andt henomi nal Muslims

THE19TH CENTURY tof ul

fil
l t
hewi l
l ofGod.
I
SLAMI C/JI HADSI N Theyar esomet i
mes
WESTAFRI CA referredtoasI slami c
revolutionsbecauset heir
Whatwer ethe19thcent ur
y pri
mar ymot iv ewast o
/FulaniJihads? reform andpur if
yI sl
am.
Jihadswer eIslamic Tot henon-Musl imst he
revolut
ionsorst ruggles j
ihadsi ntendedt obring
i
ncludingt heforceof aboutconv er sionwhi leto
armst hatwer edecl ar
ed thenomi nalMusl i
ms
byt heOrthodox, staunch therewasneedf or
andf anati
cMusl ims spirit
ual renewal .
againstthenon- Musl i
ms Thel ifeintheMusl im
wor ldhadgr eat l
y
1
 degeneratedaspeopl e Theyar esomet imes
werenotst ri
ctl
y referredt oasFulani
observi
ngt helawsof Jihadsbecauset heywer e
Isl
am. organi sedundert he
Ajihadfoughtbyf orceof l
eader shipoftheFul ani
armsoraswor dis peopl e.
ref
erredtoasahol ywar. Thei rgreatestimpactwas
Theybrokeouti nHausa feltinHausa, Gobi r
,
l
andi n1804, i
nMasi nain Bor no, Masina,Old
1818andi nFut aJall
oni n Oy o,Gobi rKat
agum, Fut
a
1851. Jallon, FutaBando, and
Thesejihadswer eledby Bauchi inNorthern
UthmanDonFodi o,Seku Niger i
a.
AhmedLobboandAl i
Hajj
UmarTal lrespect
ively.
2
Whatwer et hecausesof thedef ensiv ethroughout
the19thcent ur yji
hadsi n thewor ld.
WestAf ri
ca? Ther apidexpansi onof
Religiouscauses Christ i
ani t
yi nWest ern
Thedev elopmentof Sudanscar edt he
Christi
anityandt he Musl imswhost arted
growthofEur opean devel opingf earsthat
poweri ndifferentparts Christ i
ani t
ywasl ikelyto
ofthewor ldledt othe out-compet eIslam outof
outbreakoft heJihads. ther egion.
Afterit
srapi dexpansion TheMusl imsbel i
ev ed
i
nt heperiodupt otheend t hatt herewasan
t
h
ofthe16 cent ury,I
slam i
mper i
alisticelement
wasputi nt hepositionof behindt heChr ist
ian
missi onar ieswhower e
3
 alsofor er unner sof Theungodl ypr act ices
colonialism whose l
ikeex cessi v
eal coholism,
activi
tieswer elikelyto wor shipingofi dols,
bringaboutscr ambl e. misconduct ,and
Thedet ermi nedef f
or tof witchcr aftwerecommon
thefanat i
cMusl imst o thatwer eunaccept ablein
reviveandpur if
yI sl
am i n Isl
am wer ecommoni n
WestAf r
icacausedt he ther egion.
j
ihads.Byt heendoft he Amongt heHausaf or
18thcent uryandt he exampl ethegoddessof
t
h
beginni ngoft he19 Uwandowa( goddessof
century ,thef ait
hoft he hunt i
ng)andUwagona
nomi nal Musl imshad goddessofAgr icult ur
e
greatlydegener ated. wer ebei ngwor shi pped
anaspectcont raryt othe
4
 Isl
ami ccodes.Bl ack spiritualhomel andand
magicwaspr act i
ced. takingi tasapr act i
cal
Thesei rkedthef anatic exampl et heyor ganized
Muslimsandpr ov oked thej i
hadsagai nstt he
them agai nstthenomi nal inf i
del s..
Muslims. Itwast hewi despr ead
Theinfluenceoft hose beli
eft hroughoutt he
j
ihadst hathadt aken Musl im wor l
dint he
placeint he18thcent ur
yin comi ngoft heMadhi
FutaBandoandFut aToro (saviour )thatcausedt he
l
edt otheout breakoft he Jihads.I twaspr ophesi ed
t
h
j
ihadsi nthe19 cent ury. thatt heMadhi woul dbe
t
h
Jihadleader sinHausa comi ngint he13 I slamic
l
andl ookedatSenegal cent urybet ween1785-
andGui neaast hei r 1882.I ftheMadhi came,
5
 hewoul dsav ethe 1885.Af terthis
Musl i
msf rom the successf ulr
ev ol
utionthe
i
njusti
cesandt he nomi nalTurko-Egy pti
an
oppressiver uleandhe admi nist
rati
onwas
wouldcr eat eajust overthrownandaMadhi st
societyfairt oall.The statewasest abli
shed.It
j
ihadswer et herefore becameagener albeli
ef
foughtt opr eparesoci et
y that,theMadhi was
forthecomi ngoft he alreadyonear t
handat
Madhi . anyonemomentwoul d
Thej i
hadi sm spi ri
t reachSudan.
gainedmoment um after Thepr opagandausedby
theout breakoft he UthmaddanFodi oand
Madhi strev oluti
oni n SekuAhmaduLobbo
Sudanbet ween1881and causedt heJi hads.
