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WHY THE NEED FOR OSH? Occupational Safety and Health

” the science of anticipation, recognition,
evaluation and control of hazards arising in
or from the workplace that could impair
the health and well-being of workers, taking
into account the possible impact on the
surrounding communities and the general
environment.”

Source: Fundamentals of Occupational Health and Safety, Second

Edition, ILO

Two Major Fields of Occupational Safety and

Objectives: Health (OSH)

Upon completion of the module, participants will
be able to:
q Explain the global as well as the current
Philippine OSH situation
q Define unsafe/unhealthy acts and conditions
q Enumerate the roles of safety officers in OSH
implementation
q Identify the risk assessment steps/processes
Occupational Safety (OS) deals with
• causes of accidents at work
• ways to prevent unsafe act and unsafe conditions in
any workplace.
Occupational Health (OH)
• a broad concept
• explains how the different hazards and risks at work
may cause an illness
• emphasizes that health programs are essential in
controlling work-related and/or occupational diseases

OSH SITUATIONER

What is 1. GLOBAL OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH)

SITUATIONER
According to recent estimates released by the International
Labor Organization (ILO):

q each year 2.3 million workers die from occupational

accidents and work-related diseases (of which 2.4
million are disease-related) and
q an additional 374 million workers suffer from non-fatal
occupational accidents.

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OSH SITUATIONER

The Global Occupational Safety and Health Situationer also reports based on its
estimates that:

q 2 million workers die every year

q more than 100,000 work fatalities occur every month

q more than 5,000 die every day

q 4 die every minute and each year

q 22,000 children are killed by work accidents

Moreover, the ILO reports that every 15 seconds , a worker dies from a work-
related accident or diseases. Every 15 seconds, 153 workers have work-related
accidents.

OSH SITUATIONER

Every day, 6,300 people die because of occupational accidents or work-

related diseases-more than 2.3 million deaths per year.

317 million accidents occur on the job annually, many of these resulting
in extended absences from work.

The human cost of this daily adversity is vast and the economic burden of
poor occupational safety and health practices is estimated at 4% of global
Gross Domestic Product each year.

2. THE CURRENT PHILIPPINE OSH SITUATION

Source: 2017/2018 Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
Reference Number: 2019-214
Release Date: Friday, December 13, 2019

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Figure 2- Percent Share of Establishments With Designated Health

TOP FIVE PREVENTIVE & CONTROL MEASURES/ACTIVITIES and Safety Personnel, Philippines: 2017
CONDUCTED BY ESTABLISHMENTS (in Establishments Employing 20 or More Workers)
90.00%
81.30%
Among the total 32,288 establishments employing 20 or more 80.00%

workers covered by the survey in 2017, 70.00%

60.00%
46.20%
98.1%
50.00%
 had conducted various preventive and control 40.00%

measures/activities to protect workers from unnecessary danger 30.00% 25.00%

16.20%
20.00%
and harm in their workplaces. 10.00% 6.20%
0.70%
0.00%

86.4% Posting of safety signages or warnings was the most

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Source: 2017/2018 Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)

Figure 2- Top Cases of Occupational Injuries with Workdays Lost in

TOP FIVE PREVENTIVE & CONTROL Establishments, Philippines: 2017
MEASURES/ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY 60.00%
50.80%
ESTABLISHMENTS 50.00%

40.00% 35.90% 36.30%

30.20%
30.00% 26.20%

Other top measures/activities commonly conducted were: 20.00%

Smoke-free workplace- 85.4% 10.00%

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Source of Data: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2017/2018 Integrated

Survey on Labor and Employment

Figure 1- Percent Share of Establishments With OSH-Related Figure 3- Cases of Occupational Diseases in Establishments Employing 20
Training by Conducting Agency, Philippines: 2017 or More Workers, Philippines: 2015 and 2017
(in Establishments Employing 20 or More Workers)
45.10%
140,000
39.20% 125,973

120,000
101,851
100,000

24.50% 80,000

60,000

14.90% 14.60% 40,000

20,000
5.20%
2.40% 1.50% 1.40%
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Source of Data: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2017/2018 Integrated

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FIGURE 2- Cases of Occupational Injuries by Part of the Body

Figure 4- Top 5 Occupational Diseases in Establishments, Philippines: 2017
Injured, Philippines: 2015
35.00%
Trunk
Neck, or Internal
1.20% Whole Body or
31.30% Back, 2.90%
30.20% Organs, 2.20% Multiple Sites,
30.00% 4.30%

