Learning outcomes:

At the end of this topic The students will be:

a. Able to explain the broad concept of

evolution.
b. Learn something practical about man as a living
organism

c. relate zoology as a basic concept to the fields

of medicine, agriculture, certain aspects of
geology and conservation.
The Origin of LIFE

3 theories:

1. Divine Creation

2. Inter-planetary theory

3. Theory of Spontaneous
Generation (abiogenesis)
The Living State
STATE THE DIFFERENCE!

VS
WHAT IS LIFE?
Different point of views :

Baby boomers
Generation X
Millennials Teachers
Doctors
Engineers
Environmentalist
Agriculturists
Attempts to explain Life (Schools of Thought)

1. Mechanistic Philosophy

“ All activities of organisms can be

explained in terms of chemical and
physical reactions”.

- Based on mechanistic assumptions

-Fundamental nature of life has never

been explained by this philosophy
2. The Vitalistic Philosophy

“ not all activities of organisms are

explainable in terms of chemistry and
physics and the mathematics of chance, but
organisms also depend upon a mysterious
force which cannot be measured or
analyzed by the methods of science”

-Its assumptions cannot be subjected

to verification.

--it does not stimulate experimental

advancement of biological knowledge
 “ the sum total of those phenomena
LIFE
exhibited by Organisms”
-The Power of Assimilation
- Irritability or the power to react to the
environment
-The Power of Reproduction of Similar
Offspring
-The Power of Reorganizing Organic
Molecules
-The Power to Develop and Maintain a
Specific,Complex Organization.
Reproduction
Reaction to environment
Monerans
1. Kingdom Archaebacteria

Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles
Archaebacteria are single-celled
prokaryotes originally thought to be
bacteria.
Methanotorris Halobacterium Thermoplasma
igneus salinarum acidophilum
Kingdom Archaebacteria

have a unique ribosomal RNA type

The cell wall composition of these

organisms allows them to live in some
very inhospitable places, such as hot
springs and hydrothermal vents

the methanogen species can also

be found in the guts of animals and
humans
Domain: Archaea
Organisms: Methanogens, Halophiles,
Thermophiles, Psychrophiles
Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Metabolism: Depending on species—oxygen,
hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur,
sulfide may be needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species—
nutrition intake may by absorption,
non-photosynthetic
photophosphorylation, or
chemosynthesis.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary
fission, budding, or fragmentation.
2. Kingdom Eubacteria

 Eubacteria are considered to be

true bacteria.

 Associated with disease

 Most bacteria, however, do not

cause disease.

 the main microscopic

organisms that compose the
human microbiota.
 There are more
bacteria in the
human gut, than
there are body
cells.

 Bacteria ensure
that our bodies
function normally.

 They reproduce at
an alarming rate
under the right
conditions.
Domain: Bacteria
Organisms: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae), Actinobacteria.
Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Metabolism: Depending on species—
oxygen may be toxic, tolerated, or
needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on
species—nutrition intake may by
absorption, photosynthesis, or
chemosynthesis.
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction
3. Kingdom Protista
The Protista
Kingdom includes
a very diverse
group of
organisms. Some
have
characteristics of
animals
(protozoa), while
others resemble
plants (algae) or
fungi (slime
molds).
These eukaryotic organisms have a nucleus that
is enclosed within a membrane.

 Some protists have organelles that are found

in animals cells (mitochondria), while others
have organelles that are found in plant cells
(chloroplasts).

 are capable of photosynthesis

 Many are parasitic pathogens that cause

disease in animals and humans.

 Others exist in commensalistic or mutualistic

relationships with their host.
Domain: Eukarya
Organisms: Amoebae, green algae, brown
algae, diatoms, euglena, slime
molds.
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for
metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition:
Depending on species—nutrition
intake may be by absorption,
photosynthesis, or ingestion.

Reproduction: Mostly asexual reproduction.

Meiosis occurs in some species
4. Kingdom Fungi
Fungi include
both unicellular
(yeast and
molds) and
multicellular
(mushrooms)
organisms.

Unlike plants,
fungi are not
capable of
photosynthesis.
Fungi…
 are important for the recycling of
nutrients back into the environment.

 decompose organic matter and acquire

nutrients through absorption.

 some fungal species contain toxins

that are deadly to animals and humans,

 others have beneficial uses, such as for

the production of penicillin and related
antibiotics
Domain: Eukarya
Organisms: Mushrooms, yeast, molds.
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for
metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Absorption

Reproduction: Sexual reproduction or

asexual reproduction
through spore formation
 5. Kingdom Plantae
Plants are extremely important to all life
on earth.

 they provide oxygen, shelter, clothing,

food, and medicine for other living
organisms.
 contains vascular and nonvascular
plants, flowering and nonflowering
plants, as well as seed bearing and
non-seed bearing plants.

6/11 2-02
 …Kingdom Plantae

 photosynthetic
organisms,
primary
producers and
support life for
most food
chains in the
planet's major
biomes

6/11 2-02
6. Kingdom Animalia
 multicellular eukaryotes depend on
plants and other organisms for
nutrition.
 Most animals live in aquatic
environments and range in size from
tiny tardigrades to the extremely
large blue whale.
 Most animals reproduce by sexual
reproduction, which involves
fertilization (the union of male and
female gametes).
Domain: Eukarya
Organisms Mammals, amphibians,
sponges, insects, worms.
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for
metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Ingestion
Reproduction: Sexual reproduction
occurs in most and
asexual reproduction in
some.
Comparison between PLANTS and
ANIMALS

Attributes or characteristics
where plants and animals were
established by humans, being
the wiser creature on the face of
the earth.
characteristics used
 cell type
-prokaryotic
-eukaryotic

 nutrient acquisition
-absorption
-ingestion
-acquisition

 Reproduction
- sexual
-asexual
In some primitive organisms,plant
and animal characteristics are so
mixed that it is impossible to classify
them as either plants or animals.
Cyanobacteria also called
"blue-green algae"
The distinguishing differences between plants
and animals are:
1. Animals lack the ability to manufacture their
own food and depend upon plants for this need.
Most plants are able to manufacture their own
food from raw materials from air and soil,
e.g. Photosynthesis
2. Most plants have green pigments, chlorophylls,
which are lacking in most animals.

3. Most plants contain cellulose in their structural

framework, a substance lacking in all but a few
species of animals
Comparison between PLANTS and
ANIMALS
…at the cellular level…
HOW DO WE STUDY ANIMALS?
(what is science; what are the methods)
importance
Animals work for Humans

???
Other importance…
 Zoology
- a branch of Biology which deals with the
scientific study of animals.

This discipline can

include animal anatomy,
physiology, biochemistry,
genetics, evolution,
ecology, behaviour and
conservation.
 Some Important periods and individuals
related to the study of Zoology as a Science*

Scientist Period/date Contribution

Hippocrates 450-370 BC Established the
(Father of Medicine) Biomedical
tradition

Aristotle 384-322BC Founded the science

(Father of Zoology) of Zoology

Galen 130-200BC Developed the

description of
Anatomy &
Physiology

* Refer to your Worktext in Zoology p. 5-8

 During the 4 th century BC
Aristotle

Provided a broad classification of all living things

(plants and animals)
..without blood?
… those with blood
 Modern Period

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-

1778) established some
principles of classification
and named many species
of living organisms.
 Modern Period
Plant Kingdom

Spermatophyta Ex. Eggplant,

Dicotylodenae
Solonales
Solanaceae

Solanum
Melongena

SN : Solanum melongena Linn.

ZOOLOGY FIELD OF STUDY