The Authenticity of Guarini's Stereotomy in His "Architettura Civile"

Author(s): Werner Müller

Source: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians , Oct., 1968, Vol. 27, No. 3
(Oct., 1968), pp. 202-208
Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the Society of Architectural
Historians

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 The Authenticity of Guarini's Stereotomy
in his Architettura Civile

WERNER MULLER

"L' ARCHITETTURA, sebbene dipenda dalla Matematica

Projective geometrical problems also compr
." writes Guarini in his Architettura Civile.1
erable The archi- of Guarini's Architettura C
proportion
tectural designs shown there demonstrateIV
that mathematics
discusses essentially the projection of comp
was, for Guarini, not merely an auxiliaryof
science in struc-
intersection of a variety of solids.
tural design, but constituted a substantial proportion
Long beforeof his
projective geometry was raised t
aesthetic imagination. of science in its own right by Gaspard Mong
Guarini's mathematical knowledge must have
end of been much
the eighteenth century, some of its fie
more comprehensive than that of his contemporaries. In been developed to quite a no
tion had already
1660 he became a teacher of philosophy and mathematics
namely, in
perspective, gnomonics, and the scie
Messina, and in 1668 Charles Emmanuel II of (stereotomy).
cutting Savoy ap- As early as the beginnin
pointed him "ingegnere ducale." Apart from his Architet-
enteenth century, every Parisian master-maso
tura Civile, we know of other books written by him
that he could cut on
particular stones for a vault t
mathematics, astronomy, and on the mathematical
shape.4 Evenaspects
an architect of the nineteenth
of fortress construction. make use, without any notable limitations, of
Nowadays we know little of Guarini's relationship
ume to
work La the'orie et la pratique de la coupe d
other mathematicians. Giovanni Alfonso Borelli taught
bois first published by Amed6e Francois Frezier
Both in came
mathematics in Messina shortly before Guarini de l'Orme's
to Architecture
live and in the textbooks
there. In addition to his own mathematical works,
published we
in 1642 andare1643 respectively by Jousse and
also indebted to him for the publicationDerand, stereotomy was
of Emendatio et restricted almost exclusively to
Restitutio conicorum Apollonii Pergaei, a working
work instructions
producedforby
the stonemason.5 It was assumed
Francesco Maurolico, who had lived and taught in Messina
that the student of such a book already had a special aptitude
up to 1575. Maurolico was a highly versatile mathemati-
for analyzing the spatial structure of a body, that is, the
cian.2 For instance, he concerned himselfability
both to with archi-
visualize space-geometrical relationships two-di-
tecture and the design of sundials. His knowledge of pro-
mensionally without the aid of mathematics, and vice versa.6
jective geometry must have been remarkable for must
This ability his not
time.3
be confused with the artist's creative
power in spatial design. The assumption that an architect
I. Guarini, Architettura, Trattato I, Cap. II, Delle Regole d'Archi- gifted with such creative imagination could correctly inter-
tettura in generale, 3.
pret a work on stonecutting is not always permissible, as
2. In his study, "Die Ovalen Kirchenrdiume des Cinquecento,"
RimischesJahrbuchfiir Kunstgeschichte, vii (1955), 9-99, W. Lotz men-
tions Maurolico amongst those authors who concerned themselves 4. Poudra, Oeuvres, I, 313: "Puisque le chef-d'oeuvre qu'on a
in the sixteenth century with conical sections and the mathematical jusques icy fait h Paris pour y estre receu maistre maCon est une piece
properties of ellipses. Lotz deals thoroughly with the difference be-
tween the ovals made up of circular arcs, used as the outline by artists du5.trait de la
Frizier, coupe I,des
Theorie, pierres
xvm: "Le P....Dechalles
." en 1672 fut le premier
of the sixteenth century, and mathematically exact ellipses. I am at et a ete le seul jusqu'a present qui y ait ajout6 des demonstrations;
present preparing a paper on the construction of elliptical arcs in the mais son Traite de Lapidum sectione, ins&r6 dans son grand cours de
architecture of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. math6matique en latin [here is meant Cursus seu Mundus Mathemati-
3. Note xvir in Michel Chasles' Aperqu historique sur l'origine et le cus, Lyon, 1674] n'est presque qu'un extrait du P. Derand dont il a
develloppement des mithodes en geometrie ... (Paris, 2nd edition, 1875), quelquefois copi jusqu'aux fautes .. "
345, has the heading, "Sur Maurolico et Guarini." However, the 6. Frezier, Theorie, i, x: "Je sCai que la routine et une certaine
note makes no mention of Guarini having stayed for some time in geometrie naturelle tiennent lieu de science aux appareilleurs dans
Messina, Maurolico's hometown. les cas ordinaires."