25.00%

20.00% Lower
Extremities,
15.50% Equally Injured,
39.20%
15.00% 13.80%
11.40%

10.00%
Head, 16.70%
5.40%
5.00%

0.00% Arm and

Back Pains Essential Hypertension Neck-Shoulder Pains Occupational Asthma Other Infections Shoulder,
19.70%
Source of Data: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2017/2018 Integrated
Survey on Labor and Employment

Table 1- Cases of Occupational Injuries by Incapacity for Work Philippines: FIGURE 3- Cases of Occupational Injuries by Cause of Injury
2015 and 2013 Philippines: 2015
(in Establishments Employing 20 or More Workers)
60,000

50,000
Stepping on Striling Against or Struck ny Objects,
Cases of Occupational Injuries

Excluding Falling Objects

40,000 Caught in or Between Objects

2% Falss of Persons
30,000 7% 2%
7% 32% Struk by Falling Objects
8%
20,000
Exposure toor Contact with Extreme
Temperatures
9%
Over Exertion or Strenous Movement
10,000
10%
23% Exposure to or Contact with Harmful Substances
or Radiation
0
With Workdays L Permanent Incap Temporary Incap Without Workday Exposure to or Contact with Electric Current
TOTAL Fatal Non-Fatal
ost acity acity s Lost
2015 50,861 17,859 156 17,703 358 17,346 33,102 Others
2013 49,118 20,702 270 20,432 175 20,257 28416

Source of Data: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2017/2018 Integrated

Survey on Labor and Employment

FIGURE 1- Cases of Occupational Injuries by Type of Injury, FIGURE 4- Cases of Occupational Injuries by
Philippines: 2015 Agent of Injury Philippines: 2015
0.20%
1.30%
1.40%
4.90%
Others Machines Equipment
0%
3% 2%1%
Traumatic Amputations Materials, Objects
6.20%
6% Hand Tools
Acute Poisionings and 27%
8.40% infections 7% Conveying Transport/ Packaging Equipment or
Concussions and internal Vehicles
injuries Building Structures
9%
Foreign body in the eye Chemical Substances
56.20% 8.80%

Burns, corrosions, scalds Human Animals Plants, etc

and frostbites
12.60% Prime Movers
Fractures
19%
26% Distribution Systems
Dislocations, sprans and
Others
strains

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The present local data does not present a total picture of OSH
situation in the Philippines. Many companies do not report
accidents and injuries. Data gathering has been problematic
because of the following conditions:
v Under reporting of work-related accidents and illnesses
v Limited coverage of the OSH information and education and OSHS
implementation
v Inadequate number of trained OSH personnel
v Absence of strict penalties
v Weak enforcement of OSH laws
v Fragmented OSH administration
Emerging issues in OSH
Aside from the problem s already identified,
participants should also be aware that there are
emerging OSH issues:
q women workers’ issues
q OSH and child labor
q OSH in the informal sector
q agriculture
q in schools
q and lifestyle diseases such as AIDS and
diabetes, and many others.
ROLE OF SAFETY OFFICER
Overview:
Safety officer refers to any employee or
officer of the company trained by DOLE or
DOLE-Accredited Training Organization and
tasked by the employer to implement an
OSH program, and ensure that it is in
accordance with the provisions of OSH
standards.
1/18/2021
Roles of Safety Officers
(as per Section 14 of DOLE DO 198 s18)
a) Oversee the overall management of the OSH
program in coordination with the OSH committee;
b)Frequently monitor and inspect any health or
safety aspect of the operation being undertaken
with the participation of supervisors and workers;
Roles of Safety Officers
(as per Section 14 of DOLE DO 198 s18)
c)Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health
inspection at anytime whenever work is being performed or during
the conduct of an accident investigation by providing necessary
information and OSH reports as required by the OSH standards;
and
d)Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on
the requirements and procedures provided by the OSH standards.
HIRAC OVERVIEW
HIRAC stands for Hazards Identification, Risk Assessment and
Control. It is the process for managing hazards in the work or
operational environment. It is the fundamental mechanism for
ensuring a safe workplace, and underlies the basis of modern
health and safety legislation.
Hazards and Risks
Hazard is any agent that has the potentia l to cause harm or
damage to humans, property, or the environment.
Risk is defined as the probability that exposure to a hazard will
lead to a negative consequence. Risks is also a combination of
the likelihood of the occurrence of a hazard and the severity of
the injury or damage.
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Importance or benefits of hazards identification

 Identifies hazardous conditions and potential accidents;
 Provides information with which effective control measures can be
established;
 Determines level of knowledge and skill as well as physical requirements
workers need to execute specific tasks;
 Discovers and eliminates unsafe procedures, techniques, motions,
positions and actions.

