Appendix B

Summary of Constructions, Postulates, Theorems, and Corollaries

Constructions Section 2.1

10. (Parallel Postulate) Through a point not on a line, exactly
Section 1.2
one line is parallel to the given line.
1. To construct a segment congruent to a given segment. 11. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs
2. To construct the midpoint M of a given line segment AB. of corresponding angles are congruent.

Section 1.4 Section 3.1

3. To construct an angle congruent to a given angle. 12. If the three sides of one triangle are congruent to the three
4. To construct the bisector of a given angle. sides of a second triangle, then the triangles are congruent
(SSS).
Section 1.6 13. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are
congruent to two sides and the included angle of a second
5. To construct the line perpendicular to a given line at a
triangle, then the triangles are congruent (SAS).
specified point on the given line.
14. If two angles and the included side of one triangle are
congruent to two angles and the included side of a second
Section 2.1 triangle, then the triangles are congruent (ASA).
6. To construct the line that is perpendicular to a given line
from a point not on the given line. Section 5.2
15. If the three angles of one triangle are congruent to the
Section 2.3 three angles of a second triangle, then the triangles are
7. To construct the line parallel to a given line from a point not similar (AAA).
on that line.
Section 6.1
Section 6.4 16. (Central Angle Postulate) In a circle, the degree measure
8. To construct a tangent to a circle at a point on the circle. of a central angle is equal to the degree measure of its
9. To construct a tangent to a circle from an external point. intercepted arc.
17. (Arc-Addition Postulate) If AB and BC intersect only at
point B, then mAB mBC mABC .
Postulates
Section 8.1
Section 1.3
18. (Area Postulate) Corresponding to every bounded region is a
1. Through two distinct points, there is exactly one line. unique positive number A, known as the area of that region.
2. (Ruler Postulate) The measure of any line segment is a unique 19. If two closed plane figures are congruent, then their areas are
positive number. equal.
3. (Segment-Addition Postulate) If X is a point on AB and A-X-B, 20. (Area-Addition Postulate) Let R and S be two enclosed
then AX XB AB. regions that do not overlap. Then AR ´ S AR AS.
4. If two lines intersect, they intersect at a point. 21. The area A of a rectangle whose base has length b and whose
5. Through three noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane. altitude has length h is given by A bh.
6. If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
7. Given two distinct points in a plane, the line containing these Section 8.4
points also lies in the plane.
22. The ratio of the circumference of a circle to the length of its
Section 1.4 diameter is a unique positive constant.

8. (Protractor Postulate) The measure of an angle is a unique

Section 8.5
positive number.
9. (Angle-Addition Postulate) If a point D lies in the interior of 23. The ratio of the degree measure m of the arc (or central angle) of
angle ABC, then m ∠ ABD m ∠ DBC m ∠ ABC. a sector to 360° is the same as the ratio of the area of the sector
to the area of the circle; that is, area of sector
area of circle
m
360 .

557
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558 APPENDIX B ■ SUMMARY OF CONSTRUCTIONS, POSTULATES, THEOREMS, AND COROLLARIES