6
 UthmanDanFodi o j
ihads.Al thoughi twas
declaredhimsel f thefi
r stforeignr eligionto
Muj addidwhichmeansa bepreachedi nWest
renewersentbyGodt o Afri
ca, i
thadr emai ned
prepar eawayf ort he l
argelyar eli
gionoft he
Madhi whil
eAhmadu towndwel lers,t
her ich
Lobbowasr efferedtoas merchant s, t
her uling
Ami ral Mumininmeani ng ari
stocr at
sandt he
commanderoft he scholars.
fait
hful.Withthi sitwas Ther evivaloft heol d
easyt oconv i
ncet he Isl
ami cbr otherhoods
Musl i
mst of i
ghtj i
hads. suchasKhal wat i
yy a,
Theneedt ospr eadIslam Wahabi y y
amov ement ,
alsof ormedther oot Quadi ri
yyabr other hood
t
h
causeoft he19 cent ury andther i
seoft henew
7
 Tij
aniy yabr otherhood maki ngt hej i
hads
causedt heJi hads.Its i
nev i
tabl e.
activet eachi ngs, wri
ting Theot herfactort hatled
andpr eachi nggav egreat totheout breakoft he
sti
mul ust oIslam.It j
ihadsespeci allyt hatof
renewedt heinterestsin AliHaj jiUmarwast he
themy st icalstudiesand i
nt r
oduct i
onoft he
gener atedi ntell
ectualand Tij
ani yyabr other hood.It
i
deol ogi cal excitement s wasev enmor emi li
tant
amongt heMusl i
ms. thant heot her
Ther ev iv aloft he brother hoods.Its
Quadi riyy abr otherhood teachingemphasi zed
strengt henedt hebel i
efin salvationnott hr ough
thecomi ngoft heMadhi studiesandi ntellectual
acti
v i
tiesbutt hrough
8
 str
ictobser vanceoft he peopl eforcewast heonl y
mor alcodesofI slam and wayofwowi ngt hem i nto
thereligiouspast . Isl
am.
Inther uralareas Thel ongt imet ension
farmer s,herdsmenand betweenI slam andt he
thepaganpeopl ewer e Afri
canTr adit
ional
rel
uct antinaccept ingit
s rel
igionalsocausedt he
doctrines.Ar easlike j
ihads.Thoughf oreignin
Bauchi i
nNor thern nature,Isl
am r efusedt o
Nigeria,Nupe, Borgu, co-existwithot her
Adamawa, Katagum, rel
igionsduet o
GombeandOl dOy o, dif
ferencesi ndoct rines.
GobirandHausapeopl e Itwast hisrefusal to
werer esistantto acceptt heco-exi stence
conv ersi
on.Tot hese otherbel i
efsthat
9
 prompt edawav eof stat essuchasSonghai ,
resist
ancet oIslam Mal i andBor no.
especi all
yfrom the Thi smeantt hatthe
foll
ower sofAfri
can Musl im worldwasona
tradit
ional r
eli
gions. decl inemaki ngthe
Musl imsami nor
ity
peopl e.Greatmosques
Poli
ti
calcauses andI slamici nsti
tut
ions
Thejihadswer eoutoft he ofl ear ni
nghadbeen
needt orevivet heI sl
amic ruinedbecauseofbei ng
poli
ticali
nstitutions.The mi smanagedbyt he
t
h
peri
odaf terthe16 i
nf idels.
centurywitnessedt he Theappear anceof
coll
apseofst rongMusl i
m strongr el
igious
l
eader shi
pandschol ar
s
10
alsol edt ot heout break Kanemi KuntaandSi d
oft hej i
hadsi nthe19th AhmedAl -Tajani.
cent ury.Thesel eader s Thesy stem of
andschol ar swer emen admi nist r
ati
on
fi
lledwi tht hereligious mai ntainedast rati
fi
eda
zeal andr ef or
mi stideas classsy stem ofpr iv
ileges
oft hedaywhoev enhad anaspectt hatirkedt he
theabi li
tyt oprov idethe commoner s.The
necessar yideologyand commoner swho
organi zation.Suchgr eat mai ntainedthissy stem
l
eader sincludeUt hman wer elefthumi li
atedand
DonFodi o, AliHaj j
iUmar prejudiced.TheHausa
Tal l
,SekuAhmaed, peasant ssuppor t
edt he
MuhammedBel lo, j
ihadsoutt hisreason
MuhammedAbdul l
ahi,
Al-
11
 becausef orsol ongt hey Theneedt ofil
lthe
wer ediscr i
mi nated. poli
ticalv acuum i n
t
h
The19 cent uryjihads West ernSudanal so
wer eaconsequenceof causedt hej ihads.Af ter
theneedt or estoret he thedest ructi
onoft he
ruleofl awandI slami c greatSonghai Empi r
eby
universalism t opromot e theMor occanst owar ds
t
h
tradeint her egionin theendoft he15
fashionoft heol dday sof century,nor eplacement
Songhai r
ulers.Power oftheSonghai was
struggleinHausal and provi
dedf oracent ury
hadi nterruptedt hetrade Smal l
erst atesthatwer e
traff
icandot her beforev assal statesof
economi cact ivi
ti
es. Songhai became
i
ndependentandpower
12
 fellintothehandsoft he Theneedt oov ert
hrow
pagansandnomi nal thet yrannical
Musl i
ms. admi ni
strationoft heof
Thepol it
icalgriev ances HausaandGobi rl
eader s
oft heFul anithati sthe l
edt ot heout breakofthe
th
Tor odobeorTor onkawa 19 cent uryjihads.The
alsocausedt hej ihads. rul
er sofHausaand
TheFul aniori
ginat ed Bambar awer esuch
from t heareaof tyr
anni cal whonegl ect
ed
Senegambi aandspr ead ther uleofl aw.The
slowl yeastwar ds.They ordinar ypeopl emassi vel
y
want edtouset hej i
hads suppor tedt heJi hads
tobecomet henext becauset heyl ookedat
aristocrats. them asl iber at
ion
mov ement st hatwer e
13
 l
ikelyt osav ethem f rom tost agear med
theoppr essiv erul ersin resistanceagai nst
HausaandBambar a. colonialrule.The
Thenon- Musl i
mswho Afri
cansl ikeAliHajj
i
partici
pat edint hej ihads UmarTal lwagedwar
eyedposi ti
onsof againsttheFr enchwho
responsi bil
ityincaset he hadst artedtheirimper
ial
j
ihadschangedt he dri
vei nSenegal .
