ANIMAL PRODUCTION (AP1)

MODULE 1
Time Covered: Week 2

OVERVIEW OF THE ANIMAL INDUSTRY

Global Report
Global meat imports will decline marginally in
2021 as softening demand from China offsets gains
elsewhere. China meat imports are forecast to set
records in 2020 due to a sharp decline in pork
production from African swine fever (ASF). Next year,
imports are expected to fall as producers rebuild
swine herds and production rebounds. Outside of
China, global meat imports are largely rebounding as
economies bounce back from COVID-19 and as food
service demand improves.

National Report
According to Foreign Agricultural Services, Manila
expects Philippine pork production to decline by
approximately 10 percent in 2020, as African Swine
Fever continues to spread throughout the country.
Imports of pork are likely to increase to augment the
drop in domestic production and as demand recovers
from the decline seen at the end of 2019. Chicken
production in 2020, on the other hand, is expected to
grow, with broiler raisers ramping up production to
offset the drop in hog production. Cattle production is
only seen to increase marginally in 2020, even as
farm gate prices rise sharply, due to limited
pastureland and a lack of new breeding animals. The
impact of COVID-19 in the Philippines is likely to be in
delayed shipments and supply disruptions.
To visually evaluate the trend of livestock and
poultry production, Philippine Statistics Authority
provide the following data form 2014 – 2018.
TABLE 1. Volume of Production of Livestock and Poultry by
Animal Type, Philippines: 2014-2018 (metric ton)

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Trends in Animal Agriculture
Changes in animal agriculture are intended to
produce a quality product more efficiently. These
focus on the producer investing fewer resources to
produce a larger amount of product. Changes will
also occur in the processing methods and other
functions carried out in marketing.
Production Standard
Producers are increasingly expected to follow
certain production standards. In some cases, these
standards have become requirements if the
animals are to be readily sold. More standards will
likely have impact on producers in the future.
Producers who do not follow the standards may
not have the traditional markets available. The goal
of the standards is to assure consumers a high-
quality product. One example of standards is the
Pork Producer Code of Practice. Developed by
the National Pork Board, the code of practice is
intended to provide guidance in managing and
caring for swine. More information about pork
production standards is available from the National
Pork Board (http://www.pork.org/).
Biosecurity
Biosecurity is the use of management and
production practices that assure quality products. A
major thrust is to prevent the introduction of
harmful substances or actions into the production
environment. Levels of biosecurity have been
developed. These are based on the entry of people
and animals into an animal production unit.
Restricting entry into an animal production
situation is an important step in the process.
Increased attention will be given to biosecurity in
the future.
Integration
It is an approach to producing animal products that
brings together various production and marketing
practices.
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Genetically Enhance Animals
Many improvements in animals have been
Problems of the animal Industry
made using traditional methods of breeding and
selection. With the emergence of biotechnology,
greater progress will be made more rapidly. Much
of the work is new and unproven, but rapid
research is moving toward greater application in
animal improvement.
Genetic engineering is the process of artificially
altering the genetic information in an organism.
Genes can be transferred and otherwise moved
about to achieve desired goals.
Reproductive Technologies
Cloning and other reproductive technologies
have made greater progress with animals than
with plants. Cloning is the process of asexually
reproducing organisms. No union of a male sex
cell with a female sex cell has occurred. Just a few
cells are used to create a new organism.
The role of animals in the economy
Livestock functions in economic roles such
as source of cash income and mean of
savings accumulation and direct feed use for
family subsistence.
It provides input supply such as fertilizer
and animal draught and capacity to comply
with a set of social rules and obligations.
It contributed food that enhance nutrition of
consumers.
It creates livelihood to society and community
employment.
It is a means of transportation
It important in ritual purpose and social status.
Creates pleasure and recreation
Other sources of products such as wool, feathers
and etc.
Helps farm in labor power
ANIMAL PRODUCTION (AP1)
RUMINANT INDUSTRY (cattle, sheep, goat)
a. Low Productivity brought about by:
 Lack of culling and selection
 Natural weaning of the stock
 Lack of year round feed supply
 Non-coordination of breeding and
management with seasonal forage
supply
b. High mortality due to diseases and
parasites as well as farm accidents.
c. Generally poor stock
d. Inadequate and lack of handling facilities
e. Inadequate Financial support
 Very little sources for financing
beef cattle, goat and/or sheep
projects.
 Stringent credit requirement and
lending policies
f. Marketing Problems
 Middlemen make up most of the
profit.
 Disorganized marketing systems.
o No uniform live and
carcass grades
o Most sales of livestock are
on per head basis rather
than on weight basis
Carabao slaughter ban: this ban becomes a
source of graft, caused rampant misinterpretation
of carabeef as beef and made carabaos raisers
inefficient because they could not dispose the
unproductive breeders in the herd.
SWINE INDUSTRY
a. Lack of reliable sources of good breeding
animals.

