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WORKPLACE Occupational Workplace Hazards:

SAFETY HAZARDS
A. Safety Hazards – working conditions where harm to
the workers is of an immediate & violent nature
q Result in broken bones, cuts, bruises, sprains, loss of
limbs, etc.
q The harm results in some kind of injury to the worker
q Associated with poorly guarded or dangerous
equipment & machinery
B. Health Hazards – working conditions which result in
an illness
q Often, latency between exposure and disease
q Exposure to dangerous substances or conditions such
as chemicals, gases, dusts, noise, etc.

Objectives: Table 1
Upon completion of the module, participants will be Examples of Hazards and Their Effects
able to:
Workplace Hazard Example of Hazard Example of Harm Caused
 Describe hazards from poor housekeeping
 Explain the causes and extent of fire incidents; Thing Knife Cut

 Identify causes and effects of machine related Substance Benzene Leukemia

accidents;
Material Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tuberculosis
 Identify common hazards associated with materials
handling;
Source of Energy Electricity Shock, electrocution
 Enumerate common electrical hazards; and
Condition Wet floor Slips, falls
 Develop control measures against hazards in the
Process Welding Metal fume fever
workplace before accidents and injuries occur.
Practice Hard rock mining Silicosis

Behaviour Bullying Anxiety, fear, depression

Overview: OSH CATEGORIZED HAZARDS INTO TWO :

Workplace Safety Hazards:

A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health •Hazards due to poor housekeeping
effects on something or someone. Sometimes the resulting harm is •Fire Hazards
referred to as the hazard instead of the actual source of the hazard. •Electrical Hazards
•Machine Hazards
Workplace hazards can come from a wide range of sources. General
•Hazards from Improper Materials Handling
examples include any substance, material, process, practice, etc. that has
the ability to cause harm or adverse health effect to a person or property. Workplace Health Hazards:
•Physical
•Chemical
•Biological
•Ergonomics

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What are the signs of disorder?

WORKPLACE HAZARDS CAN BE IDENTIFIED WITH
• Cluttered and poorly
THE BELOW APPLICATIONS:
 RISK Assessments arranged areas
 Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)
 Planned Inspections / Audit • Untidy piling of materials
 Safety Data Sheets
 Product Labelling • Presence of items no
 Workforce Interviews
 Incident records and statistics longer needed or in excess

• Blocked aisles and exits

1. HAZARDS DUE TO POOR HOUSEKEEPING What are the signs of disorder?

When we think of “housekeeping” we tend to
think of the common phrase: “ A place for
everything and everything in its place.”
But housekeeping means more than this.
Good housekeeping means having no
unnecessary items about and keeping all
necessary items in their proper places.
• Dusty floors and work surfaces
• Tools and equipment left in work areas
• Overflowing waste bins and containers
• Overcrowded/disorderly shelves and storage areas
• Presence of spills and leaks

1. HAZARDS DUE TO POOR HOUSEKEEPING ACCIDENTS FROM POOR

Hazards from Poor housekeeping:
HOUSEKEEPING
 serve as an indicator of deteriorating safety
• Being hit by falling objects
 poor safety health program
• Tripping over loose objects
 feel uncomfortable to work & unhealthy mind while at
work on floors, stairs and
 less quality with the company image
platforms
 cause accident that lead to less production • Slipping on greasy, wet or
 highlight issues in company morale & professionalism dirty surfaces
 cause ineffectiveness of management

 affect worker’s image and impressions.

 increase chances to enter harmful bacteria / diseases

 promote conflict and other problem in the workplace

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ACCIDENTS FROM POOR Basic principles of fire

HOUSEKEEPING
• Striking against projecting, poorly stacked items or
misplaced material
• Cutting, puncturing, or tearing the skin of hands or other
parts of the body on projecting nails, wire or steel strapping
Fire is a process that emits light and heat. In order to
explain or understand fire development, experts have devised
various fire models. To produce fire, three things must be
present at the same time such as fuel, heat and oxygen. This
is known as the FIRE TRIANGLE.