gover nment si nt he
region.Theywer e Economiccauses
t
h
thereforeusi ngt hej ihads The19 cent uryj
ihads
toexposet hemsel v
est o wereintendedto
thepol iti
cal scene. chall
enget he
th
The19 cent uryj i
hads unort
hodoxeconomi c
wereal sousedasat ool pract
icesthatwer e
14
 goingoni ntheregion. Theadmi nist rationoft he
Suchi ncl
udedt heillegal Hausast atesandGobi r
taxationimposedont he waschar act erizedby
Musl imsy etnot i
nef fi
cientandcor rupt
recommendedbyt he admi nistr
at ors.The
Kor an. revenuecol l
ect edf r
om
TheMusl i
mswhohad themasseswasused
accumul atedal otof for
ecour tpr iv
ileges.The
weal t
hcamet ochallenge met hodoft axcol l
ecti
on
sucht axati
onf r
om t he wasbr utal and
i
nfidels.Thisbest unsy mpat het i
c.
explainswhyj i
hadst ook Thegr ievancesoft he
pl
acei nHausal andt hat weal t
hyFul anit own
wasapr i
ncipalcenterof dwel l
ersal socausedt he
tr
ade. j
ihads.Thet owndwel l
er s
15
 hadaccumul atedal otof TheJi hadswasi nt ended
weal thf rom t radingi n toabol i
shsl avet rade
i
v ory,gol dand andsl aver yespeci all
yin
agr i
cultur alpr oduce.They Hausat hathadhad
feltthatt hei rweal thwas disastrousef fectsont he
i
nsecur eduet ot he Musl i
m peopl eand
j
eal ousyoft hepagan disorgani zedmany
rulersandt hef armi ng economi cact ivit
ies.The
popul ation. paganswer eal sosel l
ing
Theur banFul anilooked theMusl imsi ntosl avery.
att hejihadmov ement s Apeacef ul atmospher eif
asagol denoppor tunit
y i
tpr evail
edwoul d
forest abl ishingasecur e promot eMusl imt r
ade.
stat efort hemsel vesand Thesl av eswhof ormed
theirpr oper ty . thelargestpar toft he
16
 t
h
populati
onwer efeeli
ng The19 cent uryjihads
veryoppressedandwer e l
edt ot heest ablishment
alsoreadytorevolt. oflargepol it
ical unit
si n
Whent heywerepr ovi
ded form ofempi resand
withsuchanoppor tunit
y kingdomssomeofwhi ch
intheji
hadstheycoul d wer esimi lartot he
notavoidthemass ancientWestSudanese
mov ementhencet he states.Thesei nclude
ji
hads. Sokot oCal i
phat e,
WHATWERETHE Gwanduanacal iphate,
EFFECTSOFTHE19TH Tukol arEmpi reofAl i haj
ji
CENTURYJI HADSONTHE Umar ,theMasi naEmpi re.
PEOPLEOFWEST Emi rateswer ecr eatedi n
AFRICA? AdamawasuchasI l
lori
n
Bauchi , Katagum and
17
 Gombe.Asi ngleFulani Kunt af oundedar uli
ng
empi r
er eplacedt hemany dy nast yinBor not hat
compet ingst at
esi n replacedt heol druling
Hausal and. Sefawady nasty .
Thejihadsl edt othe Manypol i
ticaloffices
emer genceofnewmen wer eopenedt othewel l
-
whower epeopl eof educat edMusl i
m
humbl eoriginwhoused schol arssuchas
theIslamicr evoluti
onto MuhammedBel l
o,
ri
set oposi t
ionsofgr eat Abdul lahi,andAl -Kanemi
responsibil
ity.These Kunt a.
i
ncludeSamor eTour eof The19thcent uryjihads
theMandi kaEmpi re, helpedt ost r
engt hen
MuhammedBel lo, Afri
cannat i
onal i
sm.The
Abdul l
ahi,A-Kanemi doct r
inesofI slam di dnot
18
 onlyemphasi zet hev alue fi
veday sont heirmasters
ofbel ongingt othesame farmsandi nthe
rel
igionbutal sot hev alue remainingday softhe
ofbel ongingt othesame weekont heirownl and.
count ry
.TheWestAf rican Slaveswer et ransf
ormed
l
eader susedt hem asa i
nt oserfswi t
hsome
toolofr esist
ingcol oni al defini
terights.