Section 9.1 2.3.3 If two lines are cut by a transversal so that two alternate
exterior angles are congruent, then these lines are parallel.
24. (Volume Postulate) Corresponding to every solid is a unique
2.3.4 If two lines are cut by a transversal so that two
positive number V known as the volume of that solid.
interior angles on the same side of the transversal are
25. The volume of a right rectangular prism is given by
supplementary, then these lines are parallel.
V wh 2.3.5 If two lines are cut by a transversal so that two
exterior angles on the same side of the transversal are
where measures the length, w the width, and h the altitude supplementary, then these lines are parallel.
of the prism. 2.3.6 If two lines are both parallel to a third line, then these lines
26. The volume of a right prism is given by are parallel to each other.
V Bh 2.3.7 If two coplanar lines are both perpendicular to a third line,
then these lines are parallel to each other.
where B is the area of a base and h is the length of the 2.4.1 In a triangle, the sum of the measures of the interior angles
altitude of the prism. is 180°.
2.4.2 Each angle of an equiangular triangle measures 60°.
2.4.3 The acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.
Theorems and Corollaries 2.4.4 If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of
1.3.1 The midpoint of a line segment is unique. another triangle, then the third angles are also congruent.
1.4.1 There is one and only one bisector for a given angle. 2.4.5 The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle equals the
1.6.1 If two lines are perpendicular, then they meet to form sum of the measures of the two nonadjacent interior angles.
right angles. 2.5.1 The total number of diagonals D in a polygon of n sides is
n(n 3)
1.6.2 If two lines intersect, then the vertical angles formed given by the formula D 2 .
are congruent. 2.5.2 The sum S of the measures of the interior angles of a
1.6.3 In a plane, there is exactly one line perpendicular to a polygon with n sides is given by S (n 2) 180 .
given line at any point on the line. Note that n 2 for any polygon.
1.6.4 The perpendicular bisector of a line segment is unique. 2.5.3 The measure I of each interior angle of a regular or
(n 2) 180
1.7.1 If two lines meet to form a right angle, then these lines equiangular polygon of n sides is I n .
are perpendicular. 2.5.4 The sum of the measures of the four interior angles
1.7.2 If two angles are complementary to the same angle (or to of a quadrilateral is 360°.
congruent angles), then these angles are congruent. 2.5.5 The sum of the measures of the exterior angles, one at
1.7.3 If two angles are supplementary to the same angle (or to each vertex, of a polygon is 360°.
congruent angles), then these angles are congruent. 2.5.6 The measure E of each exterior angle of a regular or
360
1.7.4 Any two right angles are congruent. equiangular polygon of n sides is E n .
1.7.5 If the exterior sides of two adjacent acute angles form
perpendicular rays, then these angles are complementary. 3.1.1 If two angles and a nonincluded side of one triangle are
1.7.6 If the exterior sides of two adjacent angles form a straight congruent to two angles and a nonincluded side of a
line, then these angles are supplementary. second triangle, then the triangles are congruent (AAS).
1.7.7 If two line segments are congruent, then their midpoints 3.2.1 If the hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle are
separate these segments into four congruent segments. congruent to the hypotenuse and a leg of a second right
1.7.8 If two angles are congruent, then their bisectors separate triangle, then the triangles are congruent (HL).
these angles into four congruent angles. 3.3.1 Corresponding altitudes of congruent triangles are
congruent.
2.1.1 From a point not on a given line, there is exactly one line 3.3.2 The bisector of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle
perpendicular to the given line. separates the triangle into two congruent triangles.
2.1.2 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs 3.3.3 If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles
of alternate interior angles are congruent. opposite these sides are also congruent.
2.1.3 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs 3.3.4 If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides
of alternate exterior angles are congruent. opposite these angles are also congruent.
2.1.4 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs 3.3.5 An equilateral triangle is also equiangular.
of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are 3.3.6 An equiangular triangle is also equilateral.
supplementary. 3.5.1 The measure of a line segment is greater than the measure
2.1.5 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of any of its parts.
of exterior angles on the same side of the transversal are 3.5.2 The measure of an angle is greater than the measure of any
supplementary. of its parts.
2.3.1 If two lines are cut by a transversal so that two 3.5.3 The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater
corresponding angles are congruent, then these lines than the measure of either nonadjacent interior angle.
are parallel. 3.5.4 If a triangle contains a right or an obtuse angle, then the
2.3.2 If two lines are cut by a transversal so that two alternate measure of this angle is greater than the measure of either
interior angles are congruent, then these lines are parallel. of the remaining angles.

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 ■ Theorems and Corollaries 559