Fire Tetrahedron Theory – simply adds a fourth component of

fire termed as the chain reaction the tetrahedron is a transition
from the plane geometric triangle to a four- sided pyramid. The
chain reaction will rage until one of the 3 elements is exhausted.

ACCIDENTS FROM POOR

HOUSEKEEPING Elements of combustion:

• Electrocution from exposed & unattended live

wires Oxygen
• Fire incident/having skin burns from Fuel
unexpected fires Heat
Chemical reaction

List of Common Fire Hazards

2. FIRE HAZARDS
• Arson or willful fire-raising
• Cooking
• Smoking materials
• Open flame (i.e., candles/incense)
• Electrical (wiring, appliances and equipment) hazards
• Residential furnishings

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List of Common Fire Hazards
• Accumulation of combustible materials
• Improper handling and storage of
combustible/flammable liquids
• Use of Halogen lamps
• Space heaters
• Hot work hazards (i.e., cutting, welding)
Classification of Fire
CLASS A
Class a fire - are ordinary combustibles
from wood, fabric, paper, trash and
plastics. These are the common
causes of fire encountered in many
workplaces. Class a fire can terminate
through water or monoammonium
phosphate.
Classification of Fire
CLASS B
Class B fire is a fire comes from
common liquid-based fuel sources.
These are flammable liquids or
flammable gases. Flammable liquids
include gasoline, diesel fuel, oils,
tars, petroleum greases, solvents,
alcohols, and oil-based paints.
Flammable gases include things like
propane, hydrogen, and butane.
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Classification of Fire
CLASS C
The class c fire uses electrical components
and/or energized equipment as its fuel
source. Electrical fires are often fueled by
motors, appliances, and electronic
transformers. Electrical fires are common in
industries that deal with energy or make use
of heavy electrically-powered equipment.
Classification of Fire
CLASS C
However, electrical fires can occur on
smaller scales in all businesses (i.e. An
overloaded surge protector or bad
wiring) and should be taken seriously.
To extinguish such fires, you cut the
power off and use non-conductive
chemicals to extinguish the fire.
Classification of Fire
CLASS D
The class d fire is defined as one
that uses a combustible metal as
its fuel source. Examples of such
combustible metals include
titanium, magnesium, aluminum,
and potassium. Note that there are
also other metals with combustive
properties you may encounter.
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Important Point to Remember About Liquid Fuels

Classification of Fire
Class D fires are a danger in laboratory
environments. When confronted with such a
fire, common extinguishing agents such as
water are ineffective and can be hazardous.
To extinguish a class d fire, use a dry
powder agent. This absorbs the heat the
fire requires to burn and smothers it as well.
• FLASH POINT – the lowest
temperature at which liquid fuel
gives off flammable vapors
• FLAMMABLE LIQUID – a liquid
having a flash point below 100 °F
(37.8°C)
• COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID – a liquid
having a flash point at or above
100°F (37.8°C)

Classification of Fire Mode of Fire Propagation

(Heat Transfer Mechanism)

CLASS K
1.Conduction - direct contact of heat
Class K fire is defined as a cooking fire involving
from one body to another.
combustion from liquids used in food preparation.
Technically a type of liquid fire, class k fires is
distinct enough to warrant their own classification. 2. Convection – the circulating medium
Cooking fires are fueled by a wide range of liquid of heat transfer , occurs upward.
cooking materials. Greases, cooking oils, vegetable
fat, and animal fat are all fuel sources found in class
3. Radiation – transfer of heat by
k fires. Class k fires are naturally of concern in the
emission and propagation of heat energy
food service and restaurant industry. Such fires can in the form of rays or waves.
be very dangerous and far more destructive than
you may think.

The Burning Process

CAUSES OF FIRE (Stages of Fire Development)
1. ELECTRICAL (23%)
2. SMOKING (18%)
3. FRICTION (10%)
4. Overheating Materials (8%)
5. HOT SURFACE (7%)
6. BURNER FLAMES (7%)
7. COMBUSTIBLE SPARKS (5%)
8. Housekeeping Practices (4%)

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Conductors are materials that conduct electrical current very easy

3. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS because of their free flowing electrons property. Examples of good
conductors are: copper, silver, gold, aluminum, platinum, nickel,
brass, zinc, iron and lead.

