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Optimizing Glycol Dehydration System for Maximum Efficiency: A Case Study of

a Gas Plant in Nigeria

Article · June 2008

DOI: 10.2118/113781-MS

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SPE 113781

Optimizing Glycol Dehydration System for Maximum Efficiency:

A Case Study of a Gas Plant in Nigeria
I.M.T. Arubi, SPE, Afrogus Consulting, and U.I. Duru, SPE, Federal University of Technology, Owerri-Nigeria

Copyright 2008, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the CIPC/SPE Gas Technology Symposium 2008 Joint Conference held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 16–19 June 2008.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

ABSTRACT

In optimizing glycol dehydration system for natural gas, several critical parameters exist, which can be varied to achieve, a
specified dew point depression. This paper studies the effect of varying the glycol flow rate, number of stages or height of the
packing column in the contactor, re-boiler temperature, and striping gas rate on the glycol dehydration unit of a gas plant in
Nigeria using HYSYS.Process simulator.

An HYSYS model of the plant was developed and used to investigate the important design parameters. The results were then
used to provide an analysis of the dehydration effectiveness at a variety of common operating variables. Emissions control in
the glycol regenerator and the flash tank were also presented.

The investigation revealed that the design of the triethylene glycol (TEG) system is adequate to condition the gas to achieve a
water dew point of 5°C at 95bar. However, either the lean glycol cooler operation is not optimized or that it is undersized for
the duty it is currently subjected to.

In today’s competitive economy, the Engineer must become as productive as possible. One means of increasing this
productivity is to use process simulation packages. Hence this paper seeks to proffer solution options for optimizing the gas
plant dehydration process using HYSYS.

INTRODUCTION

Natural gas is a vital component of the world’s supply of energy. It is one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful of all
energy sources. Natural gas is a combustible mixture of hydrocarbon gases but contains other impurities such as water
vapour-the presence of which poses a great problem in the oil and gas industry.

Among methods available for natural gas dehydration, absorption by means of triethylene glycol (TEG) has been used for
many decades and remains the most popular. Nowadays very low natural gas dew points are required for gas transmission by
pipelines, corresponding to a reduction of water content, on average, down to 70 – 120 mg/Nm3 (Huffmaster, 2004). In order
to attain these strict specifications, TEG regeneration step is the crucial part of the dehydration process. If the water-rich TEG
exiting the absorption column is distilled at atmospheric pressure, TEG cannot be regenerated to levels above 98.8 – 98.9 %
by weight. This is caused by the reboiler operating temperature, which cannot be fixed above 204 ºC. In fact, this temperature
must be regarded as an upper limit for TEG processing, because of thermal degradation at higher values (Steele et al., 1996).
In order to reach current specifications, it is necessary to regenerate TEG up to levels in the range of 99.0 – 99.95% by
weight. To attain these regeneration levels several alternative processes has been proposed, requiring an accurate
representation of TEG-water phase equilibria, especially in the zones closed to water infinite dilution and at high temperature.

In the past years, glycol dehydration plants have been designed using the rule-of-thumb procedure (Hernandez-Valencia et
al., 1992). While still sufficient for many applications, today more efficient designs are often required. In many cases the
plant feed will contain small quantities of aromatic hydrocarbons that are quite soluble in the TEG. These aromatics,
2 SPE 113781

primarily benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), are carried to the flash tank where a small quantity is released
along with other volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The remaining VOCs and aromatics travel to the regenerator where the
application of heat will remove virtually all volatile gases. If the regenerator is vented to the atmosphere, the plant may have
serious environmental impact, even in small plants where the total aromatic emission can easily exceed 100 lb/day (Fitz et al.,
1987).

Intelligent pigging survey of an LNG Gas Transmission System (GTS) in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, revealed significant wall
thickness losses, up to 36% at the lowest point (and also the area with the lowest temperature) in the pipeline system. The
suspicion by the operator of the pipeline is that one or more of her suppliers are producing off-spec gas thereby loading the
GTS with water that reacts with CO2 in the feed gas to cause corrosion. This suspicion was corroborated by routine pigging
data that showed between 4 – 9% of recovered liquid from the X Gas Plant (XGP) spur of the GTS as free water. Spot check
measurements of water dewpoint were undertaken at the XGP. Initial readings of the export gas dewpoint, for about 3 – 4
days after installation of the hygrometer, were below the contractual export gas dewpoint of 5 ºC at 95 barg until the probe
got fouled due to contamination from carried over glycol, a phenomenon that is not uncommon with moisture measurement
and which the X Gas Plant was experiencing.

