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1 Concept of LTE and Agilent Solution For Seminar v3
1 Concept of LTE and Agilent Solution For Seminar v3
1 Concept of LTE and Agilent Solution For Seminar v3
Agenda
LTE Context and Major Features System Architecture Evolution LTE Transmission Schemes Overview of Physical Layer Frame Structure Standards Documents Solutions Overview
LTE Context
LTE is 3GPP Project Name for Long Term Evolution of UMTS
To ensure UMTS future (Started Project in Nov 2004)
LTE is now linked with the development of a new OFDMA air interface
But the evolution of UMTS via HSDPA and HSUPA is still happening
The official terminology for the new LTE radio system is: Evolved UTRA / Evolved UTRAN
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
For this discussion LTE is assumed to be E-UTRA & E-UTRAN System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is Complimentary Project
Refers to the Evolved Packet Core network (EPC)
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 3 Page 3
3G
IS-95C cdma2000
E-GPRS EDGE
W-CDMA FDD
W-CDMA TDD
TD-SCDMA LCR-TDD
1xEV-DO Release B
3.9G
UMB cf 802.20
LTE E-UTRA
EDGE Evolution
HSPA+
Mobile WiMAXTM
802.16e
1999
Rel-8
(March 2008 version 8.2 TS36.211 V8.2)
2010
Rel-9/10
TD-SCDMA = Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access eMBMS = evolved Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 5 Page 5
LTE at a glance!
Nov 2004 LTE/SAE High level Nov 2004 LTE/SAE High level requirements requirements
Reduced cost per bit Reduced cost per bit More lower cost services More lower cost services with better user with better user experience experience Flexible use of new and Flexible use of new and existing frequency bands existing frequency bands
Spectral Efficiency Spectral Efficiency 3-4x HSDPA (downlink) 3-4x HSDPA (downlink) 2-3x HSUPA (uplink) 2-3x HSUPA (uplink)
MHz 1.4 3 5
Latency Latency Idle active <<100 ms Idle active 100 ms Small packets <<55ms Small packets ms
10 15
Mobile MUST Support!
20
Simplified lower cost network with open Simplified lower cost network with open interfaces interfaces Reduced terminal complexity and Reduced terminal complexity and reasonable power consumption reasonable power consumption
SPEED! SPEED!
Downlink peak data rates (64QAM) Antenna config Peak data rate Mbps SISO 100 2x2 MIMO 172.8 4x4 MIMO 326.4 Optimized: 015 km/h Optimized: 015 km/h High performance: 15High performance: 15120 km/h 120 km/h Functional: 120350 km/h Functional: 120350 km/h Under consideration: Under consideration: 350500 km/h 350500 km/h
Mobility
MIMO
Uplink peak data rates (Single antenna) Modulation QPSK Peak data rate Mbps 50 16 QAM 57.6 64 QAM 86.4
8ms (At LTE peak data rates this is a very hard spec to meet at baseband)
Note: 12 ms for HSDPA
Intra-TTI UL once per .5ms slot - DL once per 66s symbol Inter-TTI Across retransmissions Packet only no circuit switched voice or data services are supported voice must use VoIP Enhanced MBMS with Single Frequency Network and
cell-specific content
Agenda
LTE Context and Major Features System Architecture Evolution LTE Transmission Schemes Overview of Physical Layer Frame Structure Standards Documents Solutions Overview
S1
X2
S1
S1
X2
Agenda
LTE Context and Major Features System Architecture Evolution LTE Transmission Schemes Overview of Physical Layer Frame Structure Standards Documents Solutions Overview
FFT
Guard Intervals Symbols
Sub-carriers
Frequency
Time
25.892 Figure 1: Frequency-Time Representation of an OFDM Signal
OFDM is a digital multi-carrier modulation scheme, which uses a large number of closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) at a low symbol rate similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 13 Page 13
OFDM advantages
Wide channels are more resistant to fading and OFDM equalizers are much simpler to implement than CDMA Almost completely resistant to multi-path due to very long symbols Ideally suited to MIMO due to easy matching of transmit signals to the uncorrelated RF channels
OFDM disadvantages
Sensitive to frequency errors and phase noise due to close subcarrier spacing Sensitive to Doppler shift which creates interference between subcarriers Pure OFDM creates high PAR which is why SC-FDMA is used on UL More complex than CDMA for handling inter-cell interference at cell edge
Frequency domain
Time domain
DFT
N TX symbols
IFFT
CP insertion
Size - N TX
Size - N FFT
V
O F sy DM m A bo l
V
SC sy -FD m M bo A l
CP
CP
Ti m e
Ti m e
O F sy DM m A bo l
fc
Frequency 15 kHz
fc
60 kHz
Frequency
OFDMA
Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for one OFDMA symbol period
SC-FDMA
Data symbols occupy N*15 kHz for 1/N SC-FDMA symbol periods
These graphs show how this sequence of QPSK symbols is represented in frequency and time 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1
SC sy -FD m M bo A l
Agenda
LTE Context and Major Features System Architecture Evolution LTE Transmission Schemes Overview of Physical Layer Frame Structure Standards Documents Solutions Overview
A Resource Block (RB) is basic scheduling unit. A RB contains: 7 symbols (1 slot) X 12 subcarriers for normal cyclic prefix or; 6 symbols (1 slot) X 12 subcarriers for extended cyclic prefix Minimum allocation is 1 ms (2 slots) and 180 kHz (12 subcarriers).