rule. Thej i
hadsbr ought
Thej i
hadsel ev atedt he remarkabl echangesi n
statusofsl av esand theadmi nistr
at i
onof
peasant sint her egion. WestAf rica.Thesy stem
Thenomadi cFul ani ofadmi nistr
at i
onusedby
becameset t
lers.Slav es SekuAhmedLobbof or
i
nMasi naf orex ampl e hisnewMasi naEmpi re
wer erequiredt owor kf or
19
 wasmor ecl oselyrelated usedmoder nmet hodsof
tot heshar i
al aw. fi
ghting.Heputupa
Thej i
hadsf aci l
it
ateda mi l
i
taryst ati
onat
mi l
itar yrev ol uti
oni nthe Dinguar yneart hebor ders
region.I naccor dance ofFut aJal l
on.Hi sarmy
witht heI slami c waspr ofessional,
obligat ionofahol ywar equippedwi t
hmoder n
andt hespr eadoft he guns, hebui l
tf or
ts,and
peaceofI slam, Seku hehadauxi li
aryCalv ary
Ahmedandhi soffici
als corps.
play edagr eatdeal of Thej i
hadsal sol edtot he
attent iont ot hear myand disi
ntegr ati
onofsat esi n
mi l
itar ypower .Ast anding theregi on.Theol d
armyofhor seswas Sefawady nast yofBor no
mai nt ained.Al HajjiUmar coll
apsed.I nt heforest
20
 regi
ont hej i
hadsl edt o TheTi j
aniyyabr otherhood
thecollapseofOl dOy o wasmor emi l
i
t ant .
Empi r
et hatwas Thejihadsl edt ot he
convertedintoI l
lorin destr
uctionofpr operty.I
n
emirate.TheHausasat es Kanomanyset tl
ement s
thatwer ecompet i
ng weredest royed.Heav y
amongt hemsel veswer e deathtoll
swer er ecorded
unit
edi ntoasi ngleFulani howev erinTamba,
empireofSokot o Bambuk, Khassoand
Cali
phat e. Matam.
Thejihadsl edtol ossof Attheendoft hej ihads
l
ifeinther egion.Thi s peaceandor derpr evail
ed
wasbecauseoft he i
nmostpar tsoft he
i
mper iali
sti
cmeanst hat Ful
ani Empi rebet ween
wereusedi nthef ighti
ng. 1820sand1850s.Thi s
21
 greatlyst imul atedthe Thepast oral economyof
developmentof theFulani became
agri
cul tureandi ndustri
al revoluti
onal ised.The
acti
vities. economyoft hestate
Withpar ti
al dest r
ucti
onof cont inuedt obebasedon
Katsinadur i
ngt hewar s cattl
er earing.Theonl y
Kanobecameal eadi
ng changebei ngt hatofthe
i
ndust rial andcommer ci
al nomadswer ereplacedby
met r
opol i
sofHausal and. t hespeci al herdsmen
I
nMasi na, castlessuch whower eempl oyedto
assmi ths, leatherworks remov ecat tlet oandfrom
weav ersdev el
oped.In i
naccor dancet othe
Timbuct u, Bozo, Somono changesi nseasons.The
fi
shing, ironwor kingand Fulaniandt heSomono
weav ingdev el
oped. settl
ed.
22
Thej ihadsl edtot he Masinawer etheshari
a
devel opmentoft owns l
awwasmadet ooper
ate.
suchasKanot hat Theheav yt
axesoncat tl
e
becamet hemet r
opolisof suchasJangal iwere
Hausal and, Sokotoand aboli
shed.Tr adeboomed
Hamdal lahi emer ged.The asar esultandt he
i
deal Islami c standardofl i
ving
communi tieswer e i
mpr oved
l
eav ingi nt heseur ban Thejihadsledt ogreat
center s.Theyl ater revi
valandspr eadof
devel opedi ntomaj or Isl
am inWestAf ri
ca.
ci
tiesf ort hemoder n PlaceslikeBauchi i
n
nations. NorthernNiger i
a;
Theunkor ani ctaxes Adamawabecame
endedespeci al
lyin convertedforthef i
rst
23
 time.Ni geriaandt he thant heol dWahabi yya
Sudanesest atesof andTor onkawa
Senegal Mal i
,Ni ger,and brother hoods.
Gui neabecamepower f
ul Thej i
hadswer eagreat
Musl im states.Byt he stimulust ot he
comi ngofEur opeans, dev el
opmentofI sl
amic
Islam asar eli
gionhad educat ion.Ther ewas
becomear el i
gionof dev el
opmentofI sl
amic
many . l
iteracyespeci allyi
n
Thej ihadsbr oughtabout HausaandFul ani
thest rengtheni ngand speaki ngar eas.Muslim
diffusionofbot ht he school swer esetupand
Quadi riy
yaandt he oldonesr evived.Jenne
Tijaniyyabrot herhoods. wasst rengthenedasa
Theybecamest ronger
24
 Musl im andeducat i
on Nigeri
amai nt
ained
cent er
. I
slamiccodesev enwith
Manybookssuchas theint
roducti
onof
Rimahwer ewr i
tt
eni n Europeancolonial
laws.
