Research Title

- It prefaces the study by providing a summary of the main idea and usually short and concise.

It should be:

1. Summarize the main idea of the paper;

2. Be a concise statement of the main topic;
3. Include the major variables of the research;
4. Be self-explanatory; and
5. Describe or imply the participants of the study.

What is Research problem?

- States the area of concern of the research paper whether it is a circumstance needing
development, a difficulty requiring attention, or an inquiry necessitating an answer.
- It sets the direction of the research study as it provides the foundation for the research
hypothesis and defines what kind of research study is suitable to address the problem.

What are the sources of Research Problems?

Research problems can be commonly based on circumstances with the following

characteristics:

1. It conveys a feeling of discomfort or difficulty.

2. It has a perceived difficulty in broad subjects such as family affairs, home management, and
leadership system.
3. It displays a gap between theory and practice: what is said by the elders and what the students
see and observe.
4. It utilizes a procedure requiring technologically advanced equipment.
5. It involves the experience of any kind of individual.
6. It shows some kind of pattern or trend.
7. It makes use of literature review, continuous readings, and past studies.
 Replication refers to the repetition of prior research study in a different setting and time.
8. It relates to an individual’s curiosity and trend.

External Criteria:

 Availability and adequacy of facilities and equipment

 Ethical considerations
 Novelty
 Support of the academic community
 Availability of subjects

Internal Criteria:

 Cost and returns

 Time Factor
 Motivation, interest, intellectual curiosity, and perception of the researcher
  Hazard, penalties, and handicaps
 Experience, training, and qualifications of the researcher

Chapter 1 (introduction and its background)

I. Introduction

- It is important in establishing the cognitive setting of the research.

Elements of the Introduction:

a. Rationale – the reasons of the conduct and also narrates incidences from international to local
scenarios.
b. Setting – the distinctive characteristics of the geographical location of the place where the study
is to be conducted.
c. Literature Foundation – the definition and the description of the major variables must be done
through analyzing literatures.
d. Urgency – must be proven by citing statistical evidences.
e. General Objective – general statement of the problem.
f. General Purpose – benefit or significance of the study.

II. Statement of the Problem

- It is the heart of the paper – the statement of the general and the specific problems.

Writing the Statement of the Problem in a Qualitative Study

Creswell and Clark (2014) provide the following criteria in writing the purpose statement:

 General Statement of the Problem (Central Questions)

1. It should use single and not compound sentences.
2. It should clearly express the purpose of the study.
3. It should include the central phenomenon.
4. It should use qualitative words.
5. It should identify the participants in the study.
6. It should state the research site.

 Specific Statement of the Problem (Sub-Questions)

1. It must be in question form.
2. It must define the population and the samples of the study.
3. It must identify the variables being studied.

Types of Research Questions

1. Non-researchable questions - these are the questions of values and are answerable by yes or no.
2. Researchable questions – these are the questions of opinion, perceptions, or policy that are
raised to accumulate data.

Classification of Research Questions

 1. Factor-isolating questions – these questions are called factor-naming questions because they
isolate, categorize, describe, or name factors and situations.
2. Factor-relating questions – the goal of these questions is to determine the relationship among
factors that have been identified.
3. Situation-relating questions – these questions usually yield hypotheses testing or experimental
designs in which the researcher manipulate the variables to see what will happen.
4. Situation-producing questions – these questions establish explicit goals for actions, develop
plans or prescriptions to achieve goals, and specify the conditions under which these goals will
be accomplished

III.The Scope and Delimitation of the Study

A. Scope of the Study

- Is determined primarily by the selection of variables that the research study will focus on.
 Variable - it refers to any characteristic that can have different values or traits that may vary
across research participants.
 Attributes – it refers to the value assigned to a specific variable.

Characteristics of Variable

1. Dependence – this refers to how the variable is considered in a cause-and-effect relationship.

a. Independent Variables – are those characteristics that are changed, manipulated, or
selected by the researcher.
b. Dependent Variables – are those that change because of changes to the independent
variable.
2. Mutually Exclusive – this means that a participant or respondent cannot possess two attributes
of a variable.
3. Exhaustive – this means that the researcher should consider all possible attributes of a certain
variable.

