1.

Descriptive Text

a. Definiton
In a broad sense, description, as explained by Kane,is defined like in the following sentence:
Description is about sensory experience—how something looks, sounds, tastes. Mostly it is about
visual experience, but description also deals with other kinds of perception.

This, if we conclude it from Kane’s explanation above, the descriptive text is meaningful text that
describes the experience related to the senses, such as what shape, sound, taste is. Most descriptive
text is about visual experience, but in fact the experience other than the sense of sight, we can also
use it to make descriptive text.The purpose of the descriptive text is clear, that is to describe, represent
or reveal a person or an object, either abstract or concrete.

b. Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

When writing descriptive text, there are some generic structures (actually not mandatory) for our
writing to be true. The arrangement is:
 Identification: (contains about the introduction of a person, place, animal or object will be
described.)
 Description: contains a description of something such as animal, things, place or person by
describing its features, forms, colors, or anything related to what the writer describe.
 Conclusion : conclusion or summaries of things have been described.

c. Purpose of Descriptive text

 To describe person, thing or place in specific
 To describe a particular person, thing or place.

d. Language Feature of Descriptive Text

 Specific participant : has a certain object, is not common and unique (only one). for example:
Bandengan beach, my house, Borobudur temple, uncle Jim
 The use of the adjective (an adjective) to clarify the noun, for example: a beautiful beach, a
handsome man, the famous place in jepara, etc.
 The use of simple present tense: The sentence pattern used is simple present because it tells the
fact of the object described.
 Action verb: verbs that show an activity (for example, run, sleep, walk, cut etc….
 use interesting language

e. Types of Descriptive Text

 Descriptive Text  About Place.
 Descriptive Text About Animal.
 Descriptive Text About Person.
 Descriptive Text About Thing.

f. Example of Descriptive Text

My Favorite Teacher

My favorite teacher is my history teacher, and he is by far the best teacher that I have ever had. He has the
ability to make a subject that many students find incredibly boring come to life through his enthusiasm and
passion for history, and his love of being a teacher. Attending his lessons is something we look forward to,
not dread, like we do with most other lessons.

It’s ever so funny to watch him get excited about something, which happens in every lesson. It’s easy to
know that he’s getting excited because he begins bouncing up and down slightly in a way that no other
sixty-something year old would ever managed without looking completely ridiculous. He has this dark (with
more and more grey streaks these days), springy hair that lines the edge of his growing bald patch, and the
hair bounces up and down with him like thousands of tiny little springs. Then, he takes on his whole new
persona, often going into role and becoming the character or figure he is talking about, doing the voices,
the actions, and parading up and down the room gesticulating wildly, but all the while there’s a gentle
‘bounce, bounce, bounce’, as though the springs are not just on his head but on the soles of his shoes too.
A teacher that doesn’t take himself too seriously always will be a big hit with teenagers, although he’s not
afraid to impose his authority if he has to. I’ve only ever heard him properly shout once (although thankfully
it wasn’t it me), but it isn’t an experience that I would like to repeat. When he lost it, the room suddenly
became more silent than I’d ever known it to be before. We all sat slightly paralyzed, not even anting to
breathe too loudly, because hearing such a jovial and jolly little man lose his temper was a huge shock. It
certainly had the right kind of impact though, because he’s never needed to shout since.

It is actually this teacher that I have to thank for my love of history. In his lessons, history does not mean
copying out of textbooks and writing pages and pages of notes. History is alive; history is something
tangible, that you can see, hear and feel, and we can live it through dressing up and acting out scenes or
taking trips to important places of historical interest. And although he’s getting on in years and may not be
teaching for much longer, he will have an important place in history for many of his students, because there
has never been a teacher able to bring a subject to life in quite the same way he does.

2. Narrative Text

a. Definition of Narrative Text

Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find the resolutions
to solve the problems. An important part of narrative text is the narrative mode, the set of methods
used to communicate the narrative through a process narration.

b. The Purpose of Narrative Text

The Purpose of Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a story.