This paper presents the results of a parametric study of the X Gas Plant dehydration system and proffer solution options for
optimizing the dehydration process using modern simulation software (HYSYS.Process). The results were used to provide an
analysis of the dehydration effectiveness at a variety of common operating variables. Emissions (BTEX & VOCs) control in
the glycol regenerator and the flash tank were also presented.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Dehydration Phenomena

Glycol selection for natural gas dehydration applications may be based on a number of factors including dehydration
capability, glycol losses in the contactor and regenerator and absorption of VOCs. The most commonly used glycol in the
industry is tri-ethylene glycol (TEG). Diethylene glycol (DEG) and Ethylene glycol (EG) may also be used in dehydration
applications; however, DEG and EG are often not considered due to dry gas water content requirements. However, using
DEG and especially EG instead of TEG when BTEX is a concern can greatly reduced BTEX emissions, and thus reduce
emissions from the glycol still vent (Braek et al., 2001). TEG has a higher degradation temperature and can be regenerated to
a higher lean glycol concentration with no modification to the standard regenerator reboiler. However EG and DEG can meet
water content specifications when used with enhanced regeneration systems. Enhanced regeneration is any system that
improves glycol regeneration to achieve a ‘leaner’ or more concentrated glycol solution. Enhanced regeneration can be
achieved either by the injection of stripping gas into the reboiler, azeotropic regeneration, or other proprietary processes
(Ebeling et al., 1998).

The main objective for dehydration is the removal of water from process gas to:

ƒ Meet water dew point requirement of sales gas that is stipulated by buyers/users.
ƒ Prevent hydrate formation in downstream units with low operating temperatures.
ƒ Prevent pipeline corrosion, since process gas may be contaminated by acid gases (CO2/H2S).
ƒ To minimize free water condensing in the pipeline thereby reducing the internal crossectional area of the pipe
available for flow and causing partial blockage and consequential reduced gas flow throughput.

The amount of water to be removed from the gas depends on the lowest temperature to which the gas will be exposed in the
pipeline. This is because as the gas temperature declines, the water vapour in it tends to condense into liquid. If this happens
then there is the possibility of hydrate formation in the system. The temperature which this condensation starts to occur is
called the dew point. Thus dew point is indicative of the quantity of water vapour present in the gas stream. See figure 1.
From the graph below, one can tell that the lower the pressure at constant temperature, the greater the water vapour possible
in the gas.
SPE 113781 3

Fig.1 Water Content of Sweet, Lean, Natural Gas (Campbell, 2001)

4 SPE 113781

TEG dehydration is a diffusion process; the water molecules must diffuse through the gas phase, across the gas/liquid
interface, and then to the liquid phase. The driving force is the difference between partial pressure of the moisture in the gas
phase and concentration of water in the liquid phase.

Henry’s law states: Cl = H × Pl (1)

Where Cl = concentration of moisture in liquid phase; H = solubility coefficient; Pl = partial pressure of moisture in
equilibrium with liquid of concentration Cl (Braek et al., 2001).

Gas phase resistance is inevitable since moisture molecules always have to diffuse through a large amount of insoluble gas to
reach the interface. Liquid phase resistance is negligible (Ghoshal et al., 1994). The water vapour in the gas phase is
physically absorbed in the glycol solution in an absorption tower referred to as a contactor. In the design of a glycol system, it
is generally assumed that water is the only solute. However, any component that is present in the inlet stream will be present
in the rich glycol stream leaving the bottom of the contactor, e.g. soluble organic compounds.

