CCNA WRITTEN TEST Question Paper

1. What is Subnetting and its uses? 2. Differentiate between Routing Protocol and Routed Protocol , give some examples for both.

Routing Protocols: the routing protocol is the protocol used to send update between the routers
about the networks that exist in the organization. Example: RIP,OSPF,IS-IS,IGRP,EIGRP OR: is used by routers to dynamically find all the network in the internetwork & make sure that all routers have the same routing tables.

Routed Protocols :

Once all the routers knows about all the networks a routed protocol can be used to send user data through the internetwork Example: IP, IPX

3. Mention the use of IP Subnet- zero commands.

4. How will you find the number of IP addresses and

Subnet? 172.168.100.0126

number of host in the given IP

5. Mention about RIP protocol and its timers and its use of timers?

RIP Timers
Route Update Timer - The routing-update timer clocks the interval between periodic routing updates. It is usually set to 30 seconds. Route Invalid TImer - The Route Invalid Timer determines the length of time (90 seconds) before a route is considered invalid. If it doesn't receive an update for the route it sets the route as invalid and notifies its neighbors. Route Flush Timer - The Route Flush Timer sets the time between when a route becomes invalid and its removal from the routing table (240 seconds). Time must be longer than invalid timer so it can tell its neighbors about the route.

6. Mention about Io1 rp protocol and its timers.

7. Differentiate between RIP1 & RIP2

8. What is the Administrative distance (AD) value for RIP,IGRP,OSPF,BIGRP

Route Source Connected Interface Static Route EIGRP summary route EIGRP External EIGRP IGRP OSPF RIP IS-IS EGP External BGP Internal BGP Unknown Default Administrative Distance 0 1 5 90 170 100 110 120 115 140 20 200 255 (this route will never be used)

9. Mention the use of AD

Administrative Distance (AD): is used to rate the trustworthiness of routing information

received on a router from a neighbor router. An administrative Distance is an integer from 0 to 255,where 0 is the most trusted and 255 means no traffic will be passed via this route

10. How does IP communicate between two nodes shown in the figure.

11. Mention the use of show IP Interface This command enables you to see IP configuration of your router interface 12. How ISDN works and how to configure on router?
ISDN is actually a set of communication protocols proposed by telephone companies that allow them to carry a group of digital services that simultaneously convey data, text, voice,music, graphics, and video to end users, and it was designed to achieve this over the telephone systems already in place. These are the benefits of ISDN: 1)It can carry voice, video, and data simultaneously. 2)Call setup is faster than with an analog modem. 3)Data rates are faster than on an analog modem connection. 4) ISDN offers Dial on Demand Routing, which means you only pay for the time that you use the link. 5)Small office and home office sites can be economically supported with ISDN BRI services. 6)ISDN can be used as a backup service for a leased-line connection between the remote and central offices. 7)ISDN provides a faster data transfer rate than modems by using the B channel. When multiple B channels are used, ISDN offer users more bandwidth on WANs.

13. Mention about PRI & BRI interfaces and its value

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) service, also known as 2B+D, provides two B channels and one D channel. The BRI B-channel service operates at 64Kbps and carries data, while the BRI D-channel service operates at 16Kbps and usually carries control and signaling information. The total bandwidth for ISDN BRI is then 144Kbps (64 + 64 + 16 = 144).The D channel carries signaling information to set up and control calls.

Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) servicealso known as 23B+Ddelivers 23 64Kbps B channels and one 64Kbps D channel, for a total bit rate of 1.544Mbps.

14. Mention about the use of ISDN switch type command 15. Mention the use of Dialer list command

Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR)

Dial-on-demand routing (DDR) is used to reduce WAN costs if you have to pay on a per-minute or perpacket basis. DDR works when a packet received on an interface 1. The route to the destination network is determined to be across the dial-up connection. 2. Interesting packets dictate a DDR call. 3. Dialer information is looked up and the call is placed. 4. Traffic is transmitted. 5. Call is terminated when no more interesting traffic is being transmitted over a link and the idle-timeout period ends.

