8.

0 INTERJECTION
8.1 What is an Interjection?
An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence. You usually follow an interjection with an exclamation mark. Interjections are uncommon in formal academic prose, except in direct quotations. The highlighted words in the following sentences are interjections: Ouch, that hurt! Oh no, I forgot that the exam was today. Hey! Put that down! I heard one guy say to another guy, "He has a new car, eh?" I don't know about you but, good lord, I think taxes are too high

Interjection is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written. Interjections like er and um are also known as "hesitation devices". They are extremely common in English. People use them when they don't know what to say, or to indicate that they are thinking about what to say. You should learn to recognize them when you hear them and realize that they have no real meaning. The table below shows some interjections with examples. interjecti on meaning expressing pleasure expressing realization ah expressing resignation expressing surprise alas expressing grief or pity expressing pity dear expressing surprise asking for repetition expressing enquiry expressing surprise inviting agreement er expressing hesitation expressing greeting expressing surprise calling attention example "Ah, that feels good." "Ah, now I understand." "Ah well, it can't be heped." "Ah! I've won!" "Alas, she's dead now." "Oh dear! Does it hurt?" "Dear me! That's a surprise!" "It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today." "What do you think of that, eh?" "Eh! Really?" "Let's go, eh?" "Lima is the capital of...er...Peru." "Hello John. How are you today?" "Hello! My car's gone!" "Hey! look at that!"

eh

hello, hullo

9.0 ARTICLE
9.1 WHAT IS THE ARTICLE ?
An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun . There are only two articles a and the, but they are used very often and are important for using English accurately. The word a (which becomes an when the next word begins with a vowel - a, e, i, o, u) is called the indefinite article because the noun it goes with is indefinite or general. The meaning of the article a is similar to the number one, but one is stronger and gives more emphasis. It is possible to say I have a book or I have one book, but the second sententence emphasizes that I do not have two or three or some other number of books. The word the is known as the definite article and indicates a specific thing. The difference between the sentences I sat on a chair and I sat on the chair is that the second sentence refers to a particular, specific chair, not just any chair. Many nouns, especially singular forms of countable nouns which you will learn about later, must have an article . In English, it is not possible to say I sat on chair without an article , but a demonstrative or possessive adjective can be used instead of an article as in the sentences I sat on that chair and I sat on his chair. Whenever you see an article , you will find a noun with it. The noun may be the next word as inthe man or there

may be adjectives and perhaps adverbs between the article and the noun as in the very angry, young man.

9.2 EXERCISE - THE ARTICLES

Fill each blank with a', an', the' or leave it blank.

1. He left _____ home without informing anyone. 2. There is _____ box of sweets on _____ table. 3. Do you need _____ degree in Economics or _____ degree in finance to be a better manager? 4. When we arrived, she went straight to _____ kitchen and started to prepare _____ meal for us. 5. He has _____ cut on his leg and _____ bruise on _____ chin. 6. _____ Mt. Everest is _____ highest mountain in _____ world. 7. Switch off _____ air-conditioner please. I have _____ cold. 8. We reached _____ top of _____ hill during _____ afternoon. 9. Do you like _____ weather here? Isn't it too hot during _____ day but it is very cold at _____ night?

10. _____ attempt has been made to collect _____ funds to start _____ public library in _____ town where I live.