GDU PROCESS DESCRIPTION

Gas dehydration units (GDUs) are typically represented by a contactor, a flash tank, heat exchangers and a regenerator as
shown in figure 2. Wet inlet gas enters the bottom of the contactor and flows countercurrent to the glycol. Glycol-gas contact
occurs on trays or packing. The dried gas leaves at the top of the contactor. The rich glycol leaves the bottom of the contactor
and flows to a reflux condenser at the top of the still column. It then enters a flash tank where most of the volatile
components (entrained and soluble) are vaporized. Leaving the flash tank, the rich glycol flows through the glycol filters and
then the lean/rich heat exchanger where it is heated up by the hot lean glycol. Finally, the rich glycol enters the still column
and the reboiler system where the water is removed by distillation before again being recirculated through the continuous
process cycle. For processes requiring gas with very low water dew points, a stripping gas system is employ to aid the
regeneration process. For maximum stripping, the stripping gas is normally injected into the stripping column. However, the
gas may also be introduced directly into the reboiler.
 SPE 113781
5

Fig. 2 The X Gas Plant Dehydration System, Train 1.

6 SPE 113781

METHODS FOR MINIMIZING BTEX/VOC EMISSIONS

There are several strategies for reducing the amount of BTEX/VOCs emissions from still vents. These can be summarized as:

Thermal System
This includes the flare and incineration systems. Flaring system will help BTEX destruction through combustion and
improved emission dispersion by elevating the point source emission which subsequently reduces ground levels
concentrations. Incineration at temperatures of 730ºC (1500ºF) can almost completely destroy BTEX and eliminate
hydrocarbon odours. However, this option may not be viable as it is not consistent with international trends in the industry
and contradicts the Nigerian government goal of eliminating or minimizing all operational flaring.

Condensation
Adding a condensation unit to the regenerator vent stream to recover BTEX and VOCs is economical and easy to operate.
The condense liquids are then collected for further treatment or disposal. However, from an environmental standpoint, it
creates the problem of disposal of the water phase containing the BTEX compounds.

Using New Process Designs

The Drizo process, for example, is a good choice for many systems requiring steep water dew point depression, as control of
BTEX emissions is effectively included with the package. However, the disposal of the condensed water stream and non-
condensable gases from the Drizo process must still be considered. Another process is the R-BTEX process, which is based
on condensing the overhead gases from the regenerator. The R-BTEX process, despite minimizing BTEX emissions, still has
the problem of disposal of non-condensable gases. The IFPEXOL process, which is relatively new, uses methanol in a cold
process to extract vapour from the gas stream.

Process Optimization
Changes in operating conditions of the glycol circulation rates and the flash tank can result in a significant reduction in
BTEX emissions. The flashed gas generated from the flash tank must be incinerated or used as fuel gas since it contains
significant VOCs. Also, decreasing absorber pressure and increasing absorber temperature tends to decrease VOCs
emissions. Although helpful in reducing emissions, reducing absorber pressure may not be feasible due to the cost of sales
gas recompression.

Alternative Glycols
Selecting a different glycol such as diethylene glycol (DEG) or ethylene glycol (EG), which absorbs the least of BTEX, may
also play a major role in emission reduction. DEG and EG have the added benefit of being less costly than TEG and requires
less energy for regeneration. Additional equipment for enhanced regeneration, if necessary is minimal. However, they have
the disadvantage in that they are less stable at the high regenerator temperature. Figure 3 shows the approximate BTEX
absorption in TEG.
SPE 113781 7

Fig. 3 Approximate BTEX Absorption in TEG (Campbell, 2001)

8 SPE 113781

PROCESS SIMULATION USING HYSYS

HYSYS is saddled with rigorous property packages, which includes thermodynamic and physical property models,
component libraries, oil characterization module, extensive unit operations models, case study tools, optimizer and excel-like
spreadsheet for customized programming. It is user-friendly, robust and flexible. With HYSYS, process optimization,
modification and de-bottlenecking are easily achievable within the shortest possible time. Thus it can be used to model
existing plants to ensure equipment is performing per specification, evaluate, retrofits, and improves plant process. It
provides both the steady state (HYSYS.Process) and dynamic mode (HYSYS.Plant) capabilities that can be accessed from
one package; while at the same time providing options for crude characterization, single and multiphase pipeline simulation
(PIPESIM) and flare network studies (FLARENET). Only the relevant options were however used for this simulation.