RB Nsc
DL N symb
DL N symb OFDM
symbols
subcarriers
Condition Normal f=15kHz cyclic prefix f=15kHz Extended cyclic prefix f=7.5kHz
12 12 24
7 6 3
l=0
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 19 Page 19
DL l= N symb 1
UL RB
x Nsc subcarriers
RB
Condition
:
NRBsc 12 12
NULsymb 7 6
l=0
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 20 Page 20
#0
#1
#2
#3
#18
#19
#0
DwPTS, T(variable)
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 21 Page 21
#2
#3
#4
#5
#7
#8
#9
UpPTS, (variable)
One slot,
Tslot =15360 x Ts = 0.5 ms
160 CP
2048
144 CP
2048
144 CP
2048
144 CP
2048
144 CP
2048
144 CP
2048
144 CP
2048
(x Ts)
1 slot
= 15360 Ts = 0.5 ms
etc. The Cyclic Prefix is created by prepending each symbol with a copy of the end of the symbol
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P-SS - Primary Synch Signal [Sym 6 | Slots 0,10 | 62/72] S-SS - Secondary Synch Signal [Sym 5 | Slots 0,10 | 62/72]
1 Sub-Frame = 2 slots = 1 ms
PBCH - Physical Broadcast Channel [Syms 0-3 | Slot 1 | 72/72] PDCCH -Physical DL Control Channel [Syms 0-2 | Every Subframe] PDSCH - Physical DL Shared Channel [Available Slots] Reference Signal (Pilot) [Sym 0,4 | Every Slot]
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
1 frame
= 10 sub-frames = 10 ms
Note 1: Position of RS varies w/Antenna Port number and CP Length Note 2: PMCH, PCFICH, and PHICH not shown here for clarity
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 22 Page 22
160 CP
2048
144 CP
2048
144 CP
2048
144 CP
2048
144 CP
2048
144 CP
2048
144 CP
2048
(x Ts)
1 slot
= 15360 Ts = 0.5 ms
etc. The Cyclic Prefix is created by prepending each symbol with a copy of the end of the symbol
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 sub-frame
= 2 slots = 1 ms
PUSCH - Physical Uplink Shared Channel Reference Signal (Demodulation) [Sym 3 | Every Slot]
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
1 frame
= 10 sub-frames = 10 ms
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 23 Page 23
LTE air interface consists of two main components Signals and Channels Physical Signals
Generated in Layer 1 Used for System Synchronization, Cell Identification and Radio Channel Estimation
Physical Channels
These Carry Data from higher layers including Control, Scheduling and User Payload
The following is a simplified high-level description of the essential Signals and Channels
RS
SRS
Physical Hybrid ARQ indicator channel Carries HARQ ACK/NACK Full name Physical Random Access Channel Physical Uplink Control Channel Physical Uplink Shared Channel Purpose Call setup Scheduling, ACK/NACK Payload
Agenda
LTE Context and Major Features System Architecture Evolution LTE Transmission Schemes Overview of Physical Layer Frame Structure Standards Documents Solutions Overview
36.1XX Radio specifications (UE and eNB conformance testing) 36.2XX Layer 1 baseband 36.3XX Layer 2/3 air interface signalling 36.4XX Network signalling 36.5XX UE Conformance Testing
The latest versions of most of the documents can be found at www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm The 36.5XX documents which are not yet under change control and will be found at ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/tsg_ran/WG5_Test_ex-T1/Working_documents/
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 29 Page 29
Agenda
LTE Context and Major Features System Architecture Evolution LTE Transmission Schemes Overview of Physical Layer Frame Structure Standards Documents Solutions Overview
EDA
RF Chip Dev
RFIC
Design Validation
System Level Testing RF & Protocol
BB ASIC
Conformance
E6620A Test Set
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 31 Page 31
DC Power Analyzer
ESG-C
Ant0 Ant1
2x1
4x1
2x1 Tx Diversity
2x1
2x2, 4x4 Spatial Multiplexing with CDD and Static Multipath Fading