Insulators – are materials that do not conduct electrical heat

because they have high resistance to electric current. Some
common insulators are glass, thermoplastic, rubber, porcelain, and
papers.

Types of Electrical Accidents are:

Electricity is a form of energy with its electrons. All matter is
made up of atoms, and an atom has a center, called a nucleus. 1. SHOCK
The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons 2. BURNS
and uncharged particles called neutrons.
3. ARC BLAST
Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most
widely used forms of energy for providing power to building and 4. EXPLOSIONS
electrical devices. 5. FIRES

Causes of Electrical Accidents

Ohms Law states that the CURRENT through a conductor between two
 Defective appliances, equipment and tools
points is directly proportional to the VOLTAGE across the two points.
Introducing the constant of proportionality, the RESISTANCE one arrives  Defective wiring installation
at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship.  Personal factor (“Do-it-yourself” conditions)
OHM’S LAW  Lack of maintenance of equipment
V (voltage)  Using unapproved electrical equipment appliances
I (current) = -----------------------  Failure to ground equipment
R (resistance)  No proper rated protective device
 Overloading of circuits

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SHOCK HAZARD
An electric shock is electrical current flowing through ARC FLASH HAZARDS
the body. Electrical current always follows the path
Extremely high temperatures
of least resistance. In the body that is:
are generated during an
 Blood vessels, nerves, heart, kidneys, brain, etc. electrical arc flash incident.
Resulting injuries are typically:
Shocks can cause internal burns, tissue and organ
•1st to 3 rd degree burns
damage.
•Hair and clothing can be
3. Electrical shock is a common hazard encountered set on fire.
by people involved in the installation, maintenance, •E x t r e m i t i e s a r e o f t e n
and operation of electrical equipment. seriously injured.

Effects of Current on the Body

Electrical shocks of :
3 ma (0.003 A.)
5 ma (0.005 A.)
9 ma (0.009A.)
10 ma (0.010 A.)
25 ma (0.025 A.)
BLAST HAZARD
painful shock If a severe electrical arc fault occurs,
there is a risk of Blast as well as Flash.
GFCI trip setting
 Extreme heat is generated very
Can be Painful
quickly during such an event, and
Muscle Contractions (cannot let go) the rapidly expanding gases can
Breathing stops create an explosion.

60 ma (0.060 A.) Heart malfunctions or stops  The pressure wave can be strong
enough to knock people down and
> 1A parable damage to body tissue
destroy equipment.

FIRE HAZARDS CAUSED OF ELECTRICAL

FIRE MOITURE HAZARDS
 The more frequent causes of electrical • Power cords and cord
fires may be listed under three general connections must be kept
c l a s s e s n a m e l y, a r c s , s p a r k s a n d dry.
overheating. An arc is produced when an
electric circuit carrying a current is
T E M P O R A RY W I R I N G -
interrupted, either intentionally – by a knife
violates the National
switch or accidentally – where a contact at
Electrical Code
a terminal becomes loose.

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What is a Machine?
More Frequent Accidents Happen
at Low Voltage Areas • An assemblage of parts that transmit forces,
motion and energy in a predetermined
▪ Most employees work and move manner.
around in this area
▪ Not all workers have the proper • Can be simple or compound.
trainings and experience • Machine is an apparatus using or applying
▪ It is treated as less dangerous. mechanical power and having several parts,
each with a definite function and together
performing a particular task.

4. MACHINE HAZARDS Definition of terms

Guarding – any means of effectively preventing personnel from coming in contact
with moving parts of machinery or equipment which can cause physical harm to
people.
Guard – Barriers that prevent Employees from contact with moving portions or
parts of exposed machinery or equipment which could cause physical harm to
the Employees.
Enclosure – are physical barriers that are mounted on a machine to prevent
accidental contact to moving parts of machineries and equipment.
Point of Operat ion - That point where work is performed on the material, such as
cutting, shaping, boring, or forming of stock must be guarded.
Power Transmission – mechanical components that transmit energy and motion
from the source of power to the point of operation.