MODELLING OF X GAS PLANT

The first step in building an HYSYS model is the fluid package definition. This package provides a quick and easy access to
thermodynamic property predictions as well as physical and transport property predictions for hydrocarbons, non-
hydrocarbons, petrochemical and chemical fluids. In this study, the Peng Robinson’s (PR) equation of state was used. The
choice of PR over other property methods is because of its high level of accuracy over a wide range of conditions and
applications, and it rigorously solves most single, two, or three phase systems with a high degree of efficiency and reliability.

Next the entire fluid components available throughout the XGP dehydration unit were defined in this fluid package. Finally,
with the use of the object palate, the processing facilities were modeled using XGP Process Flow Diagram (PFD).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The case study presented in this work is based on the computer simulation of XGP owned by one of the multinational oil
producing companies based in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. The process flow diagram (PFD) of this unit, as supplied by the
vendor, was used in the simulation. The flow rates, composition and other operating conditions of the inlet gas are presented
in the appendix, likewise the sales gas.

In the following discussion, the impact of a number of design and operating parameters simulated by process model are
address:

ƒ Number of trays in the contactor

ƒ Glycol circulation rate through the contactor
ƒ Temperature of the reboiler
ƒ Amount of stripping gas used

Analysis of the Optimization Study

In order to investigate the important design variables, plots of the residual water content versus glycol circulation rates are
presented in Figures 5 to 11 for common values of such parameters as number of trays in the contactor, glycol circulation rate
through the contactor, temperature of the reboiler in the regenerator and the amount of stripping gas used.

Effect of Number of Equilirium Stages in the Contactor

Figure 5 illustrates the effect of the number of equilibrium contact trays on residual water content using a 200ºC reboiler
temperature. Figure 6 represents a similar graph comparing dew point depressions instead of actual water content. It can be
seen that increasing the water content allows the gas to approach equilibrium with the lean glycol at a lower circulation rate.
Condering a typical glycol circulation rate of approximately 3gal TEG/lb water remove, Figures 5 and 6 illustrate that a
twelve-tray contactor is virtually at equilibrium with the inlet glycol. In an eight-tray contactor, a circulation rate of 5 to 6 gal
TEG/lb water would be required to approach equilibrium. Significantly higher flow rates would still be required when one
ideal stage is used.
SPE 113781 9

Graph of Water Content vs TEG Circulation Rate

25.0

20.0
Water Content (lb H2O/MMscf)

15.0
N=4
N=8

10.0
N=12

5.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
TEG Circulation Rate (gal/lb H2O)

o
Fig. 5. Effect of the number of equilibrium stages in the contactor on the water content of a natural gas stream @ Treb = 200 C.

Graph of Dew Point Depression vs TEG Circulation Rate

25.0

20.0
Dew Point Depression (oC)

15.0
N=4
N=8
N=12
10.0

5.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
TEG Circulation Rate (gal/lb H2O)

o
Fig. 6. Effect of the number of contactor trays on the dew point depression of a natural gas stream @ Treb = 200 C.
10 SPE 113781

Effect of Reboiler Temperature

Increasing the reboiler temperature to 204ºC will lead to thermal decomposition of TEG. Even a 200ºC reboiler temperature
can result in glycol decomposition due to higher film temperatures; as such, temperatures of 180, 190, and 200ºC were
simulated. Figures 7 to 9 illustrate the overhead water content using a fixed number of contactor trays at reboiler
temperatures of 180, 190, and 200ºC. For eight or twelve contactor trays, pipeline quality gas containing less than 7 lb
water/MMscf gas could be produced using either 190ºC or 200ºC reboiler temperature. At 190ºC, approximately 4.5 gal
TEG/lb water circulation would be needed with eight-tray contactor as opposed to approximately 2 gal TEG/lb water with
twelve tray-contactor. Similarly, at 200Cº approximately 3 gal TEG/lb water circulation would be needed with eight-tray
contactor as opposed to 1.5 gal TEG/lb water with twelve-tray contactor. Note that these results were for inlet gas
temperature of 40ºC.

The reboiler temperature influences the overhead water content by changing the purity of the glycol. Glycol purities of 96.0,
97.0, and 98.0 wt % were obtained at 180, 190, and 200ºC respectively at one atmosphere.