b. Inadequate supply and high cost of feed
materials and supplements
c. Lack of sound health program.
d. Low hiring rates of swine laborers in spite
of the fact that these laborers work much
longer than the industry such overcrowding,
no record keeping in the farm
e. Inadequate financing and lending
institutions.
f. Poor transportation facilities.
Hogs produced in distant places are
transported in trucks, trailers, wagons or
boats from the farm to the slaughterhouses.
The condition of these transportation
facilities is seldom favorable to the animals.
g. Inefficient system of marketing
 Selling of hogs on per head basis
to middlemen
 Lack of proper storage facilities
 Lack of price monitoring scheme
POULTRY INDUSTRY
a. High cost of poultry feeds and feed
ingredients
b. Poor management in spite of technical
advancement
c. High mortality due to diseases
d. Poor marketing systems and/or distribution
of poultry products
e. Lack of government support system for the
farmers
f. Inadequate credit facilities
g. Lack of government system for the farmers
h. Poor buying capacity of the masses
i. Improper disposal of poultry manure
Domestication of common Farm animals
Terminologies
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Wild Animal – An animal not
genetically altered by “artificial selection” for use by
humans.
Tamed Animal – animal that through
intervention of man has adapted behaviorally so as
to be traceable and useful to humans.
Exotic Animal – animal belonging to a
species whose historic native range lies totally
outside the Philippines
Domestic Animal- an animal that has
been genetically altered from the original wild
species for use by humans through the agency of
“artificial selection”.
Feral Animal - A domestic animal that
lives in the wild with no human assistance.
Feral Population – a reproducing
group of feral animals.
Breed - A population of domestic
animals, the individuals of which may vary within
defined phenotypic and genotypic limits.
- When mated among
themselves, the offspring produced are also within
the original limits.
- Breeds generally have an organization or
association of breeders, who generally breed their
animals according to a stated conceptual standard.
Landrace- population of domesticated
animals locally selected and used and generally
bred within itself.
- A landrace tends to vary within itself
somewhat more than does a breed and tends to
not have organized breeders or a breed standard.
Variety - A variety is used in some
species to designate groups of animals within a
breed that have shared morphological (structural)
traits, such as coat types, comb types, patterns,
and the presence or absences of horns.
- A common term utilized with chickens
and turkeys.
Strain - A sub-population of a breed or
a variety that has unique ancestral similarities or a
ANIMAL PRODUCTION (AP1)
restricted phenotypic range as compared to the
breed variety as a whole.
Domestication - to adapt an animal or
plant to life in an intimate association with and to
the advantage of man or another species, by
modifying growth and traits through provision of
food, protection from enemies, and selective
(artificial selection) breeding during generations of
living in association and often to the extent that the
domesticated forms loses the ability to survive in
nature (D. Webster).
Domestication - A domesticated plant
or animal is one that people have consciously
taken into the cultural context of their living space
for any purpose whatsoever (R. Bennett).
A DOMESTICATED ANIMAL:
The animal is valued and there are clear purposes
for which it is kept.
The animal’s breeding is subject to human control.
The animal’s survival depends, whether voluntary
or not, upon humans.
The animal’s behavior (psychology) is changed in
domestication.
Morphological characteristics have appeared in the
individuals of the domestic species which occur
rarely if at all in the wild.
The Process of Domestication
 ANIMAL PRODUCTION (AP1)

Domestication of Selected Animals:

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disease prevention and treatment, responsible care,
humane handling, and, when necessary, humane
euthansia.
Animal Rights is a philosophical view that animals
have rights similar or the same as humans. True animal
rights proponents believe that humans do not have the
right to use animals at all. Animal rights proponents
wish to ban all use of animals by humans.
Responsible breeding and husbandry are
mandatory if the global growth is to survive.
Consideration for animal welfare and rights
should be practiced even though it is used for food,
clothing, research and entertainment.
Assessment:

Advocates of animal rights believe that animals TASK 1

have legal rights and are members of the moral
community. As such, animals should not be used by
human for any purpose. Advocates of animal welfare
believe that non-human animals should be treated
humanely and without unnecessary suffering, but
otherwise are available for humans to USE FOR FOOD,
CLOTHING, RESEARCH, AND ENTERTAINMENT.
In a bond paper, encode your answers to the
following questions:
a. Using SWOT analysis, determine the pros and cons
of livestock and poultry production. Write at least five
answers in each box.

Animal Welfare and Animal Rights
The issues surrounding the philosophies of animal
rights and animal welfare are very familiar to those who
utilize animals in industry, entertainment, sport or
recreation. As society has migrated from our agricultural
roots to a more urban existence, the importance of
distinguishing between animal rights and animal welfare
becomes paramount.
Animal Welfare, as defined by the American
Veterinary Medical Association, is a human
responsibility that encompasses all aspects of animal
well-being, including proper housing, management,
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Summary:
Strength Weaknesses
Data from different agencies in the Philippines
and abroad showed that the production of varying
livestocks and poultry animals continues to decline due
to threat of diseases such as African Swine Fever and
Opportunities Threats
transportation constraints caused by COVID-19
pandemic.
Trends in Animal Agriculture was focused on
the technology based such as genetic engineering,
b. With the use of timeline presentation, trace back the
biosecurity enhancement, production standards and
domestication of animals from the earliest down to
biotechnology.
the late domesticated one.
Through the years, livestock and poultry
industry plays a vital role in providing food, shelter, and Time Events
clothing to people. It also creates livelihood, income and
others resources beneficial to man. ________ ______________________
The livestock and poultry industry still
_______ ______________________
combatting a number of problems especially in
financing and marketing aspects though there already _______ ____________________
advancement in technologies.
c. Enumerate and discuss the existing animal rights
Without the domestication of wild animals by
in and out the country.
humans, the human race most likely wouldn’t have
survived.
 ANIMAL PRODUCTION (AP1)

d. Discuss in brief with 2-3 sentences, what makes

livestock and poultry animals valuable?

TASK 2

For a short quiz (10 items), it will be facilitated

online, for modular system the faculty will contact the
student via phone call.

References:
https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/philippines-livestock-and-poultry-
update

https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/livestock_poultry.pdf

https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/L%26P%20stat%20of%20the
%20PHIL_2014-2018_final_0.pdf

http://agriculturewithmrsskien.weebly.com/uploads/2/1/3/2/21329554/
trends_in_agriculture_part_1_reading_assignment.pdf

https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-
20032015000600063

https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/livestock-and-poultry-world-markets-
and-trade

http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.org/?page_id=16

Prepared by:

JESSA D. PABILLORE
jessapabillore916@gmail.com
09179869017

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