CONFIDENTIAL LG/JUNE 2022/ELC501

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

COURSE : ENGLISH FOR CRITICAL ACADEMIC READING

COURSE CODE : ELC501
TEST : JUNE 2022
TIME : 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

1. This question paper consists of twelve (12) questions.

2. Answer ALL questions in the Question Paper.

3. Fill in the details below:

UiTM STUDENT CARD NO :2021106069

PROGRAMME / CODE :ELC501

PART :3
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
GROUP :AM2283B

NAME OF LECTURER :SHARINA SALMI AZMI

4. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by
the invigilator.

5. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of :

i) the Question Paper

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

This examination paper consists of 15 printed pages

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Total: 35 marks
Read the following article and answer ALL the questions that follow.

How Effective is a Third Vaccine Dose?

I COVID-19 vaccines have reached billions of people worldwide. The

evidence is overwhelming that no matter which one you take, the vaccines offer
life-saving protection against a disease that has killed millions. Around 5.7 billion
doses of various vaccines have now been administered worldwide, with 41.8% of
the global population at least have been partially protected. However, the list of 5
new COVID-19 strains is growing by the day. Now that it is clear the world is likely
to be riddled with the Covid-19, and its many variant successors for years to
come. The next big question is that whether two doses of each vaccine is
enough. Altmann, a professor of immunology at University College London
explains in his articles and interview in April and May that most vaccinated people 10
had immunity that was so stupendous that there was no need to worry about
booster doses. However, he believes that taking it would not do any harm to the
bodies.

II The first Delta variant was identified in India in December 2020, it had
swept rapidly through that country and Great Britain before reaching the U.S., 15
where it quickly surged. When the Delta variant has recently came rampaging
most people still have high levels of antibodies. However, breakthrough infections
are not rare events where vaccinated people are still infected by the Covid-19
even though the vaccine is supposed to prevent them from it. Altmann considers
breakthrough infections are still at the decent levels of neutralising antibodies. 20
Findings from research on radically diverging immunity in different groups of
people to the small hypothetical possibility suggest that third doses of certain
vaccines could actually decrease the amount of immunity we have. Hence, there
are many scientific reasons that booster programmes are a very different
endeavour to the initial vaccine rollout. 25

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III There was a country which vaccinated its population so widely and so early
where the chief scientific officer at Pfizer recently called it as "a sort of
laboratory”. By mid-March, when the rest of the world was still scrambling for the
first doses, over 50% of the country's population was already fully vaccinated.
Things looked so good that a month later, the government began to dramatically 30
scale back restrictions. There was no longer any limit to the size of gatherings.
Restaurants and other cultural venues opened up to both vaccinated and
unvaccinated citizens. Moreover, people were also no longer required to wear
masks outdoors.

IV Today, the fourth wave has spread across many parts of the world. The
evidence is mounting that waning immunity could be a global problem. One study 35
in the United Kingdom (UK) found that two doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine
were 88% effective after one month, compared to 74% after five or six months.
Meanwhile, the Oxford/AstraZeneca version declined from being 77% to 67%
effective. The research is mirrored by analyses from Moderna and Pfizer, which
have not yet been peer-reviewed. Moderna found that cases among fully 40
vaccinated people jumped from 88 out of 11,431 people who received their
second dose between December and March to 162 out of 16,747 people
vaccinated five months earlier, a jump of around 36%. Meanwhile, Pfizer revealed
that the effectiveness of its vaccines declined from 96% to 83.7% at preventing
symptoms after four months. Just like the protection gained through natural 45
infection, it looks like vaccine-induced immunity gradually wears off though it is
not yet clear whether this matters.

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V The third exposure to the Covid-19 spike protein has immunological

benefits which was discovered in India when a study was conducted on
vaccinated healthcare workers. The study revealed that their levels of antibodies 50
declined significantly after four months, but is yet to be peer-reviewed. The
researchers believe that this situation would be different if they had been infected
with the virus naturally as it may have acted as a kind of booster. Even if waning
immunity is a major global problem that booster shots can help to overcome it,
there are still many things left to work out. 55

VI To begin with, we were all either people who had been infected or not
infected – but out paths are rapidly diverging, and this makes the development of
vaccine more complicated. One person walking down the street might have been
infected with the original Covid-19 variant, then received two doses of the Pfizer
vaccine then been reinfected with the Delta strain. Meanwhile, another person 60
may have received a different brand of vaccine, and been infected with a different
variant such as the Alpha strain which was first identified in Kent. In an ideal
world, Altmann would like to see governments taking this variability in a
population's immunity into account and perhaps even testing people's antibody
levels to see if the third dose is actually required. After all, different people may 65
have different patterns of protective immunity.