Water Content of a Natural Gas Stream Treated by a Colum n of 4 Trays

30.0

25.0
Water Content (lb H2O/MMscf)

20.0

Treb = 180C
15.0 Treb = 190C
Treb = 200C

10.0

5.0

0.0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
TEG Circulation Rate (gal/lb H2O)

Fig. 7. Water content of a natural gas stream treated by a four-tray contactor

SPE 113781 11

Water Content of a Natural Gas Stream Treated by a Colum n of 8 Trays

16.0

14.0
Water Content (lb H2O/MMscf

12.0

10.0
Treb = 180C
8.0 Treb = 190C
Treb = 200C
6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
TEG Circulation Rate (gal/lb H2O)

Fig. 8. Water content of a natural gas stream treated by an eight-tray contactor

Water of Content of a Natural Gas Stream Treated by Colum n of 12 trays

18.0

16.0

14.0
Water Content (lb H20/MMscf)

12.0

10.0
Treb = 180C
Treb = 190C
8.0
Treb = 200C
6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
TEG Circulation (gal/lb H20)

Fig. 9. Water content of a natural gas stream treated twelve-tray contactor

12 SPE 113781

Effect of Stripping Gas

Applications requiring high dew point depression will virtually always utilize striping gas in the regenerator. Low dew point
simply cannot be achieved using the maximum 98% obtainable with a 200ºC reboiler temperature at atmospheric pressure.
These low dew points will need up to 99.9 wt % glycol in the contactor. Further, stripping gas has a much greater effect than
increasing reboiler temperature. Figures 10 to 11 illustrate the effect of stripping gas on the residual water content and dew
point depression of the dry gas. As can be seen, even small stripping gas rate of 1 scf/gal circulated solution have a
pronounced difference. With this stripping gas rate, the dry gas will contain about half the water of the same process without
stripping gas. Increasing the stripping gas rate beyond 2 to 3 scf/gal will have little impact on dew point depression.

Graph of Water Content vs TEG Circulation Rate

14.0

12.0
Water Content (lb H2O/MMscf)

10.0

0scf/gal
8.0
1scf/gal
3scf/gal
6.0
6scf/gal

4.0

2.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
TEG Circulation (gal/lb H2O)

Fig. 10. Effect of stripping gas rate on water content of a natural gas stream

Simulations for inlet gas temperatures of 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39ºC were also carried out. This gave a temperature differential
(lean glycol temperature minus inlet gas temperature) of about 3ºC. As shown in figure 12.
SPE 113781 13

Graph of Stripping Gas Rate vs Dew Point Depression

35.0

30.0
Dew Point Depression (oC)

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
Stripping Gas Rate (scf/gal TEG)

Fig. 11. Effect of stripping gas rate on dew point depression

Graph of Inlet Gas Temperature on Watrer Dew Point

5.1

4.9
Water Dew Point (oC)

4.8

4.7

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.3
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
o
Inlet Gas Temperature ( C)

Fig. 12. Effect of Inlet Gas Temperature on Water Dew Point

14 SPE 113781

In addition to the parameters listed above, several other factors influence the residual water content of the sales gas.
However, often these factors are fixed and cannot normally be changed when optimizing a unit. First, the temperature of the
inlet gas will dictate the total amount of water fed to the unit. Lower plant inlet gas temperatures will require less water to be
removed by the glycol. Second, lean glycol temperature at the top of the contactor will affect the water partial pressure at the
top stage. Consequently, high glycol temperatures will result in high water content in the overhead gas. This was the case
with the XGP lean glycol cooler: the temperature of the lean glycol into the contactor was operating at 50ºC instead of the
designed range of 40 – 42ºC. This situation does suggest that may be the cooler is undersized for its current duty or that its
operation is not optimized.

CONCLUSIONS

The optimization study involves building a process simulation model based on actual design data/parameters provided by the
glycol unit vendor and verified by operational data. We reviewed the TEG dehydration system design basis and compared it
with as-built documentation. In our opinion, the design of the TEG system is adequate and robust enough to condition the gas
to achieve water dew point of 5ºC at 95 barg. We therefore recommend that physical inspection of the Glycol Contactor
internals should be carried out to check that components are in good condition and are still properly installed. Also the dew
point measurements from the moisture analyzer installed on the gas processing trains should be validated through reverse
calculations using the HYSYS model.