3.5.5 (Addition Property of Inequality): If a b and c d, 4.4.4 The median of a trapezoid is parallel to each base.
then a c b d. 4.4.5 If two base angles of a trapezoid are congruent, the
3.5.6 If one side of a triangle is longer than a second side, then trapezoid is an isosceles trapezoid.
the measure of the angle opposite the first side is greater 4.4.6 If the diagonals of a trapezoid are congruent, the
than the measure of the angle opposite the second side. trapezoid is an isosceles trapezoid.
3.5.7 If the measure of one angle of a triangle is greater than 4.4.7 If three (or more) parallel lines intercept congruent
the measure of a second angle, then the side opposite segments on one transversal, then they intercept
the larger angle is longer than the side opposite the congruent segments on any transversal.
smaller angle.
3.5.8 The perpendicular line segment from a point to a line is
5.3.1 If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of
the shortest line segment that can be drawn from the
point to the line. another triangle, then the triangles are similar (AA).
5.3.2 The lengths of the corresponding altitudes of similar
3.5.9 The perpendicular line segment from a point to a plane is
the shortest line segment that can be drawn from the triangles have the same ratio as the lengths of any pair
of corresponding sides.
point to the plane.
5.3.3 If an angle of one triangle is congruent to an angle of
3.5.10 (Triangle Inequality) The sum of the lengths of any two
sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third a second triangle and the pairs of sides including these
side. angles are proportional (in length), then the triangles
are similar (SAS~).
3.5.10 (Alternative) The length of one side of a triangle must
5.3.4 If the three sides of one triangle are proportional (in
be between the sum and the difference of the lengths
of the other two sides. length) to the three corresponding sides of a second
triangle, then the triangles are similar (SSS~).
5.3.5 If a line segment divides two sides of a triangle
4.1.1 A diagonal of a parallelogram separates it into two proportionally, then it is parallel to the third side.
congruent triangles. 5.4.1 The altitude drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle
4.1.2 The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent. separates the right triangle into two right triangles that are
4.1.3 The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent. similar to each other and to the original right triangle.
4.1.4 The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. 5.4.2 The length of the altitude to the hypotenuse of a right
4.1.5 Two consecutive angles of a parallelogram are triangle is the geometric mean of the lengths of the
supplementary. segments of the hypotenuse.
4.1.6 Two parallel lines are everywhere equidistant. 5.4.3 The length of each leg of a right triangle is the geometric
4.1.7 If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides mean of the length of the hypotenuse and the length of
of a second triangle and the included angle of the first the segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to that leg.
triangle is greater than the included angle of the second, 5.4.4 (Pythagorean Theorem) The square of the length of the
then the length of the side opposite the included angle hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the
of the first triangle is greater than the length of the side squares of the lengths of the legs.
opposite the included angle of the second. 5.4.5 (Converse of Pythagorean Theorem) If a, b, and c are the
4.1.8 In a parallelogram with unequal pairs of consecutive lengths of the three sides of a triangle, with c the length of
angles, the longer diagonal lies opposite the obtuse angle. the longest side, and if c2 a2 b2, then the triangle is
4.2.1 If two sides of a quadrilateral are both congruent and a right triangle with the right angle opposite the side of
parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. length c.
4.2.2 If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are 5.4.6 If the hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle are
congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. congruent to the hypotenuse and a leg of a second right
4.2.3 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then triangle, then the triangles are congruent (HL).
the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. 5.4.7 Let a, b, and c represent the lengths of the three sides
4.2.4 In a kite, one pair of opposite angles are congruent. of a triangle, with c the length of the longest side.
4.2.5 The segment that joins the midpoints of two sides of a 1. If c2 a2 b2, then the triangle is obtuse and the
triangle is parallel to the third side and has a length equal obtuse angle lies opposite the side of length c.
to one-half the length of the third side. 2. If c2 a2 b2, then the triangle is acute.
4.3.1 All angles of a rectangle are right angles. 5.5.1 (45-45-90 Theorem) In a right triangle whose angles
4.3.2 The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent. measure 45°, 45°, and 90°, the legs are congruent and the
4.3.3 All sides of a square are congruent. hypotenuse has a length equal to the product of 2 and
4.3.4 All sides of a rhombus are congruent. the length of either leg.
4.3.5 The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular. 5.5.2 (30-60-90 Theorem) In a triangle whose angles measure
4.3.6 The diagonals of a rhombus (or square) are perpendicular 30°, 60°, and 90°, the hypotenuse has a length equal to
bisectors of each other. twice the length of the shorter leg, and the length of the
4.4.1 The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent. longer leg is the product of 3 and the length of the
4.4.2 The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent. shorter leg.
4.4.3 The length of the median of a trapezoid equals one-half
the sum of the lengths of the two bases.