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VII Perhaps the most pressing question of all is how long a person's newly
restored immunity from their booster shot will last and here at least, there is a
strong suspicion of what is to come. Altmann highlights that booster programmes
may eventually evolve into annual ones, yet he is unsure whether the science 70
would back it up. While ponder on that, it is really important to continue the other
measures that reduce transmission of the virus. That includes wearing a mask,
washing hands, not gathering in large crowds when we are indoors and being in
well-ventilated spaces. These are the things that, along with the vaccines, are
going to protect us both from the disease and from the transmission of the virus. 75

Adapted from

Gorvet, Z. (2021, September 17). Covid-19: How effective is a third vaccine

dose? British Broadcasting Corporation.

QUESTION 1

Interpret the meaning of the following words as they are used in the passage. You are
allowed to write a one-word answer or a phrase (not more than four words). Do not write
in a full sentence.

a) stupendous (line 11)

extremely impressive.

b) rampaging (line 16)

violent

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c) endeavour (line 25)

to attempt

d) mirrored (line 39)

reflect

e) strain (line 60)

force

(5 marks)

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QUESTION 2
Identify the stated main idea of paragraph IV and provide ONE MAJOR and ONE MINOR
supporting detail to support the main idea.

a) Stated main idea:

Today, the fourth wave has spread across many parts of the world

(1 mark)
b) Major supporting detail:

The evidence is mounting that waning immunity could be a global problem.

(1 mark)
c) Minor supporting detail:

One study in the United Kingdom (UK) found that two doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine
were 88% effective after one month, compared to 74% after five or six months.

(1 mark)

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QUESTION 3
Formulate the topic that is most suitable for the content of Paragraph VII. Provide TWO (2)
relevant evidence from the paragraph to support your answer. The topic must be in the form
of a phrase or key words and the evidence can be in the form of a sentence or phrase(s).

Resolving issues of how long a person's newly restored immunity from their booster shot.

(1 mark)
i. Evidence 1:

Altmann highlights that booster programmes may eventually evolve into annual ones, yet he
is unsure whether the science would back it up.
(½ mark)

ii. Evidence 2:

While ponder on that, it is really important to continue the other measures that reduce
transmission of the virus. That includes wearing a mask, washing hands, not gathering in
large crowds when we are indoors and being in well-ventilated spaces.
(½ mark)

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QUESTION 4
The study revealed that their levels of antibodies declined significantly after four months, but
is yet to be peer-reviewed. The researchers believe that this situation would be different if
they had been infected with the virus naturally as it may have acted as a kind of booster.
Even if waning immunity is a major global problem that booster shots can help to overcome
it, there are still many things left to work out. (Lines 50 – 55)

Make an inference based on the above statements. Provide TWO (2) evidence to support
your answer. Your answer for the evidence can be in the form of a sentence or phrase(s).

The issue of the levels of antibodies declined significantly after four months, but is yet to be
peer-reviewed.
(2 marks)
i. Evidence 1:

The researchers believe that this situation would be different if they had been infected with
the virus naturally as it may have acted as a kind of booster.
(½ mark)
ii. Evidence 2:

Even if waning immunity is a major global problem that booster shots can help to overcome
it, there are still many things left to work out.

(½ mark)

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QUESTION 5

Formulate the implied main idea of paragraph V. Provide TWO (2) relevant evidence from
the paragraph to support your answer. Your answer for the evidence can be in the form of a
sentence or phrase(s).

i. Implied main idea

The third exposure to the Covid-19 spike protein offers immunological advantages.

(2 marks)
ii. Evidence 1:

The researchers believe that this situation would be different if they had been infected with
the virus naturally as it may have acted as a kind of booster.

(½ mark)

iii. Evidence 2:

Even if waning immunity is a major global problem that booster shots can help to overcome
it, there are still many things left to work out.

(½ mark)

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QUESTION 6

List TWO (2) different types of support given by the writer in Paragraph II to discuss about
the relationship between delta variant and human antibodies. Provide ONE (1)
example for each type of support.

a) Type of support: Issue

Example: When the Delta variant has recently came rampaging most people still
have high levels of antibodies.

b) Type of support: Example

Example: However, breakthrough infections are not rare events where

vaccinated people are still infected by the Covid-19 even though the
vaccine is supposed to prevent them from it.
(4 marks)

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QUESTION 7
Identify the type of support for each of the supporting details.

