ASSIGNMENT

ON
PETROLEUM EXPLORATION

Name : David Lalrinnunga

Roll.No : MZU2104536
I. Deposition of Sedimentary Rocks.
Sedimentary Rocks are formed by the consolidation and
cementation of sediments deposited under water. Sedimentary Rocks
also include the rocks formed by accumulation of chemically precipitated
or organically derived material. Sedimentary rocks occur in layers and
frequently contain fossils.
Pre-existing rocks and their constituent minerals are broken down
by weathering and erosion, which is called sediments. The sediments are
usually transported and deposited in areas of accumulated by the action
of water or less frequently by glacial or wind action.During
transportation, the sediments are roughly sorted and deposited
accordingly to size. Bigger rock fragments, such as gravel, settle first,
sands are next in order and clays are deposited in the last. The minerals
which are dissolved by the water, travel in solution.
Deposition would be associated with Sedimentation, Lithification
and Diagenesis, Compaction , cementation and recrystallization.

II. Diagenesis
Diagenesis, sum of all processes, chiefly chemical, by which changes
in a sediment are brought about after its deposition but before its final
lithification (conversion to rock). Because most sediments contain
mineral mixtures in which not all the minerals are in chemical equilibrium
with each other, changes in interstitial water composition or changes in
temperature or both will usually lead to chemical alteration of one or
more of the minerals present. Diagenesis is considered a relatively low-
pressure, low-temperature alteration process, whereas metamorphism is
considered to be a rock-alteration process occurring at relatively higher
pressures and temperatures.
Lithification
 Lithification is the process by which clay, sand, and other sediments
on the bottom of the ocean or other bodies of water are slowly
compacted into rocks from the weight of overlying sediments. Reactions
take place within a sediment between various minerals and between
minerals and the fluids trapped in the pores; these reactions, collectively
termed authigenesis, may form new minerals or add to others already
present in the sediment. Minerals may be dissolved and redistributed
into nodules and other concretions, and minerals in solution entering the
sediment from another area may be deposited or may react with
minerals already present. The sediment may be compacted by
rearrangement of grains under pressure, reducing pore space and driving
out interstitial liquid.
Compaction
Compaction occurs when the weight of overlying layers compress
the sediments below. As the grains of sediments are pressed closer and
closer together, there is considerable reduction in pore space and
volume. Fine grained sediments, such as clays are consolidated more
effectively by this process.

III. Boundary conditions for the formation of petroleum.

Since oil is lighter than water, the oil tends to float on top of the
water. If the sandstone unit was formed under marine water, it already
contains salt water in its pore-spaces. The oil slowly moves up around the
sand grains until it reaches the top of the sandstone unit. The greater the
porosity, the greater the amount of oil that a reservoir rock can contain
and the larger the pore space the greater amount of oil.
Some boundaries can also include.
Reservoir-trap. It holds the oil and gas in place so that they do
not escape until released by drilling. It is also known as ‘cap rock’ which
may be an impervious shale, clay, dense limestone, well cemented-fine
grained or shaly-sandstones that are effective cap rocks and they seal the
reservoir trap.