Configuring DDR
1. Define static routes, which specify how to get to the remote networks and what interface to use to get there. 2. Specify the traffic that is considered interesting to the router. 3. Configure the dialer information that will be used to dial the interface to get to the remote network. Configuring Static Routes RouterA(config)#ip route 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.60.2 RouterA(config)#ip route 172.16.60.2 255.255.255.255 bri0 What this does is tell the router how to get to network 172.16.50.0 through 172.16.60.2. The second line tells the router how to get to 172.16.60.2. This second IP route command is vital, as youll soon see; together with the dialer map command, it lets ISDN know where to place the call.

16. What is Access list? Mention about the types

17. What is the use of SNMP protocol? Simple Network Management Protocol. The SNMP protocol is used by network management systems to communicate with network elements.

The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is essentially a request-reply protocol running over UDP (ports 161 and 162)

18. What is VLAN?

What is VLAN: Creating Multiple virtual LANs across the switch is called as VLAN

19. Differentiate between Trunk line & Access Line

Access Link: Access link is a link that is part of only one Vlan,which is referred to as the native Vlan of the port. Trunk Link : Trunk can carry multiple VLAN information across the switch. A trunk is used to connect switches to other switches, or routers. Trunk links are supported on fastEthernet or Gigabit Ethernet only

20. What is supernetting?

Combining several IP network addresses into one IP address. Supernetting reduces the number of entries in a routing table and is done in CIDR addressing as well as internal networks.

21. What is leased lines? How it works?

Typically, these are referred to as a point-to-point connection or dedicated connection. Which has been leased for private use. In some contexts, it's called a dedicated line.

22. How does trace route work? Traceroute is the program that shows you the route over the network between two systems, listing all the intermediate routers a connection must pass through to get to its destination. It can help you determine why your connections to a given server might be poor, and can often help you figure out where exactly the problem is. It also shows you how systems are connected to each other, letting you see how your ISP connects to the Internet as well as how the target system is connected. 23. Differentiate Straight Cable and Cross Cable

24. Differentiate between Hub and Switches 25. Following in an illustration of two connected routers.R1 & R2 are 2 routers which are connected by 2MBPS leased line and 128 KBPS ISDN, if there is failure of 2MBPS Leased line during transmission , then transmission should be taken over by128KBPS How do you configure this condition?

26. What is subnetting? 27. Given a network e.g:172.16.23.0/20, how many sub networks are possible? and what is the next subnet address after the zero subnet? 28. a) Given a mesh kind of connection to 4-5 switches, how can you find the root bridge and root port, which port will be in forward state and blocking state? b) Please prepare the STP part, very important. 29. Which is better OSPF or EIGRP? OSPF EIGRP

Supports CIDR and VLSM, rapid Supports CIDR and VLSM, rapid convergence, partial updates, neighbor convergence, partial updates, neighbor discovery discovery Administrator can define route summarization Open standard; multivendor support Scalable; administratively defined areas provide manageable hierarchy Difficult to implement Equal-cost load balancing Automatic route-summarization and userdefined route summaries Proprietary; Cisco routers only Scalable, but no hierarchical design

Easy to implement Unequal-cost load balancing

30. What are the features of OSPF or EIGRP?

Features of EIGRP Great for scaling current EIGRP Reduction of dandthwidth Route summarization Route redistribution Dual Algorithm= Fast convergence EIGRP user incremental update Function in LAN & WAN Supports VLSL: suppernetting Metric based on Bandwidth/Delay Load balance up to 6 equal & unequal paths Provides support for multiple protocols Easy to configure Backward compatible with IGRP

OSPF Features

 Fast convergence: Whenever there is change in topology, it will send only Triggered updates. It supports unlimited size: Less bandth utilization It user Dikjestra Algorithm to calculate best path to the destination Cost will be calculate based on Bandth/Delay 10*8/Bandth-width