No. Statements Types of Support

a) Altmann, a professor of immunology at University College London Expert Opinion

explains in his articles and interview in April and May that most
vaccinated people had immunity that was so stupendous that
there was no need to worry about booster doses. (Paragraph I)

b) Around 5.7 billion doses of various vaccines have now been Example
administered worldwide, with 41.8% of the global population at
least have been partially protected. (Paragraph I)

(2 marks)

QUESTION 8
Write ‘TRUE’ for a statement that is true and ‘FALSE’ for a statement that is false.

a) Today, the fourth wave is slowly spreading across some parts of the
True
world.

b) The levels of antibodies fall significantly after four months, but is yet to
false
be confirmed.

c) By mid-March, the rest of the world has completed for their first doses,
True
more than half of the country's population was already fully vaccinated.

(3 marks)

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QUESTION 9
Do you agree that booster programme should be implemented to increase the antibody?
Provide THREE (3) reasons to support your opinion.

No,I disgree that a booster should be implemented to increase the antibody because firstly,
when the Delta variant has recently came rampaging most people still have high levels of
antibodies. However, breakthrough infections are not rare events where vaccinated people
are still infected by the Covid-19 even though the vaccine is supposed to prevent them from
it.

Secondly,Moderna found that cases among fully vaccinated people jumped from 88 out of
11,431 people who received their second dose between December and March to 162 out of
16,747 people vaccinated five months earlier, a jump of around 36%.

Lastly,Pfizer revealed that the effectiveness of its vaccines declined from 96% to 83.7% at
preventing symptoms after four months. Just like the protection gained through natural
infection, it looks like vaccine-induced immunity gradually wears off though it is not yet clear
whether this matters.

(4 marks)

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QUESTION 10

Identify whether the paragraph below is inductive (I) or deductive (D) reasoning. Provide
ONE (1) explanation to your answer.

a) There was a country which vaccinated its population so widely and so early where
the chief scientific officer at Pfizer recently called it as "a sort of laboratory”. By
mid-March, when the rest of the world was still scrambling for the first doses, over
50% of the country's population was already fully vaccinated. Things looked so good
that a month later, the government began to dramatically scale back restrictions.
There was no longer any limit to the size of gatherings. Restaurants and other
cultural venues opened up to both vaccinated and unvaccinated citizens. Moreover,
people were also no longer required to wear masks outdoors. (Paragraph III)

i. Type of reasoning:
Inductive
(1 mark)

ii. Explanation for type of reasoning:

The paragraph starts with a specific statement on the country which vaccinated its
population so widely and so earlywhere the chief scientific officer at Pfizer recently called
it as "a sort of laboratory” followed by general statement that by mid-March, when the rest
of the world was still scrambling for the first doses, over 50% of the country's population
was already fully vaccinated.

(1 mark)

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b) To begin with, we were all either people who had been infected or not infected – but
out paths are rapidly diverging, and this makes the development of vaccine more
complicated. One person walking down the street might have been infected with the
original Covid-19 variant, then received two doses of the Pfizer vaccine then been
reinfected with the Delta strain. Meanwhile, another person may have received a
different brand of vaccine, and been infected with a different variant such as the
Alpha strain which was first identified in Kent. In an ideal world, Altmann would like to
see governments taking this variability in a population's immunity into account and
perhaps even testing people's antibody levels to see if the third dose is actually
required. After all, different people may have different patterns of protective immunity.
(Paragraph VI)

i. Type of reasoning:
Deductive

(1 mark)

ii. Explanation for type of reasoning:

The paragraph with a generalised statement which is either people who had been
infected or not infected– but out paths are rapidly diverging, and this makes the
development of vaccine more complicated. followed by specific details on one
person walking down the street might have been infected with the original Covid-19
variant, then received two doses of the Pfizer vaccine then been reinfected with the
Delta strain.

(1 mark)

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QUESTION 11

Formulate ONE underlying assumption that can be made on the statements in

Paragraph II. Provide TWO (2) evidence to support your answer. Your answer for
the evidence can be in the form of a sentence or phrase(s).

i. Underlying assumption:

the vaccine is one of the way to save your life

(1 mark)
ii. Evidence 1:

When the Delta variant has recently came rampaging most people still have high levels of
antibodies.

(½ mark)
iii. Evidence 2:

Altmann considers breakthrough infections are still at the decent levels of neutralising
antibodies. Findings from research on radically diverging immunity in different groups of
people to the small hypothetical possibility suggest that third doses of certain vaccines could
actually decrease the amount of immunity we have.

(½ mark)

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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