Objectives:
Causes of machine related accidents
At the end of the required period, you are expected to:
1. An individual making unwanted contact
1. identify the different machines and its uses;
2. recognize the hazards that exists in machines while in use; and with a moving part of a machine
3. develop more standard procedures in the use, maintenance and 2. Flying items from the machine
safeguarding of these machines. 3. Machine malfunction due to mechanical
and electrical energy sources failure
4. Work piece movement during a forming or
cutting process or unguarded or exposed
moving parts such as power transmitting
devices

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Effects of machine related accidents

1. Power Transmission Apparatus
1. Loss in productivity
All components of the mechanical system that transmit energy to the part
2. Damaged equipment of the machine performing the work. These components include flywheels, pulleys,
belts, connecting rods, couplings, cams, spindles, chains, sprockets, cranks, and
3. Can result to severe injuries gears.

4. Loss of trained and skilled employee 2. The point of operation

That point where work is performed on the material, such as cutting,
shaping, boring, or forming.
3. Other moving parts
All parts of the machine which move while the machine is working.

HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTION

There are 3 categories of hazards that could happen in
using machinery: Rotating Motions
1. Mechanical hazards
2. Non-mechanical hazards
3. Location/access hazards

A. Mechanical hazards HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTION

A good way to recognize mechanical hazards is to observe how the moving parts of a
machine operate and how parts of a worker’s body are likely to come into harmful Transverse Motions
contact with them.
Machine parts generally move in one of three ways: they rotate, they slide, or they can
rupture, fragment, and/or eject.

Where mechanical hazards occur?

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HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTION HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTION

Reciprocating Shearing Actions

HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTION HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTION

Cutting Actions Bending Actions

HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTION HAZARDS FROM MACHINES /POWERED TOOLS

Punching Actions
•Reciprocating hazards
•Rotating hazards
•Crushing hazards
•Shear hazards
•Cutting hazards
•Drawing-in hazards
•Abrasion & ejection hazard
•Entanglement hazard

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Non-mechanical hazards
5. HAZARDS FROM IMPROPER MATERIAL HANDLING
Non-mechanical hazards on machinery vary depending on the exact
machine used but can include exposure to:

 Dust
 Mist (vapors or fumes)
 Noise
 Vibration
 Heat (radiated or conducted) or Cold
 Ignition sources (flame or spark)
 High intensity light (laser, ultraviolet)

Non-mechanical hazards
Material Handling
 Molten materials
Material handling is an art of transporting of material through lifting,
 Heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury)
holding, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving of a load
 Steam
with the use of appropriate handling equipment and men. The load can
 Pressurized fluids and gases
be an animate (people or animals) or inanimate (boxes, tools, etc.)
 Ionizing radiation (x-rays, microwaves)
object. Manual handling is also sometimes called ‘manual material
 Electrical
handling’ (MMH).
 gas or liquid under pressure (e.g., injuries from injection or ejection by
hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems, compressed air, paint sprayers,
etc.)
 psychosocial hazards (e.g., stress, job content, work organization,
cognitive factors, etc.)

Access hazards Where does it occur?

Manual handling occurs in almost all working environments
Examples
1. Factories
1. Cooling towers on building roofs may have poor access, yet must be
attended by a service person at predictable times for water treatment, 2. Warehouses
chemical dosing or monitoring of automated dosing equipment. 3. building sites
4. farms, hospitals
5. Offices, others etc)

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Types of materials handling

Work-related low back pain and low back injuries are the most common
kind of musculoskeletal disorders caused by manual handling. These
A. Manual handling work-related low back disorders are a significant and increasing problem
 Is the process of lifting, transporting and anywhere in the world.
packaging of products using ow n physical
strength.
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders due to manual handling (e.g.
 Hand operated handling, transporting and
low back disorders) may have serious consequences to workers, and
packaging of products.
may restrict their ability to undertake a wide range of work and leisure
activities for the remainder of their lives.
B. Mechanical handling
 Pertains to more rigid, powered and non-
powered mechanics mainly for handling bulky
and heavy items

Kinds of Mechanical Handling Equipment

What makes manual handling hazardous?