31. What are the features of distance vector?

Distance Vector
Sends its entire routing table at periodic intervals out of all interfaces (typically, this is based in seconds). It will also send triggered updates to reflect changes in the network. RIP, IGRP, EIGRP ( Hybbid) Typically involves updates sent using a broadcast address to everyone on the link. Uses a metric based on how distant the remote network is to the router. (IGRP does not conform to this as a proprietary solution.) Has knowledge of the network based on information learned from its neighbors. Includes a routing table that is a database viewed from the perspective of each router. Uses Bellman Ford algorithm for

Link-State
Sends incremental updates when a change is detected. OSPF, IS-IS Typically involves updates sent to those routers participating in the routing protocol domain, via a multicast address. Is capable of using a complex metric

Has knowledge of the network based on information learned from every router in the area. Has a topological database that is the same for every router in the area. The routing table that is built from this database is unique to each router. Uses the Dijkstra algorithm.

calculating the best path. Does not consume many router resources, but is heavy in the use of network resources. Maintains one domain in which all the routes are known. Involves slower convergence because information of changes must come from the entire network (but indirectly). Each routing table on every intervening router must be updated before the changes reach the remote end of the network.

Uses many router resources, but is relatively low in its demand for network resources. Has a hierarchical design of areas that allow for summarization and growth. Involves quicker convergence because the update is flooded immediately throughout the network.

32. How to check connectivity Ping and Trace route? Trace route : Trace can be used to show the path a packet takes through the internetwork to a remote host.

Ping: You can use ping to test network connectivity and test name resolution.
33. How does IP packet Flow? 34.What is ISDN? Mention the use of ISDN 35.What is leased line Configuration? How it works? . 36. What is AD ? Mention AD for different protocols 37. Mention about the lease Line Components 38.What is the output of Show Interface and show version? 39.What is HDLC and PPP Authentication?
HDLC is the default encapsulation used by Cisco routers over synchronous serial links. HDLC is a point-to-point protocol used on leased lines between Cisco devices & No authentication can be used with HDLC. Its a data link layer protocol.

PPP Authentication
You have two methods to choose from to implement authentication: PPP Authentication Protocol (PAP)

Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP).

The authentication process is performed before the network and data link layer protocols are negotiated for the PPP connection by NCP. If the authentication fails, then the serial data link connection will not come up. Authentication is optional and adds very little overhead to the connection. PAP (PPP Authentication Protocol ) PAP is the simplest, but the least secure. During the authentication phase, PAP goes through a two-way handshake process. In this process, the source sends its username (or hostname) and password, in clear text, to the destination. The destination compares this information with a list of locally stored usernames and passwords. If it finds a match, the destination sends back an accept message.If it doesnt find a match, it sends back a reject message.

PAP authentication process.

CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol ) Note: One big problem with PAP is that it sends the username and password across the WAN connection in clear text. If someone is tapping into the WAN connection and eavesdropping on the PPP communication, theyll see the actual password that is being used. In other words, PAP is not a secure method of authentication. CHAP, on the other hand, uses a one-way hash function based on the Message Digest 5 (MD5) hashing algorithm to hash the password. This hashed value is then sent across the wire. In this situation, the actual password is never sent. Anyone tapping the wire will not be able to reverse the hash to come up with the original password. This is why MD5 is referred to as a one-way functionit cannot be reverseengineered. CHAP uses a three-way handshake process to perform the authentication. First, the source sends its username (not its password) to the destination. The destination sends back a challenge, which is a random value generated by the destination.

The default encapsulation on Ciscos synchronous serial interfaces is HDLC 40.What is Vlan? Mention its types and basics.
What is VLAN: Creating Multiple virtual LANs across the switch is called as VLAN Based on VLAN boundaries 1) End-to-End VLANs: VLANs are configured to allow membership based on function,project,department and so on..

