance of objects with dabs or strokes of
color
welfare states - countries in which the government assumes major
responsibility for people's welfare in areas such as health
and education
Sweden - northern European country on the eastern side of the
Scandinavian Peninsula
Belgium - country in northwestern Europe between the
Netherlands and France
Bosnia-Herzegovina - country in eastern Europe between
Yugoslavia and Croatia
Kosovo - Serb-ruled territory in eastern Europe that experienced
ethnic cleansing
Germany - country in north central Europe that has the largest
population of any country in Europe
Czech Republic - country in central Europe south of Germany and
Poland
Poland - country in eastern Europe along the Baltic Sean
Naples - city located in southwestern Italy
Constantinople - city in Turkey that was the capital of the
Byzantine Empire; now Istanbul
Ukraine - eastern European country along the Black Sea west of
Russia
Maastricht Treaty - a 1992 treaty that formed the European Union
light industry - manufacturing aimed at producing consumer
goods, such as making textiles and processing foods
mixed farming - raising several kinds of crops and livestock on
the same farm
farm cooperatives - organizations in which farmers share in
growing and selling products to reduce costs and raise
profits
collective farms - under communism, large, state-owned farms on
which farmers received wages plus a share of products
and profits
state farms - under communism, a state-owned farm managed by
government officials
acid rain - precipitation carrying large amounts of dissolved acids
which damages buildings, forests, and crops, and kills
wildlife
Meltwater - water formed by melting snow and ice
acid deposition - wet or dry acid pollution that falls to the ground
heavy industry - the manufacture of machinery or industrial
equipment
Ruhr - river in Germany that is the center of heavy industry
Denmark - country in northern Europe that is between the North
and Baltic Seas
Romania - country in eastern Europe along the Black Sea south of
Ukraine
Mediterranean Sea - sea enclosed by Europe, Africa, and Asia
Strait of Gibraltar - narrow strait connecting the Mediterranean
Sea and Atlantic Ocean
Carpathian Mountains - mountain range in eastern Europe
running from Slovakia to Romania
Chernozem - rich, black soil that supports the production of wheat,
barley, rye, oats, and other crops
Tundra - a vast, treeless plain in cold northern climate
characterized by permafrost and small, low plants.
Taiga - Russian term for the subarctic forest belt that covers two-
firth of Russian and extends into much of Siberia
Steppe - wide, grassy plains of Eurasia, also, similar semi-arid
climates elsewhere
Caucasus Mountains - mountain range between the Black Sea and
Caspian Sea
Central Siberian Plateau - tableland area in Siberia
West Siberian Plain - flatland between the Ural Mountains and
the Central Siberian Plateau
Caspian Sea - world's largest inland body of water located
between Europe and Asia
Volga River - river located in European Russia that includes canals
connecting Moscow to the Baltic, Black, and Caspian
Seas
Siberia - name given to the large area of land in north-central Asia
Bering Sea - northern extension of the Pacific Ocean separating
northeastern Asia from Alaska
Ural Mountains - mountain range in eastern Russia that is the
traditional boundary between European and Asian Russia
Verkoyhansk Range - mountain range in northeastern Russia just
east of the Lena River
Ob River - river located in western Russia
Nationalities - large, distinct ethnic groups within a country
Sovereignty - self-rule
Czars - supreme rulers who ruled Russia until 1917
Serfs - virtually enslaved laborers bound to the land and under the
control of nobility
Russification - policy which required everyone to speak Russian
and practice Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Socialism - political philosophy in which the government owns the
means of production
Bolsheviks - a revolutionary group in Russia led by Lenin
Satellites - country controlled by another, notably Eastern
European countries controlled by the Soviet Union
Cold War - the struggle between the United States and the Soviet
Union for world influence and power
Perestroika - policy of economic restructuring in the Soviet Union
while Mikhail Gorbachev ruled
Glasnost - policy of greater political openness in the Soviet Union
while Mikhail Gorbachev ruled
Patriarch - spiritual leader of the Russian church
Pogroms - organized persecution and massacres of Jews in Russia
Intelligentsia - intellectual elite
socialist realism - realistic style of art and literature that glorified
Soviet ideals and goals
Baltic Sea - an extension of the Atlantic Ocean in northern Europe
that is connected with the North Sea
Black Sea - sea located between Europe and Asia north of Turkey
St. Petersburg - city that is Russia's window on the west and
served as the capital until 1922.
Moscow - Russian city that served as the capital of the Soviet
Union
Josef Stalin - Soviet leader who transformed the Soviet Union into
an industrial giant but killed and imprisoned millions
Mikhail Gorbachev - Soviet leader who began the reform policies
of perestroika and glasnost
Boris Yeltsin - first leader of Russia after the Soviet Union ceased
to exist
Lake Baikal - largest freshwater lake in Russia, located in
southern Siberia
Leo Tolstoy - Russian author who wrote War and Peace
Fyodor Dostoyevsky - Russian author who wrote Crime and
Punishment
Alexander Solzhenitsyn - Russian writer expelled from Russia for
writing about the horror of the labor camps
consumer goods - good needed for everyday life
black market - illegal trade in which scarce or illegal goods are
sold at prices higher than those set by the government
Privatization - a change to private ownership
Kolkhozes - small farms worked by farmers who shared, to a
degree, in the farm's production and profits
Sovkhozes - large farms run like factories, with workers receiving
wages
Siberia - large area of land in north central Asia
Vladivostok - Russian port city on the Pacific coast
Kamchatka - a region of Siberia in eastern Russia
Lake Baikal - largest freshwater lake in Russia located in southern
Siberia
Chernobyl - Russian town contaminated by radiation after a fire in
a nuclear reactor
alluvial soil - rich soil made up of sand and mud deposited by
moving water
Wadis - a streambed in the desert that is dry except during heavy
rain
Kums - dune-covered deserts in central Asia
Phosphate - chemical used in fertilizers
Oasis - place in the desert where underground water surfaces
Pastoralism - the razing and grazing of livestock
Cereals - food grains
Red Sea - sea separating Africa from the Arabian Peninsula
Persian Gulf - an extension of the Arabian Sea between Iran and
Saudi Arabia
Arabian Sea - part of the Indian Ocean between India and the
Arabian Ocean
Sinai Peninsula - peninsula in northwestern Egypt between the
Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Aqaba
Anatolia - a plateau located between the Mediterranean Sea and