202

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will be shown below. Indeed, there is always the need to
establish whether the words of Philibert de l'Orme7 apply
to a particular architect: "Ie spay veritablement que plusi-
eurs gentils ouuriers entendront incontinent ces traicts ayant
iect6 la veuE dessus et tenant le compas a la main trouueront
facilement les rapports, qui est la cause que ie n'en feray
plus long discours."
In this connection, it must also be borne in mind that in
those regions in which particularly sophisticated vaults
were erected during the Baroque period, namely, in Bo-
hemia, Moravia, Franconia, and Piedmont, the vaults were
generally constructed of brick and quarried stone crudely
hewn to an appropriate shape.8 In simple cases, the curves
of intersection of two vaults are produced by the points of
contact of the slabs. It was possible to make do with a very
much simplified form of stereotomy, since the geometrical
constructions were restricted to those needed for centering
the vault. In the title of Frezier's work, stereotomy is defined
as "La pratique de la coupe des pierres et des bois pour la
construction des voutes et autres parties des batimens."
Even where the term "stereotomy" is limited to its literal
significance, namely, "the cutting of solids," a knowledge
of stereotomic literature is not without its use. It shows us
with which aspects of stereotomy the architects were famil-
iar. It enables us to describe specific forms of vaults in the
terminology appropriate to the period, and it gives us in-
formation on the limits of the knowledge of geometry
attributable to the architects.
Stereotomy was not only an aid to the production of
complicated vault structures. Traces of its influence can also
often be found in portals, vestibules, organ lofts, and gal-
leries. For instance, arches with an undulating frontal, fre-
quently encountered in Austria, were already known to the
stonemason before Borromini's time through the "Trompe
d'Annet," a stereotomic masterpiece created by Philibert
de l'Orme. The simple shape of this squinch, a "trompe
ondee par devant ayant son plein cintre," had a secure place
in the repertoire of stereotomic instructional exercises.9
On the basis of these preliminary remarks, let us now
7. De l'Orme, Architecture, 6Iv.
8. Hans Reuther, "Balthasar Neumanns Gewilbebau," Das Miin-
ster, VI (1952), 57-65.
9. Even if the undulating arches of the organ loft of the Parish
Church at Krems on the Danube really date back to the time at
which the church was erected, namely, 1616-1630, these shapes were
not, on that account, "almost unimaginably early"; see Friderike
Klauner, Die Kirche von Stift Melk (Wien, 1948), 21. The stereotomic
knowledge of the designer of the organ loft of the church, La Fleche,
can be clearly deduced. The loft was designed by Mathurin Jousse,
the author of Le Secret d'Architecture Decovvrant Fidelement les Traits
Gdometriques ... (La Fleche, 1642). See Louis Hautecoeur, Histoire de
l'Architecture Classique en France (Paris, 1943), I.ii, Fig. 497. The date
of erection is given there as 1636.
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203
turn to the Architettura Civile published under the name of
Guarini. Even a cursory glance on turning over the pages
discloses some peculiarities. Unlike contemporary works on
stonecutting, though Treatise IV of the Architettura deals
with the projections of curves of intersection of vaults, the
actual working of the stone itself lies beyond the scope of
the author's considerations.
There are other aspects characteristic of the treatment of
stereotomy in the Architettura. The arches are not divided
into an uneven number of stones, as is customary in the
French textbooks on stonecutting (though it should be
added that such a division is expressly demanded only by de
la Rue). This demand was substantiated by Danisy who
showed,10 by means of models, that the horizontal thrust
exerted by an arch on the abutments is smaller for arches
with an uneven number of stones than for a comparable
arch with an even number.11
The chapter headings in the Architettura do not refer to
specific technical problems. The discussion in Treatise IV
does not concern itself with a barrel vault which terminates
on one side in an inclined vertical wall, but rather with a
cylinder which is cut by a plane oblique to its axis. The
question now arises: Are the mathematical principles ex-
pressed in the chapter headings actually related to a ster-
eotomy which has been developed on fundamental math-
ematical considerations, or does the use of purely math-
ematical terminology give the deceptive impression of a
new solution to those problems when, in fact, this solution
differs but little from those already in existence?
Philibert de l'Orme set himselfa task which he bequeathed
unsolved to his successors, namely, the resolution of the
structural problems of architectural shapes, especially those
Io. The experiments made by Augustin Auguste Hyacinthe Danisy
are discussed by Fr'zier, Theorie, m, 380-385. Danisy's original pub-
lication can be found in the Memoires de la Socite' Royale des Sciences
itablie Montpellier, avec les Memoires de Mathematique et de Physique,
tires des Registres de cette Societe, 1, 1778, 40-56 (27 Fevrier 1732):
"Methode g6ndrale pour determiner la resistance qu'il faut opposer a
la poussie des vofites."
De La Hire had already put forward the theoretical bases of such
static investigations of vaults. Philippe de La Hire, Traite' de Michan-
ique (Paris, 1695), and Memoires de I'Acadimie Royale, 1712 (27
Fevr.): "Sur la Construction des Voutes dans les Edifices."
SI. The horizontal thrust of a semicircular arch composed of ashlar
and whose voussoirs have bed joint surfaces freely movable against
one another, is the less, the greater the keystone. In the extreme case
where the arch is composed of one single stone, the horizontal thrust
is zero. Disregarding this aspect, the influence imposed by the man-
ner of stonecutting on the stability of an arch whose form and mate-
rial are predetermined, is restricted to the extent that the pressure
line may deviate from the vertical on the bed joint surfaces only by
an angle which is smaller than the angle of friction. The English and
French style of bed joints later used in skew barrel vaults is not dealt
with in the old textbooks on stereotomy, because there the individual
voussoirs from beginning to end of the vaults are not subdivided.
204