Kinds of Variables

1. Continuous variables – have an infinite number of values and may vary widely among the
research participants.
2. Discrete variables – have specific limits to their value.
3. Categorical variables – these cannot be expressed in numbers but are given in non-quantitative,
descriptive terms.

B. Delimitation of the Study

- Describes the various limitations that arose during the design and conduct of the study.

Possible Limitations

From Research Design and Methodology:

1. Sample Size
2. Lack of available and/or reliable data
3. Lack of prior studies
 4. Chosen data collection method
5. Nature of the Information collected

From the characteristics and experiences of the researcher:

1. Access
2. Time Period
3. Bias
4. Language

IV.Significance of the Study

 Should clearly discuss the purpose that the research will serve to society, the country, the
government, the institution or agent concerned, the curriculum planners and developers, and
the research community.

Review of Literature

 The Review of Literature is the process of compiling, classifying, and evaluating what other
researchers have written on a certain topic.

Purpose of Review of Literature

The review of literature is a crucial aspect of research and serve the following purposes:

1. It helps in placing the work being reviewed in its context.

2. It describes the relationship of each work to the research being undertaken.
3. It identifies new ways to interpret and shed light to various gaps based on previous researches.
4. It helps in solving conflicts among seemingly contradictory previous studies.
5. It points to another research undertaking.

Steps in Reviewing

The review of related literature/studies is a systematic process

composed of three steps:

1. Finding Relevant Materials

2. Actual Reading
3. Note-Taking

Types of Reading

The investigator’s reading skills are essential in conducting the review of literature. In the book,
Research in Nursing, Wilson (1990) identifies four types of reading:

1. Elementary Reading
- It consists merely of the recognition of letters and basic sounds and the literal comprehension of
sentences.
2. Systematic Skimming
 - In this type of reading, the researcher should establish a system through which he/she can
maximize time in searching for relevant literature.
3. Analytic Reading
- In this stage of reading, the researcher must critique the contents of the materials.
4. Comparative Reading
- It is the highest level of reading which requires the reader to place what he/she is currently
reading in relation to other materials he/she has previously read.

Strategies in Reading

There are three strategies in reading:

Previewing

- It is the process of reading to get a general idea of the things to look for in the text.

Highlighting

- This is done by physically marking the text to identify key details and note the relationships
among ideas.

Annotating

- It is the recording of the reader’s reactions as marginal notes.

Difference between Review of Related Literature and Related Studies

I.Review of Related Literature

- It examines facts and principles from other resources that are related to the present study.

 Books
 Encyclopedias
 Published Journals
 Newspaper and Magazines

-It serves to clarify the different variables being studied.

 Major Variable – is the central idea of the entire literature.

 Sub-variable – helps specify which particular aspect of the major variable is being referred
to.
 Indicators – are specific information that describes the sub-variables.

-It does not only restate facts but rather critique and highlight their relevance to the research.

Essential Element of a Literature Review

1. Overview of the subject or topic, issues, or theories to be considered

2. Explanation of the comparison of the gathered literature
3. Conclusion and the best arguments

Stages Observed in Writing the Literature Review

 1. Problem Formulation
2. Literature Search
3. Data Evaluation
4. Analysis and Interpretation

Format of Literature Review

1. Introduction
2. Body
3. Conclusion

Considerations in Choosing a Literature

1. Provenance
2. Objectivity
3. Persuasiveness
4. Value

II. Review of Related Studies

- It is an essential part of the planning and research stage of the study.

- It serves as the basis of the analysis of results because it allows the researcher to compare and
contrast his/her findings with those of past studies.

The gathered studies are related to the present study when they have the following similarities:

1. They have the same variables, sub-variables, concepts or construct.

2. They have the same subject or topic.

In writing a review of a related study, the following data must be indicated:

1. The name of the author, the date, and the setting of the study
2. The title
3. The salient findings

What are the standard styles of Research Writing?

Styles of Research Writing

1. Modern Language Association

2. American Psychological Association
3. Chicago Style and Turabian Style