Hausa, YorubaandFul ani
toappeal totheor dinary FACTORSFORTHE
peopl ebyMohammed SUCCESSOFTHE19TH
Bello,Ut hmanDonFodi o. CENTURYJI HADS
Inthesebooksi njust i
ces Thest r
ongl eadership
i
nsoci etywer epreached behindt heformationand
th
against . organizati
onoft he19
Theshar ialawbecame centuryledtot hei
r
guidingl awi nmanyof success.Thel eader shad
theWestAf ri
canst ates. strongleadersbehi nd
Thesat esofNor thern them suchas
25
 MuhammedBel l
o, Abdul TheJi hadswer edecl ared
Salaame, UthmanDan atat imewhent heHausa
Fodi o,AlhajjUmarand stateswer ei nast ateof
SekuAhmaduLobbo. decl i
nebyt hebegi nning
Thepr opagandat hatthe oft he19thcent urymai nly
Jihadswer eorganizedt o becauseoft heci vil
war s
prepar ewayf orthe thatchar act eri
zedt hem
t
h
comi ngoftheMadhi i
nt he18 cent ur y
attractedmaj ori
tyoft he Thepeasant sinHausa
staunchMusl ims. l
andsuppor tedt heJi hads
Thej ihadswer edeclar ed becausebyt hetimet he
i
nanar eathathad j
ihadswer edecl aredon
alreadyaccept edIslam them t heywer ealso
butonl yneededspi r
it
ual alreadyt i
redoft heir
renewal . l
eader s.
26
Thepeasant si nHausa andkinnamel ytheFulani
l
andwer ealway s l
edt ot hesuccessoft he
oppressedbyt heirkings Jihads.
throughheav yt axation, Thez eal and
arbit
raryimpr isonment determi nationwi t
hwhi ch
andi nj
ustices.They UthmanDanFodi owas
l
ookedatt hej ihadsas abletoi nfusehi s
l
iberationmov ement s. foll
ower sbyhi steachi
ng
TheHausast ateswer e andpr eachi ng.
smal landdi suni t
edso Themi litaryabi l
i
tyof
theycoul dnotputup AbdullahandMuhammed
strongar medr esistance Bellorespect ivel
yledto
tochal l
enget hej ihads. thesuccessoft heJihads
Thewhol ehear t
ed Thej i
hadswer eusedasa
suppor tfr
om t hei rkith toolofr esistanceagainst
27
 theest ablishmentof admi nistrat
ionsy st
em
colonial r
ule.Af ri
cansput andt radeoppor tuniti
es.
asidet heirtraditi
onal THESOKOTOJI HADOF
diff
erencest osaf eguar d UTHMANDANFODI OUP
theiri
ndependence. TO1830
Isl
am wasacompl ete Thef irstoft hese
wayofl if
eandci vi
lizat
ion. 19thcent uryr evoluti
onary
Peoplesuppor tedthe l
eader swasUt hmanDan
Jihadsbecauset hey Fodio.
knewt hatont opofI sl
am UthmanDanFodi owas
therewer eot hermat er
ial bornatMar altainGobi r
benefitst ogetsuchas totheol dschol aryfamily
educat ion,Islamic ofTor onkawa.
l
ear ni
ng, good Hest udi edunderv ari
ous
scholar sincludingAl fa
28
 Nuhuwhoi ni ti
atedhimi n ungodlypr acticesthat
theQuadi ri
yy a wer egoingonf or
brot
her hood. exampl ecor rupti
on,
Atanear l
yageof20, he unjustgov ernment sand
star
tedhi scar eeras i
ll
egal taxes.
Shehu( Teacher )wi r
it
er Headv ocatedf orthe
andpr eacheratDegel . educationofwomenand
Hewentouton heinsistedi oncompl ete
missionar yt oursin acceptanceoft he
Hausal andespeci al
lyin spiri
tualandmor al v
alues
therural areasofKebbi , ofIslam.
Zamf araandDaur a. Hemadesev eralwri
tings
Inhispr eachi ngand notonl yinAr abicbutalso
numer oust eachingand i
nHausaandFul ani
writ
ingheat tackedthe
29
 l
anguagest oappeal t
o prisonersf rom jai
l,and
theor dinarypeopl e. freedom f orMusl im men
Alltheabov emadehi m toweart urbansand
popul arandwonwi de woment owearv eil
s.
suppor tandpeopl e Af t
erBawasdeat h,his
startedbel i
ev ingt hathe successorNaf atawho
wast heMadhi . wasscar edoft he
Hewont hesuppor tof popul ari
tyofUt hmanDan
sultanBawaofGobi rwit
h Fodi obegant osuppr ess
whom hesi gnedan him andhi sfoll
ower s.
agreementgr antingt he Naf ataor deredthatno
Musl imsf reedom of bodyexceptDanFodi o
rel
igion, exempt ionf rom wasal l
owedt opreachi n
un-Islami ctaxes, the thear eaandabol ished
rel
easeofMusl i
m mor econv ersi
onst o
30
 Isl
am andt hosewer enot foll
ower sl edbyAbdul
bor nMusl i
mswer e Salaamei nDecember
supposedt or et
urnt o 1803.Ut hmandanFodi o
theirtradit
ionalreli
gions. demandedf ortherelease
Naf atadiedi n1802and ofpr i
soner satDegel .
hissuccessorYunf a Yunf aref usedand
becamemor edetermined threatenedt oat t
ack
tosuppr esst hewor kof Degel itssel f.Thisthreat
UthmandanFodi o. l
edt oaf light(Hijr
a)from
st
Yunf ainvit
edUt hmanDan D egeltoG u duo n21
Fodi otohispal aceand Februar y1804.
attempt edt omur derhim AtGuduher aisedthe
butf ai
led.Yunf aattacked standar doft herevoltby
andcapt ur
edsomeof attackingt henearby
UthmanDanFodi os townsofGobi r.