of stonecutting, on the basis of Euclidean geometry.12 Gua-

lish in what respects the procedures ofDesargues and Derand
rini, as an architect and teacher of mathematics, was more
differ. An exercise given in all textbooks on stonemasonry
qualified than almost any other to take over de l'Orme'sconsists in determining the shapes of the voussoirs of an
inclined skew barrel vault which terminates at one side in
legacy. Only Girard Desargues possessed similar qualifica-
an inclined vertical wall. Either the face arch at the end of
tions, but he had no influence on actual practice. His quite
original working instructions, which were governed by his
the vault, or a cross section at right angles to the axis of the
effort to refer problems of perspective, gnomonics, and some
vault (cintre droit) is given as a point to work from. Usually
specific problems of stonecutting to their common math-
the architects preferred to be able to deal freely with the
ematical basis,13 were something new to the stonemasons
face arch, so that this arch is the point of departure.
of those days and were rejected by them.14 Desargues gives a procedure by means of which the angle
Guarini introduces his Treatise IV, Dell'Ortografiagettata,
between the axis of the vault and a straight line lying within
with a chapter in which he discusses the principles of paral-
the face wall, and which has the greatest deviation from 900,
lel projection with the aid of geometrical examples. In the
can be determined from the angles of skew, inclination, and
subsequent treatment of stereotomic problems, Guarini was
slope. In Desargues's terminology, this is the angle between
the "essieu" and "sousessieu," i.e., the axis and sub-axis. If
on a level with contemporary works on stonecutting. Fr6-
zier was the first to criticize, from the mathematical point
this angle is known, the arc at right angles to the axis can be
of view, the often inaccurate methods of his predecessors.
constructed, and in this way, the case has been reduced to
Compared with Frezier's work, both the scope and content
the comparatively simple problem in which a vertical face
of the stereotomy dealt with in the Architettura are quite
arch fronts a horizontally based vault leading obliquely up
modest. to it.

