IB Biology Notes - 2.

3 Eukaryotic cells

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1 Statisical Analysis
Working with data Eukaryotic cells
2 Cells
2.3.1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrasructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell. 
Cell theory
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
Membranes
Cell division

3 Chemical elements and water

Chemical elements & water
Carbohydrates, lipids & proteins
Dna structure
Dna replication
Transcription & translation
Enzymes
Cell respiration
Photosynthesis

4 Genetics
Chromosomes, genes, alleles & mutations
Meiosis
Theoretical genetics
Genetic engineering & biotechnology

5 Ecology and evolution

Communities & ecosystems
The greenhouse effect
Populations
Evolution
Classification
Figure 2.3.1 - Annotated drawing of an animal cell
6 Human health and physiology
Digestion
The transport system
2.3.2 Annotate the diagram from 2.3.1 with the functions of each named sructure. 
Defence against infectious disease
Gas exchange Ribosomes: Found either floating free in the cytoplasm or attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
and in mitochondria and chloroplast. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis as they translate messenger RNA to
Nerves, hormones & homeostasis
Reproduction produce proteins.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Can modify proteins to alter their function and/or destination. Synthesizes proteins to
7 Nucleic acids and proteins
be excreted from the cell.
Dna structure
Dna replication Lysosome: Contains many digestive enzymes to hydrolyze macromolecules such as proteins and lipids into their

http://ibguides.com/biology/notes/2.3-eukaryotic-cells[10/8/2018 12:06:23 PM]

IB Biology Notes - 2.3 Eukaryotic cells

Transcription monomers.
Translation
Golgi apparatus: Receives proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and may further modify them. It also
Proteins
packages proteins before the protein is sent to it’s final destination which may be intracellular or extracellular.
Enzymes
Mitochondrion: Is responsible for aerobic respiration. Converts chemical energy into ATP using oxygen.
8 Cell respiration and
photosynthesis Nucleus: Contains the chromosomes and therefore the hereditary material. It is responsible for controlling the cell.
Cell respiration
Photosynthesis
2.3.3 Identify sructures from 2.3.1 in electron micrographs of liver cells. 
9 Plant science
Plant structure & growth
Transport in angiospermophytes
Reproduction in angiospermophytes

10 Genetics
Meiosis
Dihybrid crosses & gene linkage
Polygenic inheritance

Figure 2.3.2 - Electron micrograph of an animal cell

2.3.4 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 

1. Prokaryotic cells have naked DNA which is found in the cytoplasm in a region named the nucleoid. On the other hand,
eukaryotes have chromosomes that are made up of DNA and protein. These chromosomes are found in the nucleus
enclosed in a nuclear envelope.

2. Prokaryotes do not have any mitochondria whereas eukaryotes do. 

3. Prokaryotes have small ribosomes (70S) compared to eukaryotes which have large ribosomes (80S).

4. In prokaryotes there are either no or very few organelles bounded by a single membrane in comparison to eukaryotes
which have many of them including the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum.

2.3.5 State three diferences between plant and animal cells. 

 Animal cells only have a plasma membrane and no cell wall. Whereas plant cells have a plasma membrane and a cell wall.
Animal cells do not have chloroplasts whereas plant cells do for the process of photosynthesis.

Animal cells store glycogen as their carbohydrate resource whereas plants store starch.

Animal cells do not usually contain any vacuoles and if present they are small or temporary. On the other hand plants
have a large vacuole that is always present.

Animal cells can change shape due to the lack of a cell wall and are usually rounded whereas plant cells have a fixed
shape kept by the presence of the cell wall.

2.3.6 Outline two roles of extracellular components. 

The plant cell wall gives the cell a lot of strength and prevents it from bursting under high pressure as it is made up of
cellulose arranged in groups called microfibrils. It gives the cell its shape, prevents excessive water up take by osmosis
and is the reason why the whole plant can hold itself up against gravity.

The animal cell contains glycoproteins in their extracellular matrix which are involved in the support, movement and
adhesion of the cell.

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IB Biology Notes - 2.3 Eukaryotic cells

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