B. M. S.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous College under VTU)

Bull Temple Road, Basavanagudi, Bangalore - 560019

A report on

“POLYMERS”

A REPORT ON

“POLYMERS AND ITS NATURE”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Activity Plan

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
Civil Engineering
By

NAMRATA N (1BM21CV053)
NAVYA G N (1BM21CV056)
Under the guidance of

Swetha M D
Assistant Professor
Department of Information Science and Engineering

2022-23

pg. 1
 B.M.S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous College under VTU)
Bull Temple Road, Basavanagudi,
Bangalore – 560019

Department of Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report on “POLYMERS AND ITS NATURE” is a bona-
fide work carried out by NAMRATA N (1BM21CV053) and NAVYA G N
(1BM21CV056) as a part of An Activity Plan for the Course PROBLEM-
SOLVING THROUGH PROGRAMMING with Course Code 21CC2ESPSP from
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year
2022-23.

Swetha M D
Assistant Professor
Department of ISE
B. M. S. College of Engineering

pg. 2
 Acknowledgement

We would like to thank our guide, Swetha M D for her

patience, first and foremost, and
guidance throughout this project. With her support
and help, this project rose from the ground
up.

Lastly, we would like to thank our college, B. M. S.

College of Engineering, for providing us
with opportunities to develop new and creative
project.

pg. 3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.NO TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Introduction
5
1.1 Problem Definition
5
1.2 Scope
5-6
1.3 Abstract
6-7
2 Project Flow
8
3 Implementation
9
4 Experimental Analysis and
Results
9-11
5 Conclusion
12
6 GitHub link
12

PICTURES OF POLYMERIC STRANDS

pg. 4
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION
DEVELOPING A HIGHLY EFFICIENT PROGRAM THAT HELPS US TO
CALCULATE NUMBER AVERAGE AND WEIGHT AVERAGE
MOLECULAR MASS OF THE POLYMERS AND DETERMINES WHETHER
THE POLYMER IS MONODISPERSED OR POLYDISPERSED.UTILIZING
THE C PROGRAMMING WE AIM TO GAUGE EXACT VALUES OF THE
MASSES OF POLYMER BY USING THE INPUTTED VALUES OF BY THE
USER AND HELPS US GAIN AN EFFECTIVE CONCLUSION FROM THE
OUTPUT PROVIDED.

1.2 SCOPE

A polymer is any of a class of natural or synthetic substances

composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, which
are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers. Polymers
make up many of the materials in living organisms and are the basis of
many minerals and man-made materials.
Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon, polyethylene,
polyester, Teflon, and epoxy. Natural polymers occur in nature and
can be extracted. They are often water-based. Examples of naturally
occurring polymers are silk, wool, DNA, cellulose and proteins.
The molecular weight of a polymer is directly related to its properties. As
the molecular weight increases, mechanical properties generally
increase. Every polymer has an ideal molecular weight at which the
balance of different properties (such as processability, strength,
brittleness etc.) is optimized.
Polymers are used in almost every area of modern living. Grocery
bags, soda and water bottles, textile fibres, phones, computers,
food packaging, auto parts, and toys all contain polymers. Even
more-sophisticated technology uses polymers.

pg. 5
Molecular Mass of polymer During the formation of polymers, different
polymers have different degrees of polymerization. Thus, molecular masses
of individual macromolecules in a particular sample of polymer are different.
Hence, an average value of the molecular mass is taken. There are two ways
through which average molecular masses can be calculated.
1. Number- average molecular mass (Mn)
2. Mass – average molecular mass (Mw)
1. Number Average Molecular weight (Mn): It is determined by measurement
of colligative properties such as depression in freezing point, elevation of
boiling point, osmotic pressure and lowering of vapour pressure.
It is defined as the total mass of all the molecules in a polymer sample divided
by total number of molecules present.
2. Weight average molecular mass (Mw): It is obtained by light scattering and
ultra-centrifugation techniques, which measures/property depends on the
molecular size.
The weight average molecular mass is always greater than number average
molecular mass.
Poly Dispersity Index (PDI): In order to obtain the idea of homogeneity of a
polymer, the term poly dispersity index is used. It is the ratio of mass average
molecular mass to the number average molecular mass.
Significance of PDI:
1. Polymers whose molecules have same or narrow range of molecular masses.
Such polymers are said to be monodisperse. For natural polymers, PDI is
usually equal to one and they are monodispersed.
2. Polymers which have wide range of molecular masses. Such polymers are
called polydisperse. Synthetic polymers generally have PDI > 1.