Operationally we observed that the temperature of the lean glycol into the Contactor was outside the design operating
recommendation, about 50ºC against the recommended range of 40 – 42ºC. Thus the absorbing capability of the glycol is
impacted resulting in much higher sales gas dew point. This situation does suggest however that the lean glycol cooler is
either its operation is not optimized or that it is undersized for the duty it is currently subjected to. This position is
corroborated by the fact that the lean glycol cooler is always found clogged with waxy deposits whenever it is open up for
maintenance. We therefore recommend that further optimization checks should be carried out on this lean glycol cooler with
a view to making the system deliver the simulated temperature differential between the approach gas and the lean glycol into
the Contactor.

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank the management of Afrogus Consulting for providing data, simulation software and their
permission to publish this paper. Also we delighted to acknowledge the contribution of Mr. Oshioname Eberemu of the
University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria, and Mr. Ikechukwu Ojiako who now works with Total Gestion Internationale.

NOMENCLATURE

barg = bar guage

BTEX = bezene, toluene, ethybenzene and xylene
Cl = concentration of moiture in liquid phase
o
C= degree Celcius
CO2 = carbon (iv) oxide
DEG = diethyleneglycol
EG = ethyleneglycol
o
F= degree fahrenhiet
Fig = figure
gal/lb H2O = gallon per pound water
gal TEG/lb = gallon triethyleneglycol/pounds
GPSA = gas processor and suppliers association
GSA = gas supply agreement
GTS = gas transmission system
H= solubility coefficient
H2S = hydrogen sulphide
lb/day = pounds per day
 SPE 113781 15

lbm/MMscf = pound mass per million standard cubic feet

mg/Nm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter
N= number of contactor trays
off-spec = off-specification
Pl = partial pressure
PFD = process flow diagram
PR = Peng Robinson
psig = pounds per square inch guage
psia = pounds per square ince absolute
scf/gal = standard cubis feet per gallon
TEG = triethyleneglycol
Treb = reboiler temperature
VOC’s = volatile organic compounds
vs = versus
wt % = weight percent
XGP = x gas plant
%= percent

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Braek, A.M. Almehaideb, R.A. Darwish, N. Hughes, R. 2001. Optimization of Process Parameters for Glycol Unit to Mitigate the Emission
of BTEX/VOCs. Institute of Chemical Engineers. Trans IchemE, 79. Part B.

Campbell, J.M. 2001. Gas Conditioning and Processing. John M. Campbell and Company. Vol 1 & 2.

Curry, R.N. 1981. Fundamentals of Natural Gas Conditioning. PenWell Publishing Company.

Ebeling, H.O. Lyddon, L.G. Covington, K.K. 1998. Reduce Emissions and Operating Costs with Appropriate Glycol Selection.
Proceedings of the Seventy-Second GPA Annual Convection. Tulsa, Oklahoma.w

Fitz, C.W. Hubbard, R.A. 1987. Quick, Manual Calculation Estimates Amounts of Benzene Absorbed in Glycol Dehydrators. Oil and Gas
Journal. 8 November: p.72

GPSA Engineering Data Book. 1987. Gas Processors Suppliers Association. Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Hernandez-Valencia, V.N. Hlavinka, M.W. Bullin, J.A. 1992. Design Glycol Dehydration Units for Maximum Efficiency. Proceedings of
the Seventy-First GPA Annual Convection. Tulsa, Oklahoma. 310-317

Hlavinka, M.W. Collie, J. Ashworth, A. 1998. An Analysis of BTEX emissions from Amine Sweetening and Glycol and Glycol
Dehydration Facilities. Proceedings of the Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning Conference. University of Oklahoma.

Hlavinka, M.W. Bullin, J.A. 1993. Influence of Process Operations on VOC and BTEX Emissions from Glycol Dehydration Units.
Proceedings of the Seventy-second GPA Annual Convection. Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Huffmaster, M.A. 2004. Gas Dehydration Fundamentals. Proceedings of the Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning Conference. University of
Oklahkloma.

King, R.L. Bullin, J.A. 1986. New Direction in Process Simulation. Proceedings of the Sixty-Fifth GPA Annual Convection. Tulsa,
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