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560 APPENDIX B ■ SUMMARY OF CONSTRUCTIONS, POSTULATES, THEOREMS, AND COROLLARIES

5.5.3 If the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle equals 6.2.5 The measure of an angle formed when two secants
the product of 2 and the length of either congruent intersect at a point outside the circle is one-half the
leg, then the angles of the triangle measure 45°, 45°, difference of the measures of the two intercepted arcs.
and 90°. 6.2.6 If an angle is formed by a secant and tangent that
5.5.4 If the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is twice intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure
the length of one leg of the triangle, then the angle of the of the angle is one-half the difference of the measures
triangle opposite that leg measures 30°. of its intercepted arcs.
5.6.1 If a line is parallel to one side of a triangle and 6.2.7 If an angle is formed by two intersecting tangents, then
intersects the other two sides, then it divides these the measure of the angle is one-half the difference of
sides proportionally. the measures of the intercepted arcs.
5.6.2 When three (or more) parallel lines are cut by a pair of 6.2.8 If two parallel lines intersect a circle, the intercepted
transversals, the transversals are divided proportionally arcs between these lines are congruent.
by the parallel lines. 6.3.1 If a line is drawn through the center of a circle
5.6.3 (The Angle-Bisector Theorem) If a ray bisects one perpendicular to a chord, then it bisects the chord
angle of a triangle, then it divides the opposite side into and its arc.
segments whose lengths are proportional to the lengths 6.3.2 If a line through the center of a circle bisects a chord other
of the two sides that form the bisected angle. than a diameter, then it is perpendicular to the chord.
5.6.4 (Ceva’s Theorem) Let D be any point in the interior of 6.3.3 The perpendicular bisector of a chord contains the center
ABC. Where E, F, and G lie on ABC, let BE, AF, of the circle.
and CG be determined by D and the vertices of ABC . 6.3.4 The tangent segments to a circle from an external point
Then the product of the ratios of lengths of segments are congruent.
of the sides (taken in order) equals 1; that is, 6.3.5 If two chords intersect within a circle, then the product
AG BF CE
GB FC EA 1. of the lengths of the segments (parts) of one chord is
equal to the product of the lengths of the segments of
the other chord.
6.1.1 A radius that is perpendicular to a chord bisects 6.3.6 If two secant segments are drawn to a circle from an exter-
the chord. nal point, then the products of the length of each secant
6.1.2 The measure of an inscribed angle of a circle is with the length of its external segment are equal.
one-half the measure of its intercepted arc. 6.3.7 If a tangent segment and a secant segment are drawn to
6.1.3 In a circle (or in congruent circles), congruent minor arcs a circle from an external point, then the square of the
have congruent central angles. length of the tangent equals the product of the length
6.1.4 In a circle (or in congruent circles), congruent central of the secant with the length of its external segment.
angles have congruent arcs. 6.4.1 The line that is perpendicular to the radius of a circle at its
6.1.5 In a circle (or in congruent circles), congruent chords endpoint on the circle is a tangent to the circle.
have congruent minor (major) arcs. 6.4.2 In a circle (or in congruent circles) containing two unequal
6.1.6 In a circle (or in congruent circles), congruent arcs have central angles, the larger angle corresponds to the larger
congruent chords. intercepted arc.
6.1.7 Chords that are at the same distance from the center of a 6.4.3 In a circle (or in congruent circles) containing two unequal
circle are congruent. arcs, the larger arc corresponds to the larger central angle.
6.1.8 Congruent chords are located at the same distance from 6.4.4 In a circle (or in congruent circles) containing two unequal
the center of a circle. chords, the shorter chord is at the greater distance from the
6.1.9 An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle. center of the circle.
6.1.10 If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc, then these 6.4.5 In a circle (or in congruent circles) containing two unequal
angles are congruent. chords, the chord nearer the center of the circle has the
6.2.1 If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, the opposite greater length.
angles are supplementary. 6.4.6 In a circle (or in congruent circles) containing two
(Alternative) The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral unequal chords, the longer chord corresponds to the
are supplementary. greater minor arc.
6.2.2 The measure of an angle formed by two chords that 6.4.7 In a circle (or in congruent circles) containing two unequal
intersect within a circle is one-half the sum of the minor arcs, the greater minor arc corresponds to the longer
measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its of the chords related to these arcs.
vertical angle.
6.2.3 The radius (or any other line through the center of a
circle) drawn to a tangent at the point of tangency is 7.1.1 The locus of points in a plane and equidistant from the
perpendicular to the tangent at that point. sides of an angle is the angle bisector.
6.2.4 The measure of an angle formed by a tangent and a chord 7.1.2 The locus of points in a plane that are equidistant from the
drawn to the point of tangency is one-half the measure of endpoints of a line segment is the perpendicular bisector
the intercepted arc. of that line segment.