c. Generic Structures of Narrative Text

 Orientation
Sets the scene: where and when the story happened and introduces the participants of the story:
who and what is involved in the story.
 Complication
Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax) of the main participants
 Resolution
The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a sad (tragic) ending
 Re-orientation/Coda
This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It consists  of  a  moral  lesson,  advice  or 
teaching  from  the writer
d. Language Feautures
 Most often use past tense, it can be simple past tense, past continuous, or other past tense forms.
 Action verbs. It is a verb that shows an action. Example:  Climbed, Turned, Brought, etc.
 Specific noun as pronoun of person. Such as "malin kundang, cinderella".
 Direct and indirect speech, sometimes using dialogue to invite readers to imagine so that the story
looks clearer and more real.
 Time Connectives and Conjunctions, it makes the story looks coherent or sequential.  Such as
"when, then, suddenly, before, after, soon, etc"
 Adverbs of time (adverbs). Example: One time, once upon a time, one day

e. Types Of Narrative Text

 Adventure stories.
 Fables.
 Fairy-stories.
 Historical narratives.
 Horror stories.
 Legends.
 Myth.
 Mysteries.
 f. Example Of Narrative Text
True Friends
Once upon a time, there were two close friends who were walking through the forest together. They
knew that anything dangerous can happen any time in the forest. So they promised each other that
they would always be together in any case of danger.
Suddenly, they saw a large bear getting closer toward them. One of them climbed a nearby tree at
once. But unfortunately the other one did not know how to climb up the tree. So being led by his
common sense, he lay down on the ground breathless and pretended to be a dead man.
The bear came near the one who was lying on the ground. It smelt in his ears, and slowly left the
place because the bears do not want to touch the dead creatures. After that, the friend on the tree
came down and asked his friend that was on the ground, “Friend, what did the bear whisper into your
ears?” The other friend replied, “Just now the bear advised me not to believe a false friend”.

3. Report Text
a. Definition of Report text
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic
observation and analyses.”
b. Generic Structure of Report text
 General Clasification ; Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc
which will be discussed in general
 Description : tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or
behaviors. 

c. Purpose of Report Text

 Its social purpose is presenting information about something. They generally describe an entire
class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets, rocks, plants, countries of region,
culture, transportation, and so on.
 To presents information about something, as it is.

d. The Characteristics / Language Feature of Report text

 Use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular nouns, eg our dog;
 Use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny particles;
 Some use of action verbs when describing behaviour, eg Emus cannot fly;
 Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical cyclones always begin over the
sea
 Use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather map;
 Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organise bundles of information; repeated naming of
the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.

e. Type Of Report Text

 Reference articles.
 Lectures.
 Scientific articles.
 Textbooks

f.Example Of Report Text

 Blue Whale
The blue whale is not only the biggest whale living today; the blue whale is the biggest creature
ever to have lived on Earth. They are mind-bogglingly gigantic; much larger than any of the
dinosaurs. Blue whales and the other ocean giants live their whole lives in seawater.
Blue whales commonly reach the colossal length of 29m, that’s roughly as long as three London
red double-decker buses parked end to end. Blue whales in the Southern Hemisphere are
generally larger than those in the Northern Hemisphere and female blues are larger than males.
The longest blue whale on record is a female measured at a South Georgia whaling station in the
South Atlantic (1909); she was 33.58m. The heaviest blue whale was also a female hunted in the
Southern Ocean, Antarctica, on 20 March 1947. She tipped the scales at 190 tonnes which is
equivalent to about 30 elephants or 2500 people.Blue whales are now extremely rare due to
uncontrolled commercial whaling. Some populations could be endangered to the point of
extinction.

4. Recount Text
a. Definition Of Recount Text

Recount text is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to
inform or to entertain the readers. There is no complications among the participants and that
differentiates from narrative text. A recount text has an orientation, a series of events in
chronological order, personal remarks on the events, and a reorientation that “rounds off” the
sequence of events.

b. Purpose of Recount Text

 The purpose of recount text is to entertain and inform readers.
 The purpose of communication from a recount text is to tell an experience or event that occurred
in the past with the aim of entertaining and informing the reader.

c. The Generic Stucture of Recount Text

 Orientation : It gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text, such
as who was involved, where it happened, and when it happened.
 Events : A series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence.
 Re-orientation :A personal comment about the event or what happened in the end.

d. Language Features of Recount Text

 Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
 Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
 Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
 Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
 Using simple past tense

e. Types Of Recount Text

 Personal recount text is a type of recount text that tells the experience of someone. These
experiences can be in the form of playing experiences, experiences at school, vacation
experiences and others.
 Factual recount text is a text that tells of events experienced by other people, but actually
happened.
 Imaginative recountThis is a type of recount text that retells past events, but they didn't actually
happen.
 Historical Recount This is a type of recount text that discusses history, be it historical objects or
historical places.

f. Example Of Recount Text

Last wednesday, I came late to my school because I played playstation untill 2.00 am in the night.
Because that I woke up late.