the Black Sea now occupied by Turkey
Dead Sea - a Salt Lake located between Israel and Jordan that is
the lowest lake in the world
Aral Sea - inland sea between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
Nile River - world's longest river that empties into the
Mediterranean Sea
Tigris River - river in southeast Asia that flows through Turkey
and Iraq and joins the Euphrates River
Euphrates River - river that flows through Syria and Iraq and
joins with the Tigris River
Atlas Mountains - Africa's longest mountain range located in
Morocco and Algeria
Caucasus Mountains - mountain range between the Black Sea and
Caspian Sea
Rub'al Khali - "the Empty Quarter"; desert region in the southern
Arabian Peninsula
Infrastructure - basic urban necessities like streets and utilities
Fertile Crescent - rich, agricultural region of the Tigris and
Euphrates River Valley
Qanat - underground canal constructed by the Persians
Nationalism - the belief in the right of an ethnic culture to have its
own independent country
Nationalized - placed under government control
Embargo - ban on trade
Ziggurats - Sumerian mud-brick temples shaped like pyramids
Arabs - Semitic people of the Arabian Peninsula; Arabic-speaking
people
Muslims - followers of the religion Islam
Arabian Peninsula - peninsula in southwestern Asia
Maghreb - 16 countries in which Arabs live; "the west" in Arabic
Israelites - members of the Hebrew people descended from Jacob
Palestinians - Arabs living in the territory in which Israel was
established
Anatolia - Asian part of Turkey
Ottoman Turks - Turkish group who built the ottoman Empire
Israel - country in western Asia
Turkey - country in western Asia and southeastern Europe
Caucasus Area - area next to the Caucasus Mountains in western
Asia
Iran - country in western Asia bordered by Iraq and Afghanistan
Afghanistan - country on the eastern border of Iran
Aryans - Indo-European people who migrated into the Middle East
from southern Russia about 1000 BC
Bedouins - nomadic Arabs
Armenia - country in western Asia that became an independent
republic after the Soviet Union dissolved
Soviet Union - a communist union of countries that dissolved in
1991
Georgia - country in western Asia that became an independent
republic after the Soviet Union dissolved
Central Asian Republics - countries in central Asia that consist of
Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan
Kurds - people who live in the border areas of Turkey, Iraq, Iran,
Syria, and the Caucasian republics and have no country
of their own
Golan Heights - Syrian area that Israel conquered in the 1967
Arab-Israeli War that is a source of water
Jordan River - major river in Israel that carries water south
Tehran - capital of Iran
Cairo - capital of Egypt
Istanbul - capital of Turkey
Persian Empire - an empire which extended from the Nile River
and the Aegean Sea to Central Asia in the 500s BC
Samarqand - ancient city located in present-day Uzbekistan
Mongols - nomadic peoples of Asia
Ghengis Khan - leader of the Mongols in the late 1100s
Jerusalem - capital of Israel
Makkah - Islam's holiest city in the Arabian Peninsula
West Bank - an area west of the Jordan River, between Israel and
Jordan
Gaza Strip - a territory bordered on the south by Egypt, on the
west by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north and east
by Israel
Taliban - radical Muslim group who gained control of Afghanistan
in the 1990s and were responsible for many human rights
violations
Osama bin Laden - terrorist and Saudi exile
Northern Alliance - a group of Afghan rebels who gained control
of the Taliban in 2001
Saddam Hussein - Iraq's dictator who was overthrown in 2003
Qatar - a small country located on the Arabian Peninsula
United Arab Emirates - country located on the Arabian Peninsula
Arable - suitable for farming
Petrochemicals - products derived from petroleum of natural gas
gross domestic product (GOP) - the value of goods and services
produced in a country in a year
Hajj - pilgrimage that Muslims take
Saudi Arabia - country in southwest Asia on the Arabian
Peninsula
Israel - country in southwest Asia located by the Mediterranean
Sea
Kuwait - country located in southwest Asia between Iraq and
Saudi Arabia
Morocco - country located in North Africa
Istanbul - Capital of Turkey
Strait of Tiran - between the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea
Strait of Hormuz - linking the Persian Gulf with the Arabian Sea
Suez Canal - human-made waterway lying between the Sinai
Peninsula and the rest of Eqypt
Baku - Azerbaijan's capital
Tripoli - capital of Libya
Aswan High Dam - located in Egypt, completed in 1970
Dead Sea - located between the border of Jordan and Israel
Elburz Mountains - located in Iran
Aral Sea - located between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
Catracts - towering waterfalls
rift valley - a large crack in the earth's surface caused by shifting
tectonic plates
Leach - dissolve and carry away
Savanna - tropical grassland scattered with trees
Harmattan - northeast trade wind
Ruwenzori Mountains - divide Uganda and the Democratic
Republic of the Congo
Drakensberg Range - mountains in South Africa and Lesotho
Great Rift Valley - a natural wonder in the southeastern part of
Africa
Cape of Good Hope - southern tip of Africa
Lake Tanganyika - one of the deepest and longest freshwater
lakes in the world; located in East Africa
Lake Victoria - largest lake in Africa
Niger River - main artery in western Africa that originates in
Guinea
Zambezi River - located in south-central Africa and meets the
ocean in a Delta
Serengeti Plain - one of the world's largest savanna plains; located
in Tanzania
Tanzania - country in the eastern part of Africa where the
Serengeti is located
Sahel - the northern steppe of Africa
Namib Desert - located along the Atlantic coast of Namibia
Kalahari Desert - located in eastern Namibia, Botswana, and part
of South Africa
service centers - convenient business locations for rural dwellers
Apartheid - separation of races
universal suffrage - voting rights for all adult citizens
mass culture - popular culture promoted by the media
lingua franca - common language
extended families - households made up of several generations
Clans - large groups of people descended from a common ancestor
nuclear family - made up of husband, wife, and children
Nigeria - most populous Africa country
Rwanda - one of Africa's most populous countries south of the
Sahara
Namibia - less populated country of southwest Africa
Zimbabwe - country in southeast Africa
Lagos - largest country in the region south of the Sahara, located in
Zimbabwe
Accra - large city in Ghana
Kinshasa - on the southern bank of the Congo River in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Nairobi - inland city of Kenya
Johannesberg - city in South Africa
Kush - ancient kingdom in present-day Sudan
Axum - a powerful trading empire in northern Ethiopia
Ghana (A) - present-day Ghana is named after this ancient trading
kingdom
Kumbi - capital of Ancient Ghana