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 ■ Theorems and Corollaries 561

7.2.1 The three angle bisectors of the angles of a triangle are 8.2.5 The area A of a rhombus whose diagonals have lengths
concurrent. d1 and d2 is given by
7.2.2 The three perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle
1
are concurrent. A dd
7.2.3 The three altitudes of a triangle are concurrent. 2 1 2
7.2.4 The three medians of a triangle are concurrent at a point 8.2.6 The area A of a kite whose diagonals have lengths d1
that is two-thirds the distance from any vertex to the and d2 is given by
midpoint of the opposite side.
7.3.1 A circle can be circumscribed about (or inscribed in) any 1
A d1d2
regular polygon. 2
7.3.2 The measure of any central angle of a regular polygon
360 8.2.7 The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles equals the
of n sides is given by c n . square of the ratio of the lengths of any two corresponding
7.3.3 Any radius of a regular polygon bisects the angle at the
sides; that is,
vertex to which it is drawn.
7.3.4 Any apothem of a regular polygon bisects the side of the A1 a1 2

polygon to which it is drawn. A2 a2

8.3.1 The area A of a regular polygon whose apothem has length
8.1.1 The area A of a square whose sides are each of length s a and whose perimeter is P is given by
is given by A s2.
8.1.2 The area A of a parallelogram with a base of length b and 1
A aP
with corresponding altitude of length h is given by 2

A bh 8.4.1 The circumference C of a circle is given by the formula

8.1.3 The area A of a triangle whose base has length b and C pd or C 2pr
whose corresponding altitude has length h is given by 8.4.2 In a circle whose circumference is C, the length of an arc
1 whose degree measure is m is given by
A bh
2 m
C
8.1.4 The area A of a right triangle with legs of lengths a and b 360
1
is given A 2 ab. 8.4.3 The area A of a circle whose radius has length r is given
8.2.1 (Heron’s Formula) If the three sides of a triangle have by A pr 2.
lengths a, b, and c, then the area A of the triangle is 8.5.1 In a circle of radius length r, the area A of a sector whose
given by arc has degree measure m is given by
A s(s a)(s b)(s c) m
A pr 2
where the semiperimeter of the triangle is 360

1 8.5.2 The area of a semicircular region of radius length r is

s (a b c) 1 2
2 A 2 pr .
8.5.3 Where P represents the perimeter of a triangle and
8.2.2 (Brahmagupta’s Formula) For a cyclic quadrilateral with r represents the length of the radius of its inscribed circle,
sides of lengths a, b, c, and d, the area A is given by the area A of the triangle is given by
A (s a)(s b)(s c)(s d) 1
A rP
where the semiperimeter of the quadrilateral is 2

1
s (a b c d)
2 9.1.1 The lateral area L of any prism whose altitude has measure
8.2.3 The area A of a trapezoid whose bases have lengths b1 h and whose base has perimeter P is given by L hP.
and b2 and whose altitude has length h is given by 9.1.2 The total area T of any prism with lateral area L and base
area B is given by T L 2B.
1 9.2.1 In a regular pyramid, the lengths a of the apothem of the
A h(b1 b2)
2 base, the altitude h, and the slant height satisfy the
Pythagorean Theorem; that is, 2 a2 h2 in every
8.2.4 The area A of any quadrilateral with perpendicular
regular pyramid.
diagonals of lengths d1 and d2 is given by
9.2.2 The lateral area L of a regular pyramid with slant height
1 of length and perimeter P of the base is given by
A dd
2 1 2 1
L P
2

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562 APPENDIX B ■ SUMMARY OF CONSTRUCTIONS, POSTULATES, THEOREMS, AND COROLLARIES

