Chapter 1 ● Types of Media include

Introduction to Electronic 1. Electrical conductors

Communication 2. Optical media
3. Free space
1-1: Significance of Human 4. System- specific medium
Communication (e.g. water is the medium
● Communication is the process of for sonar)
exchanging information Receivers
● Main barriers are language and ● A receiver is a collection of
distance electronic components and circuits
● Contemporary society’s emphasis that accepts the transmitted
is now the accumulation, message from the channel and
packaging, and exchange of converts it back into a form
information understandable by humans,
Methods of Communication ● Receivers contain amplifiers,
1. Face to Face oscillators, mixers, tuned circuits
2. Signals and filters, and a demodulator or
3. Written word (letters) detector that recovers the original
4. Electrical Innovations intelligence signal from modulated
● Telegraph carrier
● Telephone Transceivers
● Radio ● A transceiver is an electronic unit
● Television that incorporates circuits that both
● Internet (computer) send and receive signals
Basic Components ● Examples are
● Transmitter 1. Telephones
● Channel or medium 2. Fax machines
● Receiver 3. Handheld CB radios
Noise degrades or interferes with 4. Cellphones
transmitted information. 5. Computer modems
Attenuation
1-2: Communication Systems ● Signal attenuation or degradation
exists in all media of wireless
Transmitter transmission. It is proportional to
● The transmitter is a collection of the square of the distance between
electronic components and circuits the transmitter and receiver.
that converts the electrical signal Noise
into a signal suitable for ● Noise is random, undesirable
transmission over a given medium. electronic energy that enters the
● Transmitters are made up of communication system via the
oscillators, amplifiers, tuned communicating medium and
circuits and filters, modulators, interferes with the transmitted
frequency mixers, frequency messages
synthesisers, and other circuits. ●
1-3: Types of Electronic Communication
Communication Channel ● Electronic communications are
● The communication channel is the classified according to whether
medium by which the electronic they are
signal is sent from one place to
another
 1. One-way (simplex) or Continuous wave (CW) code
two-way (full duplex or Serial binary code (used in
half duplex) transmissions computers)
2. Analog or digital signals’ ● Many signals are of signals that
originate in digital form but must
Simplex be converted to analog form to
● The simplest method of electronic match the transmission medium
communication ● Digital data over the telephone
● This type of communication is network
one-way. Examples are ● Analog signals
Radio They are the first digitized with an
TV Broadcasting analog to digital converter
Beeper (personal receiver) The data can then be transmitted
and processed by computers and
Full Duplex other digital circuits
● Most electronic communication is
two-way and is referred to as 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing
duplex ● Modulation and multiplexing are
● When people can talk and listen electronic techniques for
simultaneously, it is called full transmitting information efficiently
duplex. The telephone is an from one place to another
example of this type of ● Modulation makes the information
communication signal more compatible with the
Half Duplex medium.
● The form of two-way ● Multiplexing allows more than one
communication in which only one signal to be transmitted
party transmits at a time is known concurrently over a single medium.
half duplex
● Examples are: Baseband Transmission
Police, military, etc, radio ● Baseband information can be sent
transmissions directly and unmodified over the
Citizen band (CB) medium or can be used to modulate
Family radio a carrier for transmission over the
Amateur radio medium.
● In telephone or intercom systems,
Analog Signals the voice is placed on the wires and
● An analog signal is a smoothly and transmitted.
continuously varying voltage or ● In some computer networks, the
current. Examples are: digital signals are applied directly
Sine wave to coaxial or twisted-pair cables for
Voice transmission.
Video TV
Broadband Transmission
Digital signals ● A carrier is a high frequency
● Digital signals change in steps or in signal that is modulated by audio,
discrete increments video, or data.
● Most digital signals use binary or ● A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an
two state codes electromagnetic signal that is able
● Examples are: to travel long distances through
Telegraph (morse code) space.
Broadband Transmission ● A cycle consists of two voltage
● A broadband transmission takes polarity reversals, current reversals,
place when a carrier signal is or electromagnetic field
modulated, amplified, and sent to oscillations.
the antenna for transmission. ● Frequency is measured in cycles
● The two most common methods of per second (cps).
modulation are: ● The unit of frequency is hertz
▪ Amplitude Modulation (AM) (Hz).
▪ Frequency Modulation (FM)
● Another method is called phase Frequency and Wavelength:
modulation (PM), in which the Wavelength
phase angle of the sine wave is ● Wavelength is the distance
varied. occupied by one cycle of a wave
Broadband Transmission and is usually expressed in meters.
● Frequency-shift keying (FSK) ● Wavelength is also the distance
takes place when data is converted traveled by an electromagnetic
to frequency-varying tones. wave during the time of one cycle.
● Devices called modems ● The wavelength of a signal is
(modulator-demodulator) translate represented by the Greek letter
the data from digital to analog and lambda (λ).
back again.
● Demodulation or detection takes Frequency and Wavelength:
place in the receiver when the Wavelength
original baseband (e.g. audio) Wavelength (λ) = speed of light ÷
signal is extracted. frequency
Speed of light = 3 × 10^8 meters/second
Multiplexing Therefore: λ = 3 × 10^8 / f
● Multiplexing is the process of
allowing two or more signals to
share the same medium or channel. Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300
● The three basic types of GHz
multiplexing are: ● The electromagnetic spectrum is
▪ Frequency division divided into segments
▪ Time division
▪ Code division Extremely Low 30–300 Hz
Frequencies (ELF)
1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Voice Frequencies 300–3000 Hz
The range of electromagnetic signals (VF)
encompassing all frequencies is referred to
as the electromagnetic spectrum Very Low include the higher
Frequencies (VLF) end of the human
Frequency and Wavelength: Frequency hearing range up
● A signal is located on the to about 20 kHz
frequency spectrum according to
its frequency and wavelength. Low Frequencies 30–300 kHz
● Frequency is the number of cycles (LF)
of a repetitive wave that occur in a
given period of time. Medium 300–3000 kHz
Frequencies (MF) AM radio
 535–1605 kHz
Optical Spectrum: Infrared
High Frequencies 3–30 MHz ● Infrared radiation is produced by
(HF) (short waves; any physical equipment that
VOA, BBC generates heat, including our
broadcasts; bodies.
government and ● Infrared is used:
military two-way ▪ In astronomy, to detect stars and
communication; other physical bodies in the
amateur radio, CB. universe,
▪ For guidance in weapons systems,
Very High 30–300 MHz where the heat radiated from
Frequencies airplanes or missiles can be
(VHF) FM radio detected and used to guide missiles
broadcasting to targets.
(88–108 MHz), ▪ In most new TV remote-control
television channels units, where special coded signals
2–13. are transmitted by an infrared LED
to the TV receiver to change
Ultra High 300–3000 MHz channels, set the volume, and
Frequencies perform other functions.
(UHF) TV ▪ In some of the newer wireless
channels 14–67, LANs and all fiber-optic
cellular phones, communication.
military Optical Spectrum: The Visible
communication. Spectrum
● Just above the infrared region is
Microwaves and 1–30 GHz the visible spectrum we refer to as
Super High light.
Frequencies (SHF) ● Red is low-frequency or
Satellite long-wavelength light
communication, ● Violet is high-frequency or
radar, wireless short-wavelength light.
LANs, microwave ● Light waves’ very high frequency
ovens enables them to handle a
tremendous amount of information
Extremely High 30–300 GHz
(the bandwidth of the baseband
Frequencies (EHF)
signals can be very wide).
Satellite
Optical Spectrum: Ultraviolet
communication,
● Ultraviolet is not used for
computer data,
communication
radar
● Its primary use is medical.

Optical Spectrum 1-6: Bandwidth

● The optical spectrum exists directly
above the millimeter wave region.
● Three types of light waves are:
▪ Infrared
▪ Visible spectrum
▪ Ultraviolet
● Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of
the electromagnetic spectrum
occupied by a signal.
● Channel bandwidth refers to the
range of frequencies required to
transmit the desired information.
More Room at the Top Digital radio Navigation and
● Today, virtually the entire direction-finding
frequency spectrum between services
approximately 30 kHz and 300
MHz has been spoken for. TV broadcasting Telemetry
● There is tremendous competition
for these frequencies, between Digital television Radio astronomy
companies, individuals, and (DTV)
government services in individual
carriers and between the different Cable television Surveillance
nations of the world.
● The electromagnetic spectrum is Facsimile Music services
one of our most precious natural
Wireless remote Internet radio and
resources.
control video
● Communication engineering is
devoted to making the best use of
that finite spectrum. ● Duplex
● Great effort goes into developing
communication techniques that Telephones Family radio
minimize the bandwidth required service
to transmit given information and
thus conserve spectrum space. Two-way radio The internet
● This provides more room for
additional communication channels radar Wide-area
and gives other services or users an networks (WANs)
opportunity to take advantage of it.
Spectrum Management and Standards sonar metropolitan -area
● Spectrum management is provided networks (MANs)
by agencies set up by the United
States and other countries to Amateur radio Local area
control spectrum use. networks (LANs)
▪ The Federal Communications Citizens radio
Commission (FCC) and the
National Telecommunications and
Information Administration
(NTIA) are two agencies that deal 1-8: Jobs and Careers in the
in spectrum management. communication industry
● Standards are specifications and
guidelines necessary to ensure The electronics industry is roughly divided
compatibility between transmitting into four major specializations:
and receiving equipment. 1. Communications (largest in terms of
people employed and the dollar value of
1-7:Survey of Communications equipment purchased)
Applications 2. Computers (second largest).
3. Industrial controls.
● Simplex 4. Instrumentation.
Types of Jobs
● Engineers design communication
AM and FM Paging services equipment and systems.
broadcasting
 ● Technicians install, troubleshoot,
repair, calibrate, and maintain
equipment.
● Engineering Technicians assist in
equipment design, testing, and
assembly.
● Technical sales representatives
determine customer needs and
related specifications, write
proposals and sell equipment.
● Technical writers generate
technical documentation for
equipment and systems.
● Trainers develop programs,
generate training and presentation
materials, and conduct classroom
training.
Major Employers
● The communication electronics
industry is made up of the
following segments:
▪ Manufacturers
▪ Resellers
▪ Service Organizations
▪ End users