Best feature of End-to-End VLANs is that users can be placed in a VLAN regardless of their physical location.The administrator defines the port the user is connected to as a VALN member. If user moves, the administrator defines their new port as a member of exiting VLAN 2) Local VLAN : Local VALN is configured by physical location and not by function,project,department and so on. Local vlans are user in corporations that have centralized servers. Based on Members 1) Static VALN: Administrator Creates a VLAN and then assigns switch ports to it.The association does not change until the administrator changes the port settings. 2) Dynamic VLAN: A dynamic VLAN will tell the switch port, which VLAN it belongs to,based on the mac address of the device that connects to the port. Dynamic VLAN will be configure by using VLAN Management Police Server( VMPS) It is a service to set up a database of MAC address that can be user for dynamic addressing of VLAN.VMPS is a MAC-address-to-VLAN mapping database.

41.Mention about basic switching operation 42. Differentiate between broadcast, multicastand unicast. 43.What is STP and functionality of STP ?

STP is used to Prevent Layer 2 loops & Provide Redundancy

Electing a Root Bridge
Root Bridge: is one which runs Spanning tree protocol in layer 2 N/W OR: The root bridge is the bridge with the best Bridge ID

The Root Bridge is chosen by an election process among all connected switches. Each switch has a unique Bridge ID that it uses to identify itself to other switches. The Bridge ID is an 8-byte value that is made up of the following fields: Bridge Priority (2 bytes)The priority or weight of a switch in relation to all other switches. The priority field can have a value of 0 to 65,535 and defaults to 32,768 MAC Address (6 bytes)The MAC address used to determine which is the lowest ID

Note Port Cost: When a BPDU sent out a switch port, the BPDU is assigned a port
cost

Path Cost:

is the some of all the port costs,

Selecting Root Port

Root port: one which is very close to the Route Bridge & receives best BPDU

OR: The link directly connected to the root bridge, or the shortest path to the root bridge.If more than one link connects to the root bridge,then a port cost is determined by checking the bandwidth of each link.The lower cost port becomes the root port.

44.Mention about Loops and Redundency

45.Mention about basic of multilayer Switching 46.Mention about HSRP and VRRP basic concepts

47.Discuss on IP subnet zero and IP classless. 48) What is full form of PING ?
ANS: Packet Internet Groper

49) In which layer the PING & Trace route works? ANS: Network layer 50) What is default setting for UDLD? UniDirectional Link Detection UDLD is a Layer 2 protocol that enables devices connected through fiber-optic or twisted-pair Ethernet cables to monitor the physical configuration of the cables and detect when a unidirectional link exists. All connected devices must support UDLD for the protocol to successfully identify and disable unidirectional links. When UDLD detects a unidirectional link, it disables the affected port and alerts you. Unidirectional links can cause a variety of problems, including spanning-tree topology loops 51) What are the types of L2 switching? Cut Through - fastest switching mode as only the destination address is copied. It will then look up the address in its filter table and send the frame to the appropriate interface. Store and Forward - the entire frame is copied into its buffer and checks for Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). The frame is discarded if it contains a CRC error or if it is a

runt (less than 64 bytes) If the frame does not contain any errors, the LAN switch looks up the destination address in its forwarding, or switching, table and determines the outgoing interface. Fragment Free - The switch waits for the first 64 bytes to pass before forwarding the frame. If the packet has an error, it usually occurs in the first 64 bytes of the frame. Default mode for 1900 switches. 52) TCP & UDP works @ which OSI Layer?

52) How to find DCE & DTE interface in serial connection A Cisco router is a DTE by default, but directly connecting two DTEs with a DCE/DTE cable is not enough. In the following example, R1 and R3 are directly connected at their Serial1 interfaces. The line goes up briefly after being opened, but the line protocol goes down after about 30 seconds. 2d18h: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial1, changed state to up 2d18h: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1, changed state to down The problem is that one of the routers needs to act as the DCE in order for the line protocol to come up and stay up. You could just go over and look at the DTE/DCE cable to see which router had the DCE end of the cable attached. OR the Female interface is the DCE interface. In this example, though, we don't have physical access to the routers. How can we tell which router has the DCE end of the cable attached?