There are several factors that make manual handling hazardous,
and increase the risk of injury. These are called risk factors. The risk
factors, particularly for back injury, are related to 4 aspects of
manual handling:
 the load,
 the task,
 the environment and
 the individual.

Major Hazards Brought by Improper Material Handling

THE LOAD
What are the possible negative health effects of manual handling?
Manual handling can result in fatigue, and lead to injuries of the back, neck, shoulders,
arms or other body parts. Two groups of injuries may result from manual handling:
 Cuts, bruises, fractures etc., due to sudden, unexpected events such as accidents
 Damage to the musculoskeletal system of the body (muscles, tendons, ligaments,
bones, joints, bursa, blood vessels and nerves) as a consequence of gradual and
cumulative wear and tear through repetitive manual handling.
 These injuries are called ‘musculoskeletal disorders’ (MSDs)3 and can be divided
into 3 groups
 Neck and upper limb disorders
 Lower limb disorders
 Back pain and back injuries.
• Too heavy
There is no exact weight limit for manual handling. A weight
of 20 to 25 kg is heavy to lift for most people, especially if
the load is handled several times in an hour.
• Too large
One basic rule for lifting and carrying is to keep the load as
close to the body as possible. In order to get a broad load
close to the body, the worker has to open the arms to reach
and hold the load. The arm muscles cannot produce force
when reaching as effectively as with the arms held in
close.

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• Difficult to grasp THE ENVIRONMENT:

Loads that are difficult to grasp can result in the object slipping,
causing sudden movement of the load. Gloves usually make
q Space available
grasping more difficult than with bare hands. Providing the objects
with handles or using aids for gripping (e.g. when carrying plate
q Floor
material) reduces the load on the worker.

• Unbalanced, unstable or if the contents can move

q Climate
With unbalanced objects, it is difficult to hold the center of gravity of
the load close to the middle of the body. This leads to uneven
loading of muscles, and fatigue. q Lighting

• Difficult to reach
Loads that can only be reached with outstretched arms, or by
bending or twisting the trunk, require more muscular force. The
spine may easily be hurt if the trunk is bent or twisted while lifting.

THE TASK THE INDIVIDUAL:

 Is too strenuous
Tasks may be very demanding if they have to be carried out too
frequently or for too long with insufficient rest or recovery time
(e.g. continuous lifting or carrying for long distances, or activities
where the working speed is imposed by a process which cannot
be altered by the worker).
 Involves awkward postures or movements
Working with a bent and/or twisted trunk, raised arms, bent
wrists, a bent neck and turned head increases the risk of back
injury and should be avoided, as should twisting, turning and
bending movements of the trunk, overreaching, sudden
movements and repetitive handling.
 Experience, training and familiarity with the job
(for example, new episodes of low back pain are
common in the first year of employment)
 Age (the risk of low back disorders increases with
the number of years at work: the first episode of
low back pain occurs in most people by the age
of 30)
 Physical dimensions and capacity (length, weight,
strength, etc.)
 Personal lifestyle (smoking may, for example,
increase the risk of low back disorders)
 History of back disorders (this is a predictor of
future back injuries)
 Willingness to use personal protective equipment
(for example, clothing and footwear).

 Posture Clear Points

Manual handling involves muscular work. There are two main
1. A deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence
types of muscular work:
 Static work - when maintaining a posture (holding the body or of a deteriorating safety and health program.
part of the body in a fixed position), certain skeletal muscles 2. Chemistry of fire is represented by the fire triangle:
remain contracted
 Dynamic work - when moving body parts, active skeletal a) Fuel,
muscles contract and relax rhythmically. b) Heat and
c) Oxygen
3. Mechanical hazards occur:
a) at the point of operation,
b) power transmission components and
c) other exposed moving parts of the machine.

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Clear Points
4. Lifting and moving things at work may cause
disabling injuries and even deaths due to poor
ergonomics.

5. Electrical hazards in the workplace may be caused

by negligence, to ensure a safe design and proper
work procedures, the appropriate servicing and
maintenance of electrical installation and electrical
equipment must be done by authorized & licensed
technician.

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