Hazard Identification
Sources of workplace hazards information
v Those who are familiar with plant operations and the hazards associated Process of finding and identifying:
with them;
- hazardous agents (situations,
v Hazard information from manufacturers of industrial equipment, tools
and machinery acquired by the company; products etc.) that could contribute to
v From accident and old inspection reports (either internal or external); provoking an occupational accident
v Hazard analysis and thorough knowledge of the demands of a particular or/and disease
task; - the groups of workers potentially
v Material safety data sheets; exposed to these hazards.
v Technical and Professional Associations.

Hazards, from where?

Risk Assessment – is a process of identifying workplace A risk assessment must be carried out
hazards, evaluating risks to workers’ safety and health before people start work, covering
and control the relevant hazards. hazards and risk factors related to:
LIKELIHOOD - is an event likely to occur within the
specific period or in specified circumstances. Equipment: workplace lay-out,
machines, hand tools, software and
SEVERITY - is outcome from an event such as severity
of injury or health of people, or damage to property, or
hardware, tables or chairs
insult to environment, or any combination of those Product: dangerous substances, heavy
caused by the event. loads and sharp or warm objects
Environment: light, noise, climate,
vibrations, air quality or dust

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Hazards, from where?

Classification of Hazards
A risk assessment must be carried out before A HAZARD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM helps managers set priorities for 
people start work, covering hazards and risk actions to control all identified hazards and they are classified as follows:
factors related to:
CLASS A – a condition or practice likely to cause permanent disability, loss of life, or body 
part and/or extensive loss of structure, equipment or material. Ex., a band saw without 
Organization : tasks, working hours, breaks, guard.

shift systems, training, communication, team CLASS B – a condition or practice likely to cause serious injury/illness resulting in 

work, contact with visitors, social support or temporary disability or property damage that is disruptive but less than CLASS A. Ex., 

autonomy. incorrect position in handling a radial arm saw.

Human: lack of physical or mental capacity, CLASS C – a condition or practice likely to cause serious injury/illness resulting in 
lack of knowledge or skills, lack of right attitude temporary disability or non-disruptive property damage. Ex., carpenter handling rough 
or behavior lumber without gloves.

What is Hazard?
Evaluation of risk

Hazards (Risk)＝ (Probability) of event × (Severity) of harm

A condition or a set of circumstances that present

a potential for harm. Hazard are divided into two
broad categories:
 

Safety Hazards -  can cause occupational illnesses.
Health Hazards – can cause physical harm-injuries.

WORKPLACE HAZARDS

Safety Hazards

• The harm results in some kind of injury to the worker

• Working conditions where harm to the workers is of an immediate &

violent nature that result in broken bones, cuts, bruises, sprains, loss of
limbs, etc.

• Associated with poorly guarded or dangerous equipment & machinery

Health Hazards

• Working conditions which result in an illness

• Often, latency between exposure & disease

• Exposure to dangerous substances or conditions such as chemicals,

gases, dusts, noise, etc.

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UNSAFE / UNHEALTHY ACTS AND Accident

CONDITIONS An accident is an unexpected, unforeseen,

unplanned and unwanted occurrence or event that
causes damage or loss of materials or properties,
injury or death.
Structure of accidents
The belief that accidents are caused and can be
prevented makes it imperative for us to study those
factors which are likely to favor the occurrence of
accidents. By studying such factors, the root causes
of accidents can be isolated and necessary steps can
be taken to prevent the recurrence of the accidents.

Objectives : Costs of accidents

Working on this topic should help you to: I. Direct costs:
q identify the different unsafe and unhealthy acts in a a. m e d i c a l e x p e n s e s o f t h e i n j u r e d
workplace; worker/workers
q differentiate unsafe/unhealthy acts from b. Insurance premiums
unsafe/unhealthy conditions ; c. In some cases, for penalty and litigation
q identify Filipino traits and characteristics in the expenses.
workplace which result in unsafe/ unhealthy acts
d. Companies also spend huge amounts to
and conditions
replace damaged equipment and wasted raw
q define accident and its causes
q enumerate ways to promote safety consciousness materials.

Costs of accidents
What are unsafe/unhealthy acts and conditions?
II. Indirect costs:
These 2 words are situations that we inevitably encounter in the a. Lost or lesser productivity of the injured
workplaces brought by human actions before, while or after at work. – workers lose their efficiency and
income due to work interruption on the
day of the injury.
Both of these two are caused by human action that departs from a
b. L o s s o f p ro d u c tiv ity a m o n g o t h e r
standard job procedure or safe practice, safety regulations or
employees due to work stoppage when
instructions, thus, negative effects comes along way which may cause assisting the injured worker, inspection
health injury, loose of productivity or even fatal cases of human body if o r m e r e l y o u t o f c u r i o s i t y. T h e
not given corrective actions. psychological impact of the accident
reduces the workers’ productivity.