31
Hewaspr oclaimedAmi r- Inthenext20y earsNupe,
Al-Mumi ninwhi chmeans partsofOy oEmpi r
eand
commanderoft he Bornower eaddedt ot he
fait
hful.Hedeclar eda FulaniEmpi r
ewi t
hits
j
ihadagai nstther ulersof capitalatSokot o.
theHausast at
es. Theempi r
ewasl ater
VariousFulani r
oseupi n divi
dedi nt
ot wopar t
st hat
rebell
ionsinotherst ates i
sSokot oCaliphateand
andcamet oaskf orflags GwanduanaCal i
phate
from ShehuUt hmanDan thatwer egivent o
Fodio. MuhammedBel loand
Wi t
hinadecadeal lthe Abdul l
ahihissonand
Hausapr i
ncipal states brotherrespectively.
hadbeenconquer ed.

32
ORGANI ZATI ON OF THE Theempi r ewasdi vided
EMPI RE OF SOKOTO i
ntot wopar t
s.The
CALI PHATE/ SOKOTO Easternsect ionwi th
SULTANATE Sokotoasi tscapital and
Theempi rewascr eated theWest ernsect ionwi t
h
byUt hmanDanFodi o Gwanduanai nKebbi as
t
h
afterthe19 cent ury i
tsheadquar ters.
Jihadswi tht hehelpof TheEast er nsect ion
hissonMuhammedBel l
o compr isedofemi ratesof
andbr otherAbdul l
ah. SokotoGobi r,Katsina,
UthmanDanFodi oretir
ed Kano, Daur a,Zari
a, Kof f
i,
fr
om pol i
ti
cal li
fein1809 andNasar awa
anddev otedt herestof TheWest ernsect ion
hislif
et or eli
gionand compr isedemi r
atesof
scholarship.
33
 Kebbi,Yaur i
,Nupe, Borgu, ofthef ai
thful
s)orsul tan
andIlori
n. ofSokot o.
Theeast ernpr ovincewas Eachemi r
ateenjoyed
l
edbyhi sson considerable
MuhammedBel loandt he i
ndependence/aut onomy
westernpr ovinceby i
ninternal aff
air
s.
Abdullahihisbr other. Control f
rom thecent ral
Theleader soft he governmentofSokot o
prov
inceswer ecal ledt he wasl i
mi t
ed
Emirs. Theempi rewas
Theov erallleaderoft he administeredasal oose
empireorcal iphat efrom confederationof
1817wascal ledAmi r-al i
ndependentsat es.
—Mumi nin(Commander AllEmirsowedr eli
gious
al
legiancet othesultanof
34
 Sokot oast hespiri
tual theirpol it
ical
headoft heempi r
eand appoi ntment .
pil
grimagest oSokot o. Itwast her esponsibil
it
y
TheEmi rsshowed oftheSul tant ogive
polit
icalallegiancetot he advisei nt heemi ratesin
SultanofSokot oby mat tersofI sl
amicl aw.
pay i
ngannual t
ri
buteand Inspect iont oursby
contributionofmi l
it
ary Sokot oof f i
cial
swer e
l
ev i
es. carriedout
Thesul tanexer cised Leader soft heemi rat
es
somedegr eeofpol i
tical mar riedf rom fami l
i
esof
controlov ertheemi rs nobiliti
esf rom other
throught heuseof emi ratest omai ntainunit
y.
prerogativeofconf i
rming Mar riagef rom thesame
emi ratewasnotal l
owed.
35
Allemi rateshada Emi rat
eswer ef urther
uniform sy stem of divi
dedi ntonon- heritabl e
admi nistrationbasedon estatesthatwer egi v ent o
oldHausaadmi nistrati
on nativechiefsthat
system.TheHausa submi tt
eddur ingt he
systems, ti
ttlesand Jihads.
depar t
ment sandf eudal Leadersoft heest at es
systemsofl and wer esupposedt ocol l
ect
owner shipwer er etained. taxesonbehal foft he
Theempi r ehast heof f
ice Emi r
oftheMusl imj udge Belowt hisclassofgr eat
knownasAl kari andt he l
andowner sexistedmi nor
offi
ceoft heI slami c distr
ictsorvill
agechi ef s.
advisert ot heEmi rknown
asWazi ri
36
THEJI HADOF Hewasoneoft he
MUHAMMEDBELLO remar kablefounderoft he
MuhammedBel l
o Sokot oEmpi re
(reigned1815-1837) Hepar t
icipat
edt heJi had
wast hesonandai deof mov ement st
hat
Ut hmandanFodi o. reformedandpur i
fied
Hebecamet hesecond Isl
am i ntheregion.
Sul tanofSokot o Bellofacedear l
y
followi nghisfather'
s challengesf r
om di ssident
1815r et
irementfrom l
eader ssuchasAbdal -
thet hrone.Hewast he Salam, andr i
valr
ies
successorofUt hman betweent hekeyf ami l
ies
DanFodi oasleaderor ofhisf ather'
sji
had.
sul t
anofSokot o Bellosoonconsol idated
hisrulebygr anti
ngl and
37
 andpowert othese i
ndi fferentcor nersofthe
l
eadi ngFul anifami li
es. cit
yf oreasyaccessi bil
i
ty
Hei salsot hebr ain andsomehouseswher e
behindt heci t
yofSokot o. const ruct edwi thIsl
ami c
Afterthesuccessoft he architect uralpat t
erns.