I woke up about 6.30 am and the class would be began at 7.00 am. I ran to bathroom to take a bath. I
usually had a breakfast after took a bath, but in that day I did not do that.

I always went to school by my moyorcycle. But in that day, I forgot where I put the key. So, I went to
the school by public transportion. It made me took a longer time. I arrived at school at 7.15 am, I ran to
my class but I saw my teacher has stood in front of the class to teach. I entered to my class and of
course my teacher was angry to me because I came late.

It was my bad experience and I hoped I would not do that again.

5. ADVERTISEMENT TEXT
a. Definition
Advertisement text is a public announcement commonly found in a newspaper, television, or
internet advertising. Sometimes it is about a product, services, or an event for sale.

b. The Purpose of Advertisement

Advertising has three primary objectives: to inform, to persuade, and to remind.
 Informative Advertising creates awareness of brands, products, services, and ideas. It
announces new products and programs and can educate people about the attributes and
benefits of new or established products.
 Persuasive Advertising tries to convince customers that a company’s services or products are
the best, and it works to alter perceptions and enhance the image of a company or product. Its
goal is to influence consumers to take action and switch brands, try a new product, or remain
loyal to a current brand.
 Reminder Advertising reminds people about the need for a product or service, or the features
and benefits it will provide when they purchase promptly.

c. Generic Structur Of Advertisement Text

 Purpose, the purpose of the advertiser in promoting a product or service.
 Name of Product What products or services will be sold, or what activities are promoted, and
so on.
 User, the user of the product or service (user), is who needs the product or service? or people
to be targeted.

d. Language Feautures Of Advertisement Text

 Persuasive, Ad text is persuasive. Because the goal is to attract buyers, the text must be able
to convince people to buy the product or use the service.
 Imperative, Usually what is in the ad is in the form of imperative sentences, namely sentences
that contain commands.
 informatif, The ad text must also be informative so that potential buyers or customers know
exactly what products or services are being advertised.

e. Type Of Of Advertisement Text

 Institutional advertising is used to improve the company's image, while product advertising is
used to promote products or goods.
 Product advertising, Usually the advertisements for these products are what we often
encounter, especially on billboards, banners, or public places.

f. Example Of Advertisement Text

Fanta
This drink made with real fruit
Ingredients:
Carbonated Water, Orange Fruit from Concentrate 4%, Sugar (from Cane and/or Bit), Contains a
source of Phenylalanine, Vegetable Concentrates (Carrot, Pumpkin), Natural Flavorings, Sweeteners
( example : Aspartame and Sodium Saccharin), Citric Acid, Preservative (Potassium Sorbets),
Antioxidant (Ascorbic Acid) Acidity Regulator (Sodium Citrate), Stabilizer (Guar Gum),
Grab it fast and feel the sensation with this drink. this!!

6. Annoucement Text

a. Definition of Announcement Text

Announcement text is something that is written, printed, or spoken verbally so other
people know that theres something happening or about to happen.

b. Purposes of Announcement Text

The purpose, function, and goal of announcement is giving certain people some
information of what has happened or what will happen.

c. Generic Structure of Announcement Text

The generic structure of announcement in English text can be seen below
 Stating purpose : The text that contains what event will be held
 Stating day, date and time : Day and date realization. The text that contains when the
event will be held
 Stating place : The text that contains where the event will be held
 Informing sender : The text that contains name of the person who will be contacted

d. Language Feautures Anouncemen Text

 Using simple present tense and simple future tense
 Using exact noun

e. Types of Announcement Text

 Generally, there are several things that can be used as main topic of announcement text:
 Events
 Missing persons / animals / items
 Winners of a competition
 Job vacancy
 Sad news
 Inauguration / marriage / birth
 New products

f. Example Of Anouncement Text

Attention! For students who are interested in playing badminton, please meet Mr. Sule Sulistyawan in
the sports room after school to be included in the Klaten regency anniversary competition.
Sport teacher,

Mr. Sule Sulistyawan

7. Review Text

a. Defenition of Review Text

Definition of review text is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game, musical
composition, book; a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer; or an event or
performance, such as a live music concert, a play, musical theatre show or dance show

b. Purpose of Review Text

 Review text is used to critic the events or art works for the reader or listener, such as movies,
shows, book, and others.

 To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience

c. Generic Structure of Review Text

 Orientation : Background information of the text.

 Evaluations : Concluding statement : judgement, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist ot

more than one.

 Interpretative Recount : Summary of an art works including character and plot.