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Costs of accidents
II. Indirect costs: Examples of Unsafe Acts
c. Loss of productivity among supervisors because instead of focusing
on managing people and the work flow, they spend their time assisting
 Operating equipment without training and
the injured, investigating the accident and preparing inspection reports. certificate
d. Hiring and training replacement workers
 Failure to give warning
e. Downtime due to equipment damage
 Failure to secure equipment, materials
 Running at too high a speed
 Tampering with safety devices

Accident causation
After knowing what accidents are and the costs that will be incurred Examples of Unsafe Acts
when these happen, we will now look at the primary causes of
accidents. Understanding this topic will help you identify appropriate  Lack of, substandard, or improper use
measures to prevent accidents from happening. of PPE
Are these phrases familiar to you?  Failure, improper tag out/lockout
– "Oras na niya"
 Using defective, fabricated equipment
– "Malas niya lang"
– “Tanga kasi”  Wo r k i n g i n h a z a r d o u s l o c a t i o n s
– “Kasama sa trabaho ” without adequate warning
 horseplay

UNSAFE/UNHEALTHY ACTS
The Immediate Causes of Unsafe
Unsafe/unhealthy Act: “any human action that violates a commonly Acts
accepted safe work procedure or standard operating procedure. ” This is
 Negligence
an act done by a worker that does not conform or departs from an
established standard, rules or policy. These often happen when a  Anger/Temper
worker has improper attitudes , physical limitations or lacks  Hasty Decisions
knowledge or skills.
 Indifference
 Distractions

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The Immediate Causes of Unsafe Example of Unsafe Condition

Acts  PPE not adequate
 Curiosity  Defective equipment, materials, etc.
 Inadequate Instructions  Restricted workplace
 Poor Work Habit  Fire, flammable explosion hazards
 Over confidence  Congested or restricted body movements
 Lack of Planning  Replacement system

Clearly Differentiating Unsafe Act versus Unsafe

Condition
UNSAFE CONDITION UNSAFE ACT
UNSAFE/UNHEALTHY CONDITION

Unsafe/unhealthy Condition: the physical or chemical

property of a material, machine or the environment which
could possibly cause injury to people, damage to property,
disrupt operations in a plant or office or other forms of losses.
 Bike with faulty brake
 No rear mirror
But these conditions could be guarded or prevented.  Low air pressure in both the
tyres
 Improper lightings
 Adverse weather conditions
 Lack of speed governors
 Indicators not working
 Not having competency and training to drive the
bike
 Not following traffic rules
 Driving beyond the safe speed limit
 Not using helmet
 Turning without decreasing the speed or without
giving warning or indication
 Parking at unauthorized or unstable surface
 Driving under inebriated condition
 Driving bike when not feeling well

Example of Unsafe Condition

 Poor housekeeping
 Poor ventilation
 High Temperatures
 High Noise Levels
 Radiation Hazard
 Guards, barriers not adequate

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Difference Between Unsafe Act and Unsafe

Conditions
CLEAR POINTS:
CONCLUSION:
Hence, we can conclude that  unsafe acts  are related to the way people q Safety officers play a key role in the
handle their tasks. It can be avoided by equipping workers with overall management of programs in their
adequate safety knowledge and skills to manage workplace safety and companies.
hazards. Workers need to be trained regularly and update about the
new safety challenges and involve them in making the workplace safe
q Conduct workplace risk assessment
and secure for all. through hazards identification,
evaluation and control.
Unsafe conditions  are majorly attributed to owners of the workplaces. It
can be avoided by following all necessary safety regulations and
standards, making workers adhere safe practices, provide protective
environment for all the workers, maintain machines and safety gadgets
and above all, providing safe and secure work environments where
workers feel safe and happy.

In summary:

98%-preventable
88%-unsafe / unhealthy ACTS
10%-unsafe/unhealthy CONDITIONS

2%-non-preventable

CLEAR POINTS:

q Every workplace has different hazards,

risk, and level of exposures. Tailor fit
your OSH response.
q Accidents and injuries result to losses of
lives, limbs, time and property. Most
accidents at work could have been
prevented. Immediate causes of
accidents are unsafe and unhealthy acts
and conditions.

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