Fulaniji
had, Muhammed Heal sof acili
tatedand
Bellowant edt obui lda encour agedt hebui ldi
ng
newci tytomi r
rort he ofnewt owns, especial
ly
Isl
ami cfaithandt o i
nt hewest ernr egi
onof
presentast ableinstead thecal iphat e.
ofpast oralimageof Hepl ay edani mpor tant
Fulani roleint heconquestof
In1809, thebui ldingof Huasal andaf terhis
Sokot ostar t
ed, mosques fatherr etiredin1809.
wer estrategicallyplaced
38
Hesav edSokot o Zaria,Kof f
i,and
caliphat efrom both Nasar awa
i
nter nal Hausar ebelons Heuni
l
i tedt heHausa
andex t
ernalattacksfrom statesunderonesi ngle
thehost i
lepeopl eof Fulani admi ni
str
ati
on
Gobi r,theTaur egsand Heest ablishedr el
i
gious
Bor noar my . bondswi thleadersofthe
Her uledtheEsat ern emi ratest hrough
prov inceoft heempi re rel
igious, soci al
and
befor ethedeat hofhis cultural unity.
father .TheEast ern Heest ablishedf ar
sect ioncompr isedof reachingadmi ni
strat
ion
emi ratesofSokot oGobir, r eformswhi ch
Kat sina,Kano, Daura, cont ri
but edt opeaceand
stabili
tyoft heempi r
e.
39
Heor ganizedt hear myof Hest rovet obr i
ngabout
Sokot oandst ationedhi s anadmi nistrat
ionthat
soldiersont hef r
ont iers wasf reef rom corrupt
farawayf rom t heciv il
ian offici
als,whi chenforced
peasantset tlement .Thi s goodl aws, justi
ceandf air
putanendt ot he taxation.
oppr essionoft he Hecont i
nuedt he
peasant sbyt hear my . promot ionoft heIslamic
Hei ntroducedapol icyof rel
igionbyput ti
ng
replacingmi l
itar yleader s emphasi sont he
i
nl ocal admi nist rati
on reformistidealsoft he
withmal l
amswhower e j
ihad.
mor epopul arand Hegav egr eat
accept edbyt hepeopl e. encour agementt o
educat i
onnotonl yforit
s
40
 ownsakebutal soas a)SekuAhmaduwasbor n
meansofconv erti
ng i
n17175t oFul aniparent
s.
peoplei nt
oIslam. b)Hest udiedunder
Sokotobecameacent er UthmanDanFodi o.He
ofleadingMusl im becameadet ermined
educat i
onandbr ought teachert ocont ri
buteto
reputedMusl im scholars ther eviv
al and
tohiscour t
. purificat
ionofI slam i
n
Hewr oteover70books accor dancewi t
ht he
thatbecamehi stori
cal quadi ri
yyabr otherhood.
sourcesofi nformat i
on c)Hecl ai
medt obet he
aboutt heJihads. muj addidwhi chmeansa
renewersentbyGodt o
THEMASINAJI
HADOF prepar ewayf orthe
SEKUAHMADULOBBO comi ngoft heMadhi .
41
d)Hebeganpr eachingand pleaset heFul anicl an
teachi ngnearJenneas l
eader s.
earlyas1797. h)TheFul aniclanl eaders
e)Heaccusedt heFulani appeal edtot heBambar a
clanl eader sofun- I
slamic kingst ottackandki l
lhi
m.
pract i
cessuchasi dol i
)SekuAhmaduper formed
wor shipi ngand hijr
ai n1818.
alcohol ism j
)Hedecal aredhisj ihadin
f)Hepr omisedt he 1818anddef eatedt he
oppr essedanewandj ust Bambar arulersatt he
societ ybasedsol el
yon battl
eofMoukoumai n
ther uleoft heIslamiclaw. mar ch1818.
g)Hi sact i
vi
tiesand k)Hewentont oconquer
teachi ngmadehi m andannexSegu, Kaar t
a,
popul arwhi chdi dnot theSonghai andt he
Taur egpr i
ncipali
ties.
42
l
)In1828heconquer edand Thesy st em of
def eatedTi mbuctu.He admi nistrati
onwasmor e
conv er t
edallthesest at
es closelyr el
atedt othe
intoanewempi reof Shar i
al aw/I sl
amiclaw.
Masi nawi t
hitscapitalat Theempi rewasheaded
Hamdal l
ahi. byaMusl im ki
ngwhose
m) Hekepthi sempi r
e ti
tlewasAmi r-
Al-Muminin
intactunt i
lhisdeathi n thatmeantcommander
1844.Howev erthe ofthef ai t
hful.
empi rewasov erthr
owni n TheAmi r-
Al-Mumi ni
nwas
1860s. assistedbyt hecouncilof
ORGANI ZATIONOFTHE 40( Forty )
.
MASI NAEMPI REUPTO Thecounci l
of40
1864 consistedofnot ed

43
 scholarsorcl ericsmost ly effi
ciencyi nthe
ofFulani t
ribe. admi nist rati
on.
