Human

Defenses
The human body has a defense

to fight against foreign

invaders, It has ability to resist

almost all types of organism or

toxins that tend to damage the

tissues and organs.

 1
Skin
General 2 Mucous membrane
defense
Phagocytosis
System 3

4 Fever

5 Defense chemicals

SKIN
·Sweat and sebum secretion
contains chemicals that kill
bacteria and fungi

·Blood clotting prevents entry

of microorganisms if skin
compromised by a wound
 MOCUOS
MEMBRANE

·Traps foreign material

Lining of respiratory tracts

·Mucous traps debris and microorganism and cilia move the mucous and
debris up to pharynx where it was swallowed
Lining of digestive tract
·HCI in stomach kills all microorganisms
Lining of reproductive tracts
·Low pH in vagina kills microorganisms
 PHYGOCYTOSIS

·A type of white blood cells

·They move and feed like amoeba
·Recognize foreign material and engulf it
·Only takes one hundredth of the one second to engulf one
bacterium
·Each phagocyte can engulf over 100 bacteria
·Attracted to a accumulate in extremely large numbers at an
infection site
 FEVER

·Chemicals release by defense cells cause the hypothalamus to raise the

body’s temperature
·Increase body temperature interferes with enzymes in bacteria and
viruses which prevents the reproduction of these microorganism
 DEFENSE
CHEMICALS

·Virus infected cells release interferon that acts as warning chemical to others
making them more resistant to proteins entering cells
·Liver secretes complete proteins that help immune system in riding the body of
the foreign invader
·Irritation (cause by infection or foreign material) causes cell to release histamine
– cause blood vessels to dilate (redness) and attracts WBCs
·Lysozyme (which kills bacteria) is present in tears
Specific Defense System

Specific Defence System refers to

the immune system
Organs specific to the immune
system are:
Spleen
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Blood and lymph contain white
blood cells called monocytes and
lymphocytes (produced in bone
marrow)
All microorganisms have antigens on
their surfaces that make it foreign to
the body
Antigens are foreign molecules
capable of eleciting an antibody
response
An antibody is a protein produced by
lymphocytes in response to an antigen
Antigen ate found in bacterial cells
wall, viral coats, foreign cells, and on
cancerous cells
Antigen immunity usually lasts for a
long time

Monocytes
- Develop into macrophages which
engulf tagged ( antibody attached
to antigen) invaders and untagged
invaders
-Macrophage that have engulfed
tagged pathogens display the
antigen belonging to the pathogen
on their surface stimulating other
cells to respond to the antigen and
kill the invader
Lymphocytes
-Recognize antigens and produce
antibodies in response to these
antigens
- Antigens may be displayed on
cells that have been infected with a
virus and they are killed by
lymphocytes


- Role is to specifically recognize foreign bodies and set up an immune

reaction where a massive response to the invader is carried out
- Antibodies are produced by white blood cells which attach to invade.
Other white blood cells then recognize that antibody that is attached
to invader( the invader has been tagged for destruction) and
phagocytose it.


- Induced immunity ( acquired immunity) is the

production of antibodies in response to presence of
specific antigens on pathogens

Two basic types of induced immunity

- Active
- Passive
 Active Induced
Immunity

- Involves production of antibodies in response to antigen

- Long - lasting because after infection has been dealt with
the immune system produces memory lymphocytes that
are capable to f responding to the same antigen many years
after initial infection
 Passive Induced
Immunity

- Involves the supply of antibodies from an external source - e.g.

breast milk supplies antibodies to infant and in serious life
threatening disease antibodies can be injected into patients to
fight disease such as rabies or tetanus
- Does not involve production of memory cells and thus is only
effective for short time
- Immunisation -Vaccination
is protection against is the administration
pathogens or toxins by usually by injection of a non
vaccination or by injection - disease- causing dose of a
of antibodies or antidotes pathogen which elicits the
production of antibodies
and importantly memory
lymphocytes
Thank you for
listening !

Presented By:
Loren S. Magnaye
Regan George Kenneth Perez
Dela Torre Kssylyn
References
https://slideplayer.com/slide/3861947/
https://www.slideshare.net/Shrootishah/body-defense-mechanism-
and-immunity
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/177-the-body-
s-first-line-of-defence