9.2.3 The total area (surface area) T of a pyramid with lateral 10.1.2 (Midpoint Formula) The midpoint M of the line segment
area L and base area B is given by T L B. joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) has coordinates xM and yM,
9.2.4 The volume V of a pyramid having a base area B and an where
altitude of length h is given by x1 x2 y1 y2
(xM, yM) ,
2 2
1
V Bh x1 x2 y1 y2
3 That is, M ,
2 2
9.2.5 In a regular pyramid, the lengths of altitude h, radius r 10.2.1 If two nonvertical lines are parallel, then their slopes
of the base, and lateral edge e satisfy the Pythagorean are equal.
Theorem; that is, e2 h2 r 2. (Alternative) If 1 2, then m1 m2
9.3.1 The lateral area L of a right circular cylinder with altitude 10.2.2 If two lines (neither horizontal nor vertical) are
of length h and circumference C of the base is given by perpendicular, then the product of their slopes is 1.
L hC. (Alternative) If 1 2 , then m1 m2 1
(Alternative) Where r is the length of the radius of the 10.4.1 The line segment determined by the midpoints of
base, L 2prh . two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side.
9.3.2 The total area T of a right circular cylinder with base area 10.4.2 The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
B and lateral area L is given by T L 2B. 10.4.3 The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
(Alternative) Where r is the length of the radius of the 10.4.4 If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal in length,
base and h is the length of the altitude, then the parallelogram is a rectangle.
T 2prh 2pr 2. 10.5.1 (Slope-Intercept Form of a Line) The line whose
9.3.3 The volume V of a right circular cylinder with base area slope is m and whose y intercept is b has the equation
B and altitude of length h is given by V Bh. y mx b.
(Alternative) Where r is the length of the radius of the 10.5.2 (Point-Slope Form of a Line) The line that has slope m
base, V pr 2 h . and contains the point (x1, y1) has the equation
9.3.4 The lateral area L of a right circular cone with slant
height of length and circumference C of the base is y y1 m(x x1)
1
given by L 2 C. 10.5.3 The three medians of a triangle are concurrent at a point
(Alternative) Where r is the length of the radius of the that is two-thirds the distance from any vertex to the
base, L pr . midpoint of the opposite side.
9.3.5 The total area T of a right circular cone with base area B 10.6.1 (The Distance Formula) In the xyz coordinate system,
and lateral area L is given by T B L. the distance d between the points P1(x1, y1, z1) and
(Alternative) Where r is the length of the radius of the P2(x2, y2, z2) is given by
base and is the length of the slant height, the total area
is T pr 2 pr . d P1P2 (x2 x1)2 (y2 y1)2 (z2 z1)2.
9.3.6 In a right circular cone, the lengths of the radius r (of the 10.6.2 (The Midpoint Formula) In the xyz system, the midpoint
base), the altitude h, and the slant height satisfy the of the line segment joining the points P1(x1, y1, z1) and
Pythagorean Theorem; that is, 2 r2 h2 in every P2(x2, y2, z2) is given by
right circular cone.
9.3.7 The volume V of a right circular cone with base area B x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 z2
1 M (xM, yM, zM) , , .
and altitude of length h is given by V 3 Bh. 2 2 2
(Alternative) Where r is the length of the radius of the
base, V 1 2 10.6.3 The equation for the sphere with center (h, k, l)
3 pr h .
9.4.1 (Euler’s Equation) The number of vertices V, the number and radius length r is given by the equation
of edges E, and the number of faces F of a polyhedron (x h)2 (y k)2 (z l)2 r 2.
are related by the equation V F E 2. 10.6.4 The equation for the sphere with center (0, 0, 0)
9.4.2 The surface area S of a sphere whose radius has length r and radius length r is given by the equation
is given by S 4pr 2. x2 y2 z2 r 2.
9.4.3 The volume V of a sphere with radius of length r is given
4 3
by V 3 pr . 11.2.1 (The Pythagorean Identity) In any right triangle in which
a is the measure of an acute angle,
10.1.1 (Distance Formula) The distance d between two points sin2a cos2a 1
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by the formula
d (x2 x1)2 (y2 y1)2

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 ■ Theorems and Corollaries 563

11.4.1 The area of any acute triangle equals one-half the product 11.4.3 (Law of Cosines) In acute triangle ABC,
of the lengths of two sides and the sine of the included c2 a2 b2 2ab cos g
angle. That is, b2 a2 c2 2ac cos b
1 a2 b2 c2 2bc cos a
A 2 ab sin g or
1
A 2 ac sin b a2 b2 c2
1 cos g
A 2 bc sin a 2ab
a2 c2 b2
11.4.2 (Law of Sines) In any acute triangle, the three ratios cos b
between the sines of the angles and the lengths of the 2ac
opposite sides are equal. That is, b2 c2 a2
cos a
2bc
sin a sin b sin g
a b c

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.