Thecounci l offortywas Thepr ov inceswer e
supposedt ol iveincapi t
al headedbyof ficersknown
cit
yofHamdal lahiasan asEmi rswhower ewell
-
i
deal I
slami csoci ety. educat edandcl ose
Thecounci l offortywas familymember sofSeku
responsiblef orreli
gious Ahmadut hef ounderof
andmor almat tersoft he theempi re.
state,t
axation, civi
l TheEmi rswer e
appointment sandt he answer abl etot hecounci
l
army . offorty
Theempi r
ewasdi vi
ded Ineachpr ovince, a
i
nt ofi
vepr ov i
ncesf or hier
ar chi calstr uctur
eon
stri
ctIsl ami clinesdown
44
 tothev i
ll
agel evelwas Topr omot eIslam and
established. religi
ouswor ship,
Eachpr ovincehada mosqueswer ebuiltand
counci lofjudgest hat freeeducat i
onwi t
h
wasex pect edto exami nati
onsf orthe
admi nisterjusti
cest rict
ly youngwaspr ov i
dedby
accordi ngt otheIslami c thest ate.
l
aw. Fundswer ealsopr ovi
ded
Allaspect sofl i
feint he byt hegov er
nmentf ort
he
empi rewer eri
gidl
y suppor tofwidows,
organizedandi nterpreted orphans, t
heaged,
accordi ngt osharialaw pilgri
ms,andpeopl ewho
asinter pretedbyt he coul dnotpayf ortheir
Quadi r
iy y
abr otherhood. debt s.

45
Acensorori nspect orof Thet radit
ionalnomads
publicmor alswas wer er eplacedbyt he
appoint edt opr omot e speci alher dsmen
honest yandmor alit
y. Ast andingf or
ceof
Tof acil
itatet hepr ovi
sion hor semenwas
ofreligi
ousand mai ntainedwi thhor ses
educat i
onal ser vi
cesas andweaponspr ovidedby
wellasadmi nistr
at i
on thest ate.
andt axation, thenomadi c Ev eryadul tmalewhet her
modeofl i
vingwas slav eorf reeborncitizen
discouraged. wasl i
ablef orservi
cei na
Theeconomyoft he seasonal force.
empi rewasbasedon Undert hecommandof
cattl
er earing. mi li
taryleadersmostof
whom wer eappoint edby
46
 theAmi r-Al mumi nin, the Peopl eal socar r
iedout
armywasr esponsi blef or farmingandexpor ted
thedef enseoft ownsand food, especi allygr ainst o
cattlegr azingi nthe Timbuct u.
count ryside. Fishingwasdonebyt he
Ther ewer eot hercast les SomonoandBozowho
suchassmi ths,leat her wer ealsol i
kepast or ali
sts
wor ksandweav erst hese forcedt oset t
ledownand
professi onal shadser fs subject edt ousual taxes.
orsl aveswhowor kedf or Masi napr oducedno
fi
v eday sont heirmast ers i
ndust r
ial goodsf or
l
andandt her emai ning expor t,apar tfrom Kassa
day sont heirownl and. blanket s,wov enf rom
Chat telslav eswer e wool ofMasi nasheep
transformedi nt
oser f s. andaf ewSegucl ot hs.
47
I
nconcl usion,Masina scholar.HewasaTukol ar
wascr eatedbySeku byorigin.
Ahmaduasagenui ne b)Hewasi nit
iatedi ntothe
Musli
m St atethatunif
i Ti
ed j
aniyyabrotherhoodby
theBambar aStatesandAbdul —al-Kar i
m.
theSonghai kingdoms c)Hewasappoi nt edas
i
ntoasi ngleFulani Khalif
aandl eaderoft he
Empire. Tij
aniyyainSudani n1831
d)Hest udiedinCai roand
THE JIHAD OF ALHAJJI af t
erhespenty earsin
UMAR BornoandFut aJal lon.
a)Al—HajjUmarwasborn e)AtFut aJall
on, he
i
nFutaToroin1794t
oa establi
shedar eligi
ous
fat
herwhowasaTukolar andmi li
tarytraining
centerin1838
48
f)Hewr oteabookcal l
ed proclaimedhi m as
Rimahi nwhi chhe Muj addi d.
attackedev i
landi ll
egal i
)Peopl est artedr unning
pract i
cesandcondemned awayf r om Quadi riy
yato
mi xedI sl
am. j
oi nTijani yya.Theol d
g)Heappeal edt othe scholar sdi dnotl ikethi
s
massesandev en anddeci dedt oexpel hi
m
promi sedt hem f ai
r from Fut aJal lon.
treatmentont he j
)Heper f or medahi jr
ain
judgmentdayas 1851atDi nguiarynear
member soft heTi j
ani
yya Fut aJal l
onwher ehe
brot herhood. raisedaf ul l
-scalear my
h)Hebecamef amousasa mai nl
yf r om t hel ower
teacherandschol arand classes.
attractedal arge k)Hegav ehi sarmygood
followingofpeopl ewho traini
ngandar medi twi
th
49
 gunsheboughtf rom Kaartabet ween1855and
coastaltr
ader s.Thear my 1857.
hadanauxi li
ar ycav al
ry o)Heat tackedt heFr ench
corpsofgunsmi t
hswho fortatMedi nain1857
couldrepai randser vi
ce andMat am in1859
gunsorev en p)In1861heat t
ackedt he
manuf acturenewones. Bambar ast ateofSegu
l
)Hedecl ar
edhi sJi hadin q)In1862, heat tackedt he
1852ont hei nfidelsof Musl i
m stateofMasi na
Wester nSudan. thatrefusedt osuppor t
m)Hef i
rstconquer ed hisji
hadandi nstead
Tambaandst atesof supportedhi senemi esof
Senegambi ain1852 Segu
n)In1854t ookBambuk r)Hewaski lledin1863i n
andKhassoandt hen arebelli
oni nMasi naby
theQuadi ril
eader swho
50
 neverli
kedhi
st eachi
ngof
Tij
aniyy
a.
s)In1864hiseldestson
Ahmadur ul
edtheTukolar
Empireupto1893when
theFrenchoverthrewit
.

51