 Evaluative Summation : The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works
being criticized

d. Language Features of Review Text

 Focus on specific participants

 Using adjectives

 Using long and complex clauses

 Using metaphor style Review Texy Simple

e. Example of Review Text about Song

Baby” Justin Bieber

“BABY” represents more of the same from Justin Bieber. It’s a squeaky-clean song that finds the singer
once again pouring his heart out to a girl he likes. Though his crush breaks his heart in the end. “If it ain’t
broke, don’t fix it” seems to be Justin Bieber’s motto, since most

of his songs — including “Baby” — sound very similar. Here, Bieber falls back on the heavy synth-presence
and formulaic pop beats that characterize his entire last album. Though his vocals and

I-want-to-be-sweet-to-you approach are still somewhat endearing, the pattern is starting to wear thin. The
most interesting part of the song is the Ludacris verse.
Did you know Justin says “Baby” exactly 55 times in the song. The lyrics aren’t the most clever we’ve ever
heard, weI’ve heard worse, but it just repeats “Bay-be, bay-be, bay-be ohh” Not the best hit in my standers,
but some like it, and thats perfectly fine.

8. Anecdote Text
a. Defenition Of Anecdote Text
Anecdote text is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Or a type
of spoken or written text that deals with past incidents.

b. Generic Structure Of Anecdote Text

 Abstract: Signals the retelling of unusual, uncommon or amusing incident
 Orientation: Introduction or sets the scene
 Crisis: Provides details of unusual, uncommon or amusing incident
 Incident: Reaction to the crisis
 COA (Optional): A reflection or an evaluation of unusual, uncommon or amusing incident

c. The Purpose Of Anecdote Text

 To share with others an account of unusual, uncommon or amusing inciden
 To entertain the readers

d. Language Features Of Anecdote Text

 Using exclamation word: It’s awful!, what a bad day!, a very strange incident!
 Using imperative: Listen, let’s read this story
 Using rhetoric question: do you what?, what do you like to do when you make wrong thing
 Using action verb: go, write, stand, speak, so on
 Using conjunction of time: then, afterwards, before, after, ever since, while, so on
 Using simple past tense

e. Example Of Anecdote Text

A foolish order

I was working in a photo store, which specializes in restoring old photographs.

One day, a lady brought an old picture of a man sitting behind a cow milk, milking it.

“Can you fix this picture for me?” she asked.

“Sure, what would you like us to do?”

“Can you move the cow?”

I stared at her astonishingly and replied, “Move the cow?”

“Right. I want to know what my great-grandfather looked like. That’s him.” she pointed to the feet
sticking out under the cow.

“I don’t think we can do that.”

“Just move the cow over, and we’ll be able to see his face.” She insisted.

“I’m sorry. We don’t have the technology to do that.”

“Well, I think I’ll just take this somewhere else.”

9. New Item text
a. Defenition Of New Item Text
News item text is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are
considered newsworthy or important.

b. Generic structure Of New Item Text

 Main Events / Newsworthy event: it recounts the event in summary form.
 Elaboration / Background event: they elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstance
 Resource of Information : it contains comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities
expert on the event

c. Purpose Of New Item Text

 To inform the readers about newsworthy or important events of the day
 To present information the readers about newsworthy or important events of the day

d. Language Features Of New Item Text

 Focusing on circumstances (using a simple language in writing the text)
 Using saying verbs: “….”, She said, informed, told, reported.
 Sometimes at the beginning of news, the scene is mentioned : Jakarta – … .. / Kuala Lumpur – …
 Using Past tense in explaining news events. But if it is a fact that until now still happen or still in
the form of fact, then can use simple present tense.
 Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
 Using adverbs: time, place and manner.
 Uses of material processes to retell the event

e. Example Of New Item Text

The Biggest Insect was Found

An explorer has found the biggest insect ever on record – so large it can scoff a carrot. The insect is
called a Weta Bug and has a huge wing span of seven inches and weighs as much as three mice.

An entomologist Mark Moffett, 55, discovered the cricket-like creature up a tree on New Zealand’s
Little Barrier Island. He spent two days searching for the creepy crawly which were thought to be
extinct after Europeans brought rats to the island many years ago.

“This became all the more amazing when we realized that this was the largest insect recorded.” Mark
said.

10. Spoof Text

a. Definition of Spoof Text.
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny
ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Atau
Spoof is a type of story which have has twist (funny part in the end of the story). It contains an
unpredictable event which makes the story funny.
 b. Generic Structure of Spoof Text

 Orientation (introduction of the participant of the story, where it happen and when. By giving the
orientation, reader will recognize the story)

 Events (tells about the chronological of the story. Several events are explored in chronological
way which able to arrange the story read nicely.)

