MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

 SYSTEM
 Arrangement of parts within some boundary which provide some form of output from
specific input/s.
 Block diagram (arrow entering – input; arrow leaving – output).
 INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS
 Used for making measurements; to give user numerical value corresponding to variables
being measured.
 Input of true values of the variable being measured and an output of the measured values.
o THE CONSTITUENT ELEMENT OF AN IINSTRUMENTAL SYSTEM
1. Sensor – effectively in contact with the process for which the variable is being
measured and gives an output. Ex: thermocouple – input(temp) output (e.m.f).
2. Signal processor – takes output from the sensor and converts it into a form which is
suitable for display or onward transmission in some control system.
3. Data presentation – measure value in a form which enables an observer to
recognize. (MAY BE VIA DISPLAY, POINTER MOVING ACROSS THE SCALE OF A
METER).
 Transducer – used in relation to measurement systems.
- as an element that converts a change in some physical
variable into a related change in some other physical variable.

 PERFORMANCE TERM
o Accuracy and error
 Accuracy
 Extent to which the value indicated by a measurement systems and functional element.
 Summation of all the possible errors that are likely to occur, as well as the accuracy to
which the system or element has been calibrated.
 Indicator of how close the value given by a measurement system to the true value.
 Error
 Used for difference between the result of the measurement and the true value of the
quality being measured.
 Error = measured value – true value
 Is the difference between the result of the measurement and the true value of the quality
being measured.
 ERRORS
1. Hysteresis error
 Used for the difference in output given the same value of quantity being measured
according to whether that value has been reached by a continuously increasing change or a
continuously decreasing change.
2. Non-linearity error
 Used for the error that occurs as a result of assuming a linear relationship between the input
and output over the working range, a graph of output plotted against input is assumed to
give a straight line.
3. Insertion error
 Loading – is a problem that is often encountered when measurements are being made.
 RANGE (of variable of system)
- Limits between which the input can vary.
- Also called span.
- Dead= band or dead space – used if there is a range of input values for which there is no
output.
 PRECISION, REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY
1. Precision – used to describe the degree of freedom of a measurement system from random
errors.
2. Repeatability and reproducibility – ways of talking about precision in specific context
(expressed as a percentage of full range output).
 Repeatability – used for the ability of measurement system to give the value
for the ability of a measurement system to give the same value for repeated
measurements of the same values of a variable (Common cause of lack of
repeatability – random fluctuations in the environment, change in
temperature and humidity).
 Reproducibility – used to describe the ability of the system to give the same
output when used with a constant input with the system or elements of the
system being disconnected from its input and then reinstalled.
 SENSITIVITY – Indicates how much output of an instrument system or system element changes
when the quality being measured changes