History deals with the study of past events.
It is Testimonies of witnesses is whether oral or written,
derived from the Greek word historia which means
learning by inquiry.
Aristotle “history as a systematic accounting of set
natural phenomena that is, taking into consideration
the chronological arrangement of the account.”
Factual History presents readers the plain and basic
information of the events that took place, the time and
date which the events happened, the place with which
the events took place and the people that were
involved.
Speculative History goes beyond facts because it is
concerned about the reasons for which events
happened and the way they happened. “It tries to
speculate on the cause and effect of an event”.
Historians are the individuals who write about history.
They also study the records or evidences that survived
the time.
Historiography is the practice of historical writing. It
is also the imaginative reconstruction of the past from
the data derived by the process of historical method.
The Limitation of Historical Knowledge is the
incompleteness of records that has limited man’s
knowledge of history.
History as a subjective process of re-creation
The historian’s aim is Verisimilitude (the truth, the
authenticity, plausibility) about the past
Historical Method is the process of critically
examining and analyzing the records and survivals of
the past.
Historical Analysis is an element of historical method
where historians investigate, collects and examine
sources.
Artifacts or Documents are the raw materials out of
which history maybe written.
Historical data are sourced from artifacts that have
been left by the past.
A source is an object from the past or a testimony
concerning the past on which historians depend to
create their own depiction of that past.
Relics or remains, whose existence offer researchers a
clue about the past.
may have been created to serve as records.
The historians deal with:
 Dynamic or genetic – the becoming
 Static – the being
 Interpretative – explaining why and how
things happened and were interrelated
 Descriptive – telling what happened, when
and where and who took part
Written Sources of History
1. Narrative or literature – are chronicles or tracts
presented in narrative form, written to impart a
message.
 Scientific Tract is typically composed in
order to inform contemporaries or
succeeding generation.
 Newspaper Article intended to shape
opinion.
 Ego Document or Personal Narrative
might be composed in order to persuade
readers of the justice of the author’s
actions.
 Novel or Film might be made to entertain,
to deliver a moral teaching or to further a
religious cause.
 Biography might be written in praise of
the subject’s worth and achievements.
 Panegyric is a public speech or published
text in praise of someone or something.
 Hagiography is the writing of the lives of
saints.
2. Diplomatic Sources – are documents/records an
existing legal situation or create a new one. The
“best” source.
 Eschatocol is the attestation of those
responsible for the document, which may be
the author, writer, counter signer, principal
parties involved and witnesses to the
enactment or the subscription.
3. Social Documents are information pertaining to
economic, social, political, or judicial significance.
They are records kept by bureaucracies.
Non-Written Sources
1. Material Evidence – also known as
archaeological evidence is one of the most
important unwritten evidences.
2. Oral Evidence – also an important source of
information for historians. Much is told by tales or
 sagas of ancient peoples and folk songs or popular
rituals from the pre modern period of Philippine
history.
 Interviews is another major form of oral
evidence
Primary Sources
Primary Sources are original, first-hand account of an
event or period that are usually written or made during
or close to the event or period. These sources are
original and factual, not interpretive.
Examples:
 Diaries/Journals/Letters
 Newspaper/Magazine
 Government Records(Census, Marriage,
Military)
 Photographs, maps
 Postcards/Posters
 Recorder Speeches
 Interview w/ participant or witness
 Interview with people who lived during the
time
 Songs
 Plays/Novels/Stories
 Painting/Drawings/Sculptures
Secondary Sources
Secondary Sources are materials made by people
long after the events being described had taken
place to provide valuable interpretations of
historical events. It analyzes and interprets
primary sources. It is an interpretation of second-
hand account of historical event.
Examples:
 Biographies
 Histories
 Literary Criticism
 Books written by 3rd party
 Art and theater reviews
 Newspaper or Journal articles that
interpret
Historical Criticism examines the origins of earliest
texts. It has two important goals:
 To discover the original meaning of the text in
its primitive or historical context and its literal
sense.
 To establish a reconstruction of the historical
situation of the author and recipients of the
text.
 Source Criticism – analyzes and studies the
sources used by biblical authors
 Form Criticism – seeks to determine a unit’s
original form and historical context of the literary
tradition
 Redaction Criticism – which regards the author
of the text as editor of the source materials
 Tradition Criticism – which attempts to trace the
developmental stages of the oral tradition from its
historical emergence to its literary presentation?
 Canonical Criticism – which focuses its
interpretation of the bible on the text of biblical
canon
Higher Criticism deals with more important matters
than the external form.
External Criticism determines the authenticity of the
source
Forgery was not unknown during the Middle Ages.
Internal Criticism determines the historicity of the
facts contained in the document.
Test of Authenticity. To distinguish a hoax or a
misrepresentation from a genuine document.
15th Century – anachronistic paper was rare in Europe
16th Century – pencils did not exist
19th Century – typewriting was not invented
Isographies or the dictionaries of biography giving
examples of handwriting.
Seals are a historical seal that has been subject of
special study of experts.
Content Analysis is a systematic evaluation of the
primary source.
The period of discovery and expansionism began in the
15th Century.
The Philippine island has been rediscovered in 1521
by the Spanish commissioned authority, Ferdinand
Magellan.
Ferdinand Magellan is a Portuguese navigator who
gained confidence and support from the monarchy of
Spain.
Antonio Pigafetta is the chronicler of the document
entitles “The Voyage around the World”
The Historic Voyage began in 1519 and was
successfully completed in 1522.
Atlantic Ocean is the first ocean where the sailing
ships headed by Ferdinand Magellan crossed after
leaving Spain in 1519.
Queen Juana is the Christian name given to the first
baptized queen who had the great desire for conversion
according to Pigafetta.
Image of Sto. Nino is the gift which was given by
Magellan to the native queen.
April 7, 1521 is the date of historic battle in
Matan/Mactan.

Pacific Ocean is the vast water body that can be found September 6, 1522 date of arrival of the remaining
east of the Philippine islands. fleet in San Lucar, Spain.

Strait of Magellan is a small passage or isthmus

traversed by Magellan’s fleet somewhere at the tip of
the South American continent.

Uraca a language they called to a fish they presented

and a vessel of palm wine.

Cochi is the fruit which the palm trees bear.

Named as Archipelago of St. Lazarus because they

stayed there on the day and feast of St. Lazarus.

Schione lord of the above-mentioned people, had his

face painted and had gold rings suspended to his ears.

Boloto which they refers as a small boat.

Ballanhai which they refers as a long boats.

Traprobana a captain’s slave from Sumatra.

Blood Compact or casi casi is the ritual that pertains

as a sign of brotherhood and welcoming.

Areca a kind of fruit shape of a pear.

Mazzava or Mazaua is the island where the historic

mass was celebrated.

Barbastigly a kind of bird which are as large as

eagles found in the island of Satighan.

Butuan and Calagan the best cinnamon of any

grows.

Bignaday is a vessel similar to a prahu.

Five Ships of Magellan-Elcano Expedition

 Trinidad
 San Antonio
 Concepcion
 Santiago
 Victoria