 Twist (an unpredictable plot in the end of the story which amuses the reader. Readers even did
not predict before that it would be)

c. Purpose of Spoof Text

 To entertain/amuse the reader with a funny story.

 To tell a short story or event with a humorous twist.

d. The Characteristics / Language Feature of Spoof Text

 Focusing on individual participant

 Use of material process

 Use of circumstance of time and place

 Use of past tense

 Use of direct speech for the dialog

 Using action verb; ate, ran, etc

 Using adverb of time and place

 Told in chronological order

e. Example of Spoof Text

Penguin in the Park

Orientation
Once a man was walking in a park when he come across a penguin.

Event
He took him to a policeman and said, “I have just found this penguin. What should I do?” The policeman
replied, “take him to the zoo”.

The next day the policeman saw the same man in the same park and the man still carrying the penguin
with him. The policeman was rather supriseed and walked up to the man and asked “why are you still
carrying that penguin about? Didn’t you take it to the zoo?”

Twist
“I certainly did” replied the man.
“And it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it, so today I am taking him to the moviest, and the next
day I’ll take it to the beach. It’ll be so much fun” said the man.
“Owh my God. You are so stupid. I asked you to take the penguin and give it to the zoo. I didn’t ask to take
it to the zoo and had fun there with it.” policemen said.

Language Feature Analysis:

Focusing on certain certain participants; the man, penguin, policeman
Using action verb; carry, walk up
Using adverb of time and place; once, in the park
Told in chronological order; chronological order by days, the next day.

11. Explanation Text

a. Definition of Explanation Text

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural
phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the forming of the phenomena. It is often
found in science, geography and history text books.

b. Characteristic of Explanation Text

Text explanation have characteristic features that is:

 Structure consists of from statement general, sequence because effect, and interpretation.
 Information that is loaded based on fact.
 Factual that load information that is scientific / scientific.
 Its nature informative use sequence markers. As first, second, third, and so on. Can too
use: first, next, last.

c. Generic Structure of Explanation Text

Addition to that, text explanation too have has 3 structures that build, to be one whole. Structure
namely:

 General Statement: contains statement general about the topic to be explained.

 Order of Cause and Effect: contains details of the explanation of the process of occurrence which
is presented in sequence from the earliest to the last.
 Interpretation: contains about conclusion about topic that has been explained.

d. Purpose of Explanation Text

 To tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific, and cultural phenomena

 To explain how or why something happens.

e. Language Feature of Explanation Text

Explanation text generally has the following language characteristics :
 Focus on general, not human participants, such as earthquakes, floods, rain and air.
 It is possible to use scientific terms.
 More use of active verbs.
       Using time and causal conjunctions, for example if, so, so, before, first, and then.
       Using passive sentences.

f. Example Explanation Text

Rain

Rain is an event of falling fluid from the atmosphere which is liquid or frozen to the surface of the
earth. Rain requires the thick layers of atmosphere to meet temperatures above the melting point of
ice and above a surface of the earth. Rain is a process of condensation of water vapor in the
atmosphere into a grain that is heavy enough to fall to the earth and will fall ashore. Rain comes at a
certain time because it can have a negative or positive impact on the lives of living things.
Rain has several stages so that the rain process can run optimally. The process of rain, namely
sunlight that shines on the earth causes evaporation in the oceans, lakes, rivers, and other water
sources. So that it will produce a vapor of water. This water vapor will increase and there will be a
condensation event. This event is caused by the temperature around water vapor lower than a dew
point of moisture.

Then these water vapor will form clouds, then the wind (where there is a difference in air pressure) will
carry a grain of water. In the grains of water will combine and increase due to air turbulence, these
points will be pulled by the gravitational force of the earth so that it falls to the surface of the earth. And
when it falls to the surface of the earth, these grains will pass through a warmer layer below. So that a
small portion of the water evaporates again and some fall to the surface of the earth called rain.

Some of the benefits of rain are to make healthy hair, rain contains H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) which
can be used as treatment therapy, rainwater contains elements of Nitrogen which is beneficial for
plants. Rainwater can also eliminate fishy odors, can eliminate toxins (toxins) in the body, etc.
Therefore, it can be said that rain has many benefits for the life of living things.

12. EXPOSITION TEXT

a. Definition of Exposition Text
Reporting from Reading Assets, exposition text is a writing that is persuasive and tries to convince
the readers or listeners. This paper usually contains important issues that are currently being
discussed.

