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Physci Reviewer
Physci Reviewer
Physci Reviewer
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS neutron
- “nucleo” - nucleus ; “synthesis” - formation
- nucleus formation *reactant and product - should always be
- proton + neutron equal
*kapag yung particle nasa product, decay
Primordial Nucleosynthesis *kapag nasa reactant refer sa symbols
- all the remaining free neutrons were rapidly
bound up in deuterium nuclei = light nuclei ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS
formed A. Big Bang Theory
- deuterium bottleneck cleared = newly B. Stellar Nucleosynthesis
formed deuterium undergoes further C. Supernova
nuclear reactions = higher elements
1. Prior to 100 seconds
- bottleneck
- too much ambient heat for collisions
to stick
2. After 100 seconds to 20 minutes
- weak force can barely hold =
deuterium (stable isotope of
hydrogen; twice that of the usual
isotope)
- n + p collides
• Nuclear Fusion
- nucleus combines with another = larger !
nuclei BIG BANG THEORY
• Nuclear Fission - birth/expansion of the universe
- nucleus splits into smaller nuclei - most widely accepted explanation to the
origin of the universe
NUCLEAR REACTIONS - a hot, dense mass about 1 cm (diameter)
- change of nucleus after nuclear fusion or experiences a huge explosion spreading
fission its product
Types - accompanied by an emission of a huge
• Alpha Decay amount of light
- loss of an alpha particle - elements H to He
• Beta Decay
- loss of an beta particle Cosmology
• Gamma Radiation - studies the science and development of
- emission of gamma ray the universe
• Positron Emission
- conversion of proton to neutron with SERIES OF EVENTS (BIG BANG)
release of positron 1. Singularity
• Electron Capture - center of a blackhole
- drawing of electron into the nucleus - contains huge mass in an infinitely
• Bombardment small space
- addition of alpha or beta 2. Inflation
SYMBOLS - the universe when into a fast
expansion
alpha particle - matter forms but can't combine due
beta particle to heat
3. Formation of Matter and Anti-Matter
positron 4. Annihilation
- particles collide with each other =
gamma ray new particles
- cancellation of matter & anti-matter
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5. Cooling Down of the Universe 2. Relative Abundance
- primordial nucleosynthesis - percent of elements in the universe
6. Big Bag Nucleosynthesis 3. Cosmic Microwave Background
- nucleus formation - electromagnetic radiation left over
7. Recombination from an early stage of the universe
- attachment of protons or neutrons = in Big Bang cosmology
nucleons - tells the age and composition o the
8. Dark Ages universe
- formation/making of cosmic bodies - gaano kalayo yung energy
9. Formation of Cosmic Bodies produced
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• Copernicus' Model KINEMATICS IN TRANSLATION
- heliocentric model • Scalar
- celestial motions = uniform, infinite, - fully described by a magnitude and
circular appropriate unit
- earth's motion explains the retrograde - numerical value and unit
motion of other planets • Vector
- earth = spins on a tilted axis = seasons - fully described by a magnitude,
• Tycho's Model appropriate unit, and direction
- geoheliocentric model (earth & sun = - numerical value, unit, direction
center)
- magulo SCALAR VECTOR
- not really accepted Distance Displacement
• Kepler's Model
- heliocentric model Speed Velocity
- planets move on an elliptical orbit
Acceleration
Galileo's Astronomical Observations
• LUNAR CRATERS
- craters found on the moon DISTANCE
- moon = not so different from Earth - how much ground an object covered during
its motion
• PHASES OF VENUS - how far you traveled
- venus = merely illuminated by the light
from the sun DISPLACEMENT
- phases of venus = similar to the phases - how far out of place an object is
of moon
- where you are in relation to where you
stared
• MOONS OF JUPITER
- Jupiter has 4 moons revolving around it Resultant Vector
- sum of 2 or more vectors represented
• SUNSPOTS
- sun has blemishes by a single vector
- use pythagorean theorem
• SUPERNOVA
SPEED
• SIZES OF THE STARS - how fast a body moves
KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION • Instantaneous Speed
• 1st Law (Ellipses) - speed at a particular time
- elliptical orbit • Average Speed
- perihelion and aphelion - total distance traveled in a given
period of time
• 2nd Law (Equal Areas)
- planet sweeps out equal areas in equal VECTOR
intervals of time
- how fast and which way a body moves
- perihelion or aphelion points = still equal - changes if the speed, direction or both
area and time changes
• Instantaneous Velocity
• 3rd Law (Harmonies)
- squares of the revolutions (period) of the - velocity at a particular time
planet are directly proportional to the • Average Velocity
cubes of their average distances (range) - total displacement traveled in a given
- larger orbit = longer revolution period of time
ACCELERATION
- change in velocity with respect to time
- change in speed, direction or both
!