1.3 ABSTARCT
MOLECULAR WEIGHT ARE AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT IN
DETERMINING THE APPLICATIONS OF A SPECIFIC POLYMERS.TO
FORMULATE A PROGRAM THAT AIDS IN CALCULATING THE
pg. 6
NUMBER AND WEIGHT MOLECULAR MASS OF POLYMERS, WE MAY
NEED TO USE MULTIPLE COMPLEX FORMULAS TO DETERMINE THE
OUTPUT VALUE.THE USER CANNOT ALWAYS CALCULATE CERTAIN
PROPERTIES OF THE BATTERY AS SOME FORMULAS ARE
COMPLEX.HENCE, THE DESIGNED PROGRAM WILL HELP TO
DIMINISH THIS PROBLEM.
THE USER WILL INPUT THE VALUES PROMPTED BY THE PROGRAM
FOR THAT SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS AND THEN A FINAL OUTPUT
VALUE WILL BE CALCULATED BY THE PROGRAM AND THE
FEEDBACK IS PRINTED TO THE USER.
THE VARIOUS FORMULAS THAT WE HAVE USED IN THIS SPECIFIC
PROGRAM ARE:
TO CALCULATE NUMBER AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT(Mn):
∑𝑴𝒊 𝑵𝒊
Mn=
∑𝑵𝒊
where Mi is the molecular weight of a chain, Ni is the number of chains of that
molecular weight, and i is the number of polymer molecules.

TO CALCULATE WEIGHT AVERAGE MOLECULAR MASS(Mw):

∑𝑴𝟐𝒊 𝑵𝒊
Mw=
∑𝑴𝒊 𝑵𝒊

TO CALCULATE POLY DISPERSITY INDEX(PDI):

𝑴𝒘
PDI=
𝑴𝒏

pg. 7
2.FLOWCHART: START

ENTER THE NUMBER OF UNITS AND

MASS THAT NEEDS TO BE ADDED, a

ENTER THE NO OF UNITS AND

MASSES OF THE UNITS

READ m, n

s =0, sum =0, i=0, b=0

T
s=s+n R
b=b+(power(m,2)*n) U
E
sum=sum+(m*n)

i=i+1

i<a

FALSE

Term=sum/s

Wei=b/sum

PDI=Wei/Term

PRINT TERM, WEI, PDI

IS(PDI==1.0)

TRUE FALSE

MONODISPERSED POLYDISPERSED

pg. 8 STOP
3.IMPLEMENTATION
THIS ALGORITHM CAN BE MAINLY IMPLEMENTED IN USER-BASED
SCENARIOS WHER THE CALCULATION OF THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT
OF THE POLYMERS IS ESSENTIAL IN DETERMINING ITS
APPLICATIONS AND IT GIVES THE IDEA OF USING THE PARTICULAR
POLYMER IN DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS AS WELL AS IT GIVES THE
IDEA OF A HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT INCREASES THE IMPACT
RESISTANCE OF THE MATERIAL. THE HIGHER DEGREE OF
ENTANGLEMENT MEANS THAT IN ORDER TO RUPTURE, MORE
POLYMER BONDS NEED TO BE BROKEN, THIS MEANS THAT THE
POLYMER CAN ABSORB MORE ENERGY BEFORE FAILING. A HIGH
MOLECULAR WEIGHT INCREASES THE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE.

4.EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

(SCREENSHOTS)

pg. 9
pg. 10
pg. 11
5.CONCLUSION
THIS ALGORITHM CAN BE ESPECIALLY USEFUL TO DETERMINE
WHICH POLYMER IS MONODISPERSED AND POLYDISPERSED WHICH
ALSO INTERLINKS THEIR HOMOGENEITY AND ALSO DETERMINES
WHICH CAN BE USED FOR FURTHER APPLICATIONS AS IT IS
INTERRELATED TO POLYMERIC PROPERTIES.THIS PROGRAM IS USER
FRIENDLY, IN THE ASPECTS THAT THE USER JUST MUST INPUT
DIFFERENT VALUES FOR THE VALUES TO BE CALCULATED AND THE
PROGRAM WILL PROVIDE THE OUTPUT IN A FEW SECONDS WHICH
MAKES IT TIME EFFICIENT.HENCE, THIS ALGORITHM IS ESSENTIAL
REGARDING POLYMERS AND ITS NATURE.

6.GITHUB LINK
https://github.com/Namrata2008/programs/commit/
52c01f7f2428e62c6d408e9e5ca10cb82619a03a

pg. 12