Of course, this article contains the author's opinion which can be said to be a one-sided opinion.
Not only opinions, in this type of text almost all of the author's arguments against a problem.

So it can be said that exposition text is an open writing that can produce pros and cons for the
author.

Writing that is classified as an exposition text is sometimes also known as argumentative text,
because this text will be dominated by the author's arguments and that is the characteristic that
distinguishes the type of exposition text from other texts.

b. Types Of Exposition Text

a) Analytical Exposition
Analytical exposition is a type of exposition text that begins with a statement that shows the
author's attitude, opinion, or position on the theme being discussed, then supported by various
arguments and closes with an affirmation or restatement of the opinion stated at the beginning.

b) Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a type of exposition text that begins with a statement containing the
issue or problem that is raised as the theme of the writing. Then it is supported by various
arguments and supporting evidence that can lead the reader to the author's point of view.
Finally, the text will close with suggestions or recommendations from the author on what
should be done or happened related to the problem or issue presented at the beginning.

c. Purpose of Analytical Exposition Text

To convince the reader that the topics presented was an important topic to be discussed or
gained attention by way of providing arguments or opinions that support the main idea or topic.

d. The Characteristics / Language Feature of Analytical Exposition Text

 Using relational process
 Using internal conjunction
 Using causal conjunction
 Using Simple Present Tense
 Using compound and complex sentence.
  Use word that link argument, such as firstly, secondly, and reasoning through causal
conjunction, such as in addition, furthermore, however, therefore.

e. Generic Structure of Exposition Text

 Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s point of view.
 Argument : Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position. The number of arguments
may vary, but each argument must be supported by evidence and explanation.
 Reiteration: Restating the writer’s point of view / to strengthen the thesis. We can use the
following phrase to make conclusion in reiteration : (Menyatakan kembali sudut pandang penulis
/ untuk memperkuat tesis.

f. Example of Exposition Text

Is Smoking Good for Us?

Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every
year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents.
Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.

Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six
times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the
risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are
smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.

Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in
smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen
cigarettes.

Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking
habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.

13. Procedure Text

a. Definition of Procedure Text

There are three definition about procedure text :

 Texts that explain how something works or how to use instruction / operation manuals e.g. how
to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax.

 Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity e.g. recipes, rules for games, science
experiments, road safety rules.

 Texts that deal with human behavior, e.g how to live happily, how to succeed

b. Generic Structure of Procedure Text

 Goal : It is containt the purpose of the text. (e.g : How to make spagheti)

 Material or Ingredient : it is containt of the materials that used in the process. (e.g : the
material to cook omelette are egg, onion, vegetable oil, etc. )

 Step : it is containt of the steps to make something in the goal. (e.g : first, wash the tomatoes,
onion, …., second cut the onions becomes slice. . . )

c. Purpose of Procedure Text

 To explain/tell (the reader) how to make/operate/do something through a sequence of actions or

steps.
  To explain steps/instruction to make/operate/do something

d. Language Feature of Procedure Text

 Use adverbial of sequence / Using temporal conjunction (e.g: first, second, third, the last)

 Use command / imperative sentence (e.g : put the noodles on the . . ., cut the onion. . ., wash the
tomatoes. . . )

 Using adverbials (Adverbs) to express detail the time, place, manner accurate, for example, for
five minutes, 2 hours, etc.

 Using action verbs, e.g : make, take, boil, cook

 Using Simple Present Tense

e. Example Of Procedure Text

HOW TO MAKE A CUP Of COFFEE

MATERIALS AND INGEDIENTS :

–2
spoons of sugar
– one
spoon of coffee powder
– hot
water
– a cup
–a
spoon

PROCEDURE :
1. Prepare two spoons of sugar, a cup, hot water, one spoon of coffee powder, a spoon.
2. Put one spoon of coffee powder into the cup.
3. Pour some hot water into the cup.
4. Add 2 spoons of sugar into a cup of coffee
5. Stir it well and the hot coffee is ready to drink
TYPES OF SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

Disusun Oleh
Kelompok 3:
1.Kristin Novianti Gea
2.Pembaharua Harefa
3.Siti Hayani Nazara
4.Yeremia Zebu
5.Gratia Julianti Zebua
6.Yaaman Harefa
7.Delta Arjun Setiawan Gea

Kelas : XI MIPA 2

Guru Pengasuh : Bpk. Saneheama Telaumbanua

SMA NEGERI 1 LOTU

TA : 2021/2022