FREE FALL
KINEMATICS - moving freely under the sole influence of
- describes the motion in terms of gravity
displacement, velocity, and acceleration - does not depend on the object’s original
Translation - motion in a straight line motion
Dynamics - relates force and motion - constant acceleration/acceleration due to
gravity (9.8m/s²)
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PROJECTILE MOTION
- motion of body thrown horizontally or at an • Velocity
angle with the horizontal
- motion in a trajectory
NEWTON'S LAW OF MOTION
!
• Law of Inertia
- object remains at rest or in motion unless
acted of by an external unbalanced force • Acceleration
A = vf-vi/t
• Law of Acceleration
- acceleration of body = directly • Free Fall
proportional to the net force and
inversely proportional to the mass
- deals with the effect of force on the
change in velocity or acceleration
F = ma
• Law of Interaction
- whenever an object exerts a force on a
second object, the second object exerts !
an equal and opposite force
• Projectile Motion
MOMENTUM
- quantity of motion of a moving body
- “mass in motion”
- vector quantity
P = mv
Law of Momentum Conservation
- the total momentum of two objects before
the collision is equal to the total momentum
of the objects after the collision
- momentum is neither lost nor gained
- follows the Law of Interaction
• Elastic - moves separately after collision
• Inelastic - objects stick together after
collision
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1 + m2v2 ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION
- important in understanding chemical
IMPULSE reactions
- change in momentum - made when an atom is in its ground state
- impulse = change in momentum General Rules on Electron Distribution
• Aufbau Principle
I = Ft - electrons should occupy the first orbitals
Ft = m! v with lower energy before those with
higher energy
FORMULAS: • Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
- most stable arrangement o electrons in
• Speed subshells is the one with greatest
number of parallel spins
• Pauli's Exclusion Principle
- no two electrons in a atom can possess
the same set of quantum numbers
!
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Types of Electron Distribution (Notation) PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
1. Electron Configuration • John A.R. Newlands
- uses symbols of the orbitals and the - law of octaves
no. of electrons that occupy each - based on ascending atomic masses &
orbital regularities every 8 elements
2. Noble Gas Electron Configuration* • Julius Lothar Meyer
- shorthand configuration - separately proposed an arrangement of
- for elements with high atomic no. elements based on ascending atomic
- use of core symbols (element inside a masses
bracket) • Dmitry Mendeleev
3. Orbital Diagram - published the idea first
- uses boxes and arrows that represent - improvement of Newland’s
the orbital and electrons - “eka”
• Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley
QUANTUM NUMBERS - atomic no. = no. of protons —
- address of electrons determines the order of elements in the
- describe the atomic orbitals as well as the table
properties of the electrons in those orbitals
INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES
• Bohr’s Model
- one-dimensional Chemical Bonding
- describes the size of the orbit (n - electrical attraction between the nuclei and
quantum number) valence electron
• Schrodinger's Model - binds atoms together
- occupies three-dimensional space - often called intramolecular force
- 3 quantum numbers: - may be ionic, covalent, or metallic
• principal (n) - size
• angular (l) - shape A. IONIC BONDING
• magnetic (m) - orientation - transfer of electrons
- metal & nonmetal elements
Quantum Numbers - forms ions/charged particles
1. Principal Quantum Number (n) - follows the octet rule
- highest energy level (1-7) Metal - loses electron; cation
2. Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) Nonmetal - gains electron; anion
- shape of the orbital
- also known as Azimuthal Quantum No. NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS
l=0 s METAL + NONMETAL
l=2 d
B. COVALENT BONDING
l=3 f - sharing of electrons
- nonmetal & nonmetal
3. Magnetic Quantum Number (mₗ) - may be polar or nonpolar
- orientation of the orbital around the 1. Polar Compound
nucleus (-1, 0, 1) - asymmetrical
- check the position of the last arrow - uneven distribution of electrons
drawn 2. Nonpolar Compound
4. Electron Spin Quantum Number (mₛ) - symmetrical
- orientation of the spin - even distribution of electrons
- check the direction of the last arrow NAMIING COVALENT COMPOUNDS
drawn NONMETAL + NONMETAL
Upwards = +1/2
Downwards = -1/2 prefix + name prefix + root + “ide”
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*Difference of electronegativity = type of
compound
< 0.4 NONPOLAR
POLYATOMIC IONS
- somehow follows ionic bonding
- retains both names
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