Mali - trading empire that succeeded Ghana

Sognhai - trading empire that succeeded Ghana

Timbuktu - wealthy city of Mali

Eritrea - small country located in East Africa

Madagascar - an island off East Africa

Tanzania - country in Eastern Africa

Dar es Salaam - major city in Tanzania

shifting farming - a method in which farmers move every one to

three years to find better soil

sedentary farming - farming conducted at permanent settlements

commercial farming - farms producing crops on a large scale

conservation farming - a land-management technique that helps

protect farmland

Zambia - a country in south central Africa

Kampala - capital of Uganda

Somalia - country in East Africa that juts into the Indian Ocean

Ethiopia - country in East Africa that juts into the Indian Ocean (2)

Djibouti - country in East Africa that juts into the Indian Ocean (3)

Sahel - region of West Africa

Sudan - country in East Africa

Eritrea - country in East Africa that juts into the Red Sea

Tigray - northern Ethiopian province

Ivory Coast - named Cote d'lvoire in French, this country is

located in west Africa

Madagascar - island county in East Africa

Source: https://quizlet.com/9485045/world-geography-review-
flash-cards/?
fbclid=IwAR2JFXPTmhDDhE6cGVTOordY7_gpa0bfj7
5pnOVV9ln95gwzJztHVOR4RCA