R3#show controller serial 1

HD unit 1, idb = 0x1C44E8, driver structure at 0x1CBAC8 buffer size 1524 HD unit 1, V.35 DCE cable The router with the DCE end of the cable needs to supply a clock rate to the DTE, and we'll do just that with the interface-level clockrate command.

R3#conf t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. R3(config)#int serial1 R3(config-if)#clockrate 56000

1. introduce yourself? 2. hub & switch 3. collisin & broad cast domain 4. routing & routed protocols 5. explain the difference between EIGRP & ospf 6. types of wan connection 7. explain frame-rely 8. problem on subnetting 9. vlan,wat is the need 4 it 10.vtp
VTP VLAN Trunk Protocol.

Benefits of VTP

VTP Modes of Operations

To participate in a VTP management domain, each switch must be configured to operate in one of several modes. The VTP mode will determine how the switch processes and advertises VTP information. The following modes can be used: Server modeVTP servers have full control over VLAN creation and modification for

their domains. All VTP information is advertised to other switches in the domain, while all received VTP information is synchronized with the other switches. By default, a switch is in VTP server mode. Note that each VTP domain must have at least one server so that VLANs can be created, modified, or deleted, and so that VLAN information can be propagated. Client modeVTP clients do not allow the administrator to create, change, or delete any VLANs. Instead, they listen to VTP advertisements from other switches and modify their VLAN configurations accordingly. Transparent modeVTP transparent switches do not participate in VTP domain, but still receive & forward VTP advertisement through the configured trunk links.

1. How is ur day begin in ur office?wat is ur day today activities? 2. how will u trouble shoot a leased line? 3. which is coastlier leased line or ISDN? 4. VTP/VLAN 5. wat is a non-modular and modular router? 6. explain lsa types of ospf 7. wat is a auxillary port in router? 8. how u will connect a auxillary port 9. how to connect a isdn line to router 10.wat is nt1,nt2,te 11.explain ospf in detail.. 12.explain how tracert is working? 13.wat is supervisor engine in l3 switch? 14.can we configure a routing protocol on a 2950 switch? why? 15.wat is stp?different port status of stp?

STP Port States

STP Default Timers

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

What is your day 2-day activity What is VLAN? How u will configure? In both Cat & IOS based config. How to enable Ethernet port to the VLAN. What is the default cost for OSPF? Whats the command to see logs in the Cisco devices Whats the command to see the neighbors? Whats the command to see VLAN configuration? Whats the command to see the interface details?

1) What is your role in present working company 2) Is the single port can be a part of 2 VLAN & how u will configure it

3) What is auxiliaryvlan? How u will configure 4) Whats the difference between SupII & SupIV engine.

5)

1) Tell me something about working profile 2) How u will upgrade the IOS in WAN links 3) If the link between Bangalore to Mumbai is not working, how u will analyze? 4) What is Floating static route?

1) How u will say EIGRP is fast convergence 2) If u have internal network why u want authentication in OSPF 3) What is FD & AD in EIGRP. How it calculates. 4) In a WAN Link if both Serial & line protocol is down...How u will troubleshoot 5) whats the difference between stub area & not so stubby area ? Why we need this. 6) Why totally stub area blocks LSA-3,4,5....whats the use. 7) What are the types of OSPF 8) What are the updates u will find in topology table in EIGRP 9) How u will conveince which protocol is good for the network 10) Once the neighbour relationship is established in OSPF, what is the next step? 11) What is LSA 7 ? Why is changes to LSA-5 in ABR 12) What is native VLAN? 13) Why u will create a VLAN in a switch 14) Why u want spanning tree?