In what tradition is Guarini's stereotomy? Does it link up In the literature, the procedures normally followed in
with that of Francois Derand, whose workis first appeared practice can already be understood from the work by Phili-
in 1643 and is known to have been republished in 1743 and bert de l'Orme, and are described in detail by Derand and
1755, and whose procedures were presented in a scarcely in the Traitie de la Coupe des Pierres by de la Rue. The pro-
modified form by Deschalesl6 and Jean-Baptiste de la Rue? cedure outlined by these authors employs parallel projec-
Or is it perhaps closer to that of Desargues, who has been tions of the vault onto suitably selected planes adapted to
called the Monge of his century? It is likely that both works the individual case, and appeared to the non-mathematically
became known to him during his sojourn in Paris.17 Both minded craftsmen to be clearer than Desargues's method
names are quoted by more recent authors in conjunction and was therefore preferred in practice. Guarini also fol-
with Guarini's work on vault construction.18 lowed this tradition which has been presented in its most
Before we try to answer these questions, we must estab- detailed form in Derand's work, and is in no way connected
with the Desargues method.
12. De 1'Orme, Architecture,
13. See Poudra, Oeuvres, I,
14. Frizier, Thdorie, I, xvIII:
ent, qu'il tenoit de Desargu
15 a L
veautd de son langage ne fut
191-206. I shall discuss the G
where. ?t i X
I 5. L'Architecture Des Vovtes, Ov L'Art Des Traits, E Covpe Des 2 /s
Vovtes ... Par ... Franjois Derand ... A Paris Chez Sebastien Cramoisy, '/-
1643.

16. Claude Francois Miliet Deschales was a native of Savoy. Born

in Chambery, he was the rector of the college there during the closing '8g s?

years of his life. He died in Turin in 1678. His name is mentioned in

58 i

Guarini, Architettura, I: "il Milliet." ..:

17. The "Ortografia Gettata" is compared with the "Ortografia

Elevata" in Guarini, Arclitettira, Trattato IV, 191, where it states:
"Non & per6 questa di quella meno utile, anzi ch& assolutamente
necessaria all' Architetto, abbenche poco conosciuta dalla Italiana
Architettura, solamente dalla Francese in molte occasioni egregia-
mente adoperata."
18. Paolo Portoghesi, Giiarino Guarini (Milano, 1956), refers to
Derand. Rudolf Wittkower, Art and Architecture in Italy, 16oo-175o
(Harmondsworth, 1958), 275: "Guarini was perhaps the only Italian
architect who had studied Desargues's Projective Geometry." Fig. I. Guarini,

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 205

We should now like to consider more closely some para- distance between point C and point 21. The horizontal pro-
graphs out of Treatise IV of the Architettura Civile. jections of the other points in the face arch are obtained in
In the Osservazione Dezima of Treatise IV, iii, a cylindera similar manner. The horizontal projection of the edge of
is examined where one side is cut by a plane. The crossthe voussoir commencing from point E is a straight line
section of the arch (assumed to be semicircular) at right starting at point 31 and parallel to the straight line between
angles to the axis, and the angles formed by the axis of thepoint A and point P. The line PN is the horizontal projec-
cylinder with two straight lines at right angles to one an-tion of the cross section of the vault at right angles to the
other within the plane cutting the cylinder, are given.axis of the vault. The line PN is met at point 66 by the
These angles can be considered to be those of the obliquityhorizontal projection of the edge of the voussoir originating
and of the projection of the wall face. The face arch is to befrom the inner apex of the face arch. If the plane of the
found. The relevant figure (Fig. I), contains a drawing cintre droit is rotated through 900goo around the axis PN so that
error, since the length of the distance CP is not equal to it lies in the plane of horizontal projection, then the straight
KM, as correctly stated in the text, but is mistakenly madeline between point 66 and point 47 is of the same length as
equal to KX. that between point 21 and point I6, and is the height of the
The problem presented in the Osservazione Duodecima of highest point in the inner cintre droit. The other points of a
Treatise IV, iii, is partly analogous to the previous one, ex- cross section at right angles to the axis of the vault can be
cept that here the face arch is given and the problem con- found in a similar manner.
sists in constructing the arch at right angles to the axis. In Guarini's Architettura, page 211, the angle of vertical
Figure 2 illustrates the problem. The face arch should be inclination MCT is determined by two requirements (Fig.
semicircular in shape. The angle of vertical inclination of 2). The straight line between point M and point C must be
the face arch is not given in the direction of the cylinder equal to the outer radius of the face arch, while the straight
axis but at right angles to the base line of the face arch. line between point M and point T, perpendicular to AT,
We should like to explain the method of construction in should be equal in length to the straight line SN between
Figure 3. If the face arch ABCDEF is rotated around the point S and point N. This last, the line SN, is designated as
axis AC through an angle of vertical inclination MCT, the being the semidiameter of the cylinder. However, the as-
horizontal projection of the inner apex E is displaced through
a distance between point O and point 31, equivalent to the B

Ad 16

B oI

, . ri. FjS-I-

Do F C T

33)

66

Fig. 3. A modified reproduction from Guarini, Architettura, Lastra

Fig. 2. Guarini, Architettura, Lastra VI, Trat. IV (detail). VI, Trat. IV (detail).

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206

corresponding points and, not as in Figure

OB, etc., parallel to OV.
jjjjjjjllll Neither is Guarini's attempt to make a d
line of intersection of an oblique cone with
axis is inclined to that of the cone, free o
question is whether these errors originate
himself or whether perhaps the publicatio
Vittone includes his own modifications to
or additions to Guarini's unfinished manusc
clear from the "Avviso a'Lettori" that the A
does not comprise a word-for-word posthu
tion of a draft prepared by Guarini. In fa
states: "La qual opera prevenuto dalla mo
egli [Guarini] potuto mandara alla luce, ha
fatica di ripulirla e reunirla in un volume;
ci ha sollevati il Signor Bernardo Vitton
gentile propensione vi ha prestata la mano
Since neither Guarini's written draft nor
undertaken by the Padri Chierici Regolari
Turin for the purpose of clearing it up are
Fig. 4. Guarini, Architettura, Lastra VI, Trat. IV (detail).
us, and since we are also unable, for arc
define the extent to which Vittone himsel
the of
sumption made here regarding the angle final form of is
inclination the Architettura, we mus
not necessary and is indeed misleading. means
Since in
to the present
find an answer to our question.
case the cross section of the cylinder at With
right Treatise
angles toIV
the
we are in the happy pos
axis is not circular, it is irrelevant to make MT
able to equal to
identify SN some degree of certaint
with
in order to solve the problem. MT, andtohence
Guarini's draft of
the angle written in another hand
inclination, can be chosen otherwise. Treatise IV in the Architettura are mostly id
In Figure 4 the above-mentioned error is "Tractatus
of the shown evenXXXII" De Superficiebus c
more clearly. If the face arch is taken to be semicircular,
nunm redigentis inthe
Guarini's work Euclides ad
arc at right angles to the axis cannot, as shown
odicus in Figure 4,
matemnaticaque universalis which ma
be semicircular with an outer radius SN. The fact
in Turin that the
in 1671, that is, within the author
The
apex of the arc of the cintre droit does not lie Osservazione Dezima of Treatise IV, ii
perpendicularly
over S is alone sufficient to show this. tettura
Indeed, corresponds
in Figure 3, to Problem IX, Propos
Euclides.
the inner apex of the arc of the cintre droit We find
is located Figure 4 of "Lastra IV, T
perpen-
dicularly over point 66. The crown line of the vault
first-named thus but without the drawin
work,
lies vertically over the straight line between point 31 and
found in the Architettura, on plate "pag 576
point 67 in the base horizontal plane of(Fig.the
5). semicylinder,
and has the height MT. Let us compare the Osservazione Dezimaterza of Treatise
Again, in Figure 2, the arch over IV, RQ iii, ofis
theincorrectly
"Architettura" with Problem X, Proposition
drawn. It seems incredible that this arch should give
XII, of the "Tractatus the
XXXII" in the Euclides. The plate
same impression that the cylinder on "pagthe face
579" (Fig. 6)arch does.does not show any of the
of the Euclides
After all, in the present case the face arch is given
errors contained as beingThe cylinder cross sec-
in the Architettura.
upright. Furthermore, because the cross tion at right angles to the axis cyl-
section of the is correctly drawn as part of
inder at right angles to the axis is not
an truly
ellipse. Thecircular, it isVI, Trat. IV" of the
Figure I of "Lastra
misleading to designate the line SN as Architettura
the semidiameter of drawn cross section
(Fig. 2) shows an incorrectly
the cylinder. The arch over RQ mightmade well involve
at right a sec-
angles to the horizontal plane of the semi-
tion perpendicular to the horizontal plane
cylinder of the to
and parallel semicyl-
the line of intersection between the
inder and parallel to the line of intersection between
oblique face arch this plane of the semicyl-
and the horizontal
plane and the frontal plane. But, in this
inder,case,
and this the heights
error does not occur in Euclides. Finally,
MT, etc., should also be erected perpendicular to RQ atH to
although the line from point the
point II is drawn half as

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 207

,! %'

I IF

| [ 1 44 Irk~rk

t # f, .(O

Fig. 6. Guarini, Euclide

If it is accepted that
many respects been
Euclides, some of th
explanatory. By thi
nomenclature and to

+4,4,f j
taken with the prob
At present, it is no
cated errors are tho
S. Lorenzo. If the lat
remains that Vitton
Fig. 5. Guarini, Euclides, Pag 576 (detail). published the manu
designed
long as the line LK in the figure to "Pr. 12" on the plate
such a no
tazione
"pag 579" of the Euclides, the text does not refer to this in Vallinotto
tion of Guarini's Ar
agreement in length and, indeed, it does not designate it as
necessary.19 this, be so little acq
traditional methods
Tractatus XXXII, Problem VI, Proposition XXI of the
detect any erroneou
Euclides deals with an oblique cone which is intersected
That is the least con
obliquely to the axis by a cylinder. The version given here
siderations.
differs from that in the Architettura, but without being pre-
cise in consequence. Nevertheless, Guarini was conscious to
Compared with Gu
tion of space did no
an indeterminate extent that his solution was only a method
native conception of
of approximation.20
may appear at first
19. An analogous picture of the relationship
German and Italian
Architettura is given by a comparison of Tr
Prop. xiii of would
Guarini, appear
Euclides extr
with Trat. i
Dezimaterza of little
Guarini, knowledge
Architettura. of
20. Guarini, Euclides, 585: Scias tamen h
using methods whic
praecisum. Unde ignenijs scrupolosis. Minu
simpler
quoad usum, aut saltem, task. For
ut plurimum ins
insen
actissimo. the intersecting cur

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208

surfaces of the vaults, but did precisely the opposite, in that
the surfaces of the vaults were adapted to the intersecting
curves which were constructed in their own right.
Three-dimensional curves formed at the intersection of
two semicircular surfaces with different radii, or of semi-
circular and half oval surfaces are frequently encountered in
architecture. From the mathematical point of view, it is
irrelevant whether a three-dimensional curve of intersection
of the first type arises in the case of an arched aperture in a
rounded wall,21 or in a lunette in a barrel vault,22 or in
other cases of three-dimensional arches within a vault. These
remarks by no means exhaust the relationships between
21. E. W. Grashoff, "Die Schlosskapelle von Anet und die deutsche
Barockarchitektur," Zeitschrift des Deutschen Vereins fiir Kunstwis-
senschaft, vii (1940), 123-130.
22. N. Pevsner, "The Three-Dimensional Arch from the Sixteenth
to the Eighteenth Century," JSAH, xvn, 4 (1958), 22-24.
stereotomy and vault construction.23 An impression of the
scope and kind of technical problems arising in German
Baroque vault construction can be obtained from Hans
Reuther's work.24
But technical investigations alone cannot cope with the
peculiarities of German and Italian vault structures. An ap-
propriate consideration of these structures must take into
account the process by which an architectural shape func-
tions symbolically in the creation of aesthetic space.25
23. I am now investigating the connection between stereotomy
and Baroque vault design.
24. H. Reuther, "Die Gewilbesysteme von Banz und Vierzehn-
heiligen," BonnerJahrbuch, CLXIV (1964), 17o-80o, and other works
quoted there.
25. These results of the researches by art historians will be taken
into account in the author's paper, "Das Verhdiltnis zwischen Ster-
eotomie und Aesthetik bei Frdzier und seine Gewblbeentwiirfe fir
Landau und Grossbockenheim."

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