2x2 SDM
2x2
MIMO
Up to 4x2 MIMO in one box Supports MIMO channel models + diversity Leverage existing Agilent equipment for RF and digital outputs
Fading
Up to 8 real-time faders Up to 120 MHz real-time fading BW Up to 24 paths per fader
LTE signal analysis using Agilent 89601A Vector Signal Analyzer software
Works with multiple signal acquisition front ends including logic analyzers, scopes, simulation tools and spectrum analyzers EVM equalizer amplitude and phase response Waterfall displays Gate (by time and channel type) Customizable GUI with up to 6 simultaneous colour coded traces Analysis in multiple domains - slot, subcarrier, resource block and symbol Full coupled marker functionality
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 37 Page 37
It is NOT a VXA. It is a standalone measurement application. However: The user interface is designed to be consistent with VXA The measurement algorithm is based on the 89601A LTE measurement application so all of the modulation analysis measurements are identical
N9080A
Features/Capabilities Summary
In-depth LTE modulation analysis* based on same feature set as the 89600 VSA softwares option BHD LTE modulation analysis Embedded solution with Hard-key/Soft-key and SCPI programming no need for external PC Downlink (OFDMA) and uplink (SC-FDMA) analysis in a single option FDD-LTE analysis according to March 2009 release of 3GPP LTE standard (v.8.6.0) One button, standard-based power measurements and modulation quality measurements plus support for E-UTRA Test Models (E-TM) for all bandwidth All LTE modulation formats and sequences: BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM and CAZAC (Zadoff-Chu) All downlink channels and signals: RS, P-SS, S-SS, PBCH, PDCCH, PCFICH, PHICH and PDSCHs Uplink channels and signals: PUSCH, PUSCH DMRS, PUCCH, PUCCH DM-RS,S-RS, PRACH
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 39
The future-ready Agilent PXA signal analyzer is the evolutionary replacement for your current performance signal analyzer. Its performance, applications, expandability, flexibility and capability enable you to address demanding applications in aerospace, defense, commercial communications and more.
PXA Performance
More margin, more confidence
almost kTB!
Conditions
PSA Spectrum Analyzer 3 Hz to 6.7/13.2/26.5/44/50 GHz +17 dBm +8 dBm -153 dBm -150 dBm -117 dBc/Hz -145 dBc/Hz 0.62 dB 0.19 dB 10, 40, 80 MHz 0.63 dB to 1.13 dB
NFE**
-160 -155
-155 -162 -128 dBc/Hz <-145 dBc/Hz 0.52 dB 0.19 dB 10, 25, 40, 140 MHz
-152 -149
Amplitude accuracy
0.63 dB, ( 1.13 dB) -80 dBc -83 dBc 115 dB 112 dB
# Preset Concepts of 3GPP LTE in PXA uses factory calibration of the noise floor, NFE. 9 Oct 2007 Page 43 Page 43
Noise figure Phase noise Flexible Demodulation (VXA) 89600 VSA SW Pulse measurement SW EMC pre-compliance (option EMC)
Coming soon*
Analog Demodulation LTE FDD, LTE TDD W-CDMA/HSPA+
GSM/EDGE/EDGE Evolution Mobile WiMAX cdma2000 & 1xEV-DO TD-SCDMA / HSPA Digital Video
Committee
Description European Telecommunications Standards Institute 3rd Generation Partnership Project UMTS (W-CDMA) & LTE LTE and SAE Test Initiative
China 3G cellular standard Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan) Global Certification Forum / PCS Type Certification Board CDMA/CDMA2000 Promotes software-defined and cognitive radio technologies
CWG, TWG
Certifies and promotes compatibility & interoperability Promotes multimedia connectivity & interoperability (UWB)
BT-SIG Mobile Industry Protocol Interface (e.g. DigRF) Focus: standardization, regulation, interoperability
Brochure (5989-7817EN) Webcasts on LTE LTE Concepts LTE Uplink LTE Design and Simulation Application Note coming
Concepts of 3GPP LTE 9 Oct 2